出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2018/05/15 09:08:09」(JST)
この項目では、イギリスの通信社について説明しています。親会社については「トムソン・ロイター」を、その他の用法については「ロイター (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
ロイター本社, カナリー・ワーフ, ロンドン
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企業形態 | 事業部制 |
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業種 | 通信社 |
設立 | 1851年10月 |
本社 | カナリー・ワーフ, ロンドン, イギリス |
所有者 | トムソン・ロイター |
ウェブサイト | www |
テンプレートを表示 |
ロイター(Reuters)はイギリスロンドンに本社を置く通信社。カナダのトムソン・ロイターの一部門。
ユダヤ系ドイツ人のポール・ジュリアス・ロイターが設立したイギリスの報道および情報提供企業。通信部門が有名だが現在では市況速報を手がけていたことから派生してきた金融情報の提供やそれに付随する事業の比重がむしろ大きくなっている。カナダに本拠を置く大手情報サービス企業であるトムソンに買収されたことにより2007年5月15日にトムソン・ロイターとなったが、金融情報・報道部門では引き続き「ロイター」ブランドが使用されている。
ユダヤ系ドイツ人のポール・ジュリアス・ロイターはフランスのアヴァス通信社(現・フランス通信社)で通信社の経営を研究した後、ロンドンに移り「正確かつ迅速」なニュースの集配で信用を築き上げる。1851年には英仏海峡における海底ケーブルを使ってパリの相場情報、ロンドンの金融情報を各地に配信を開始した。金融街における信用を築き東方への道を開いたロイターは1870年に元の勤務先、及びドイツのヴォルフと市場分割協定を結びAP通信(1892年に発足)が基盤を持つアメリカを除く世界のニュースを3社で独占。この「大同盟」は、APに破られるまでロイターの世界支配の基盤となった。このためテリトリーとなる極東にはアジア・ハイウェイ(上海 - 長崎、ハバロフスク - 長崎)が上陸してすぐに、幹部を派遣して視察している(支局については不明な点が多い)。彼等の目論見どおり日本の新聞社は外信を欲し中国・日本における「ロイテル電」はロイターのドル箱となり、この「宗主国」を富ませていた。
日本との関係では、日清戦争期の1894年7月26日に青木周蔵と密約を交わしている[1][2]。内容は五箇条である。4が契約として曖昧な項目となっている。
1899年、国内10紙と契約[3]。東京日日新聞、日本新聞、萬朝報、東京朝日新聞、毎日新聞、中央新聞、都新聞、国民新聞、中外商業新報、報知新聞。1901年、電報の漏洩を禁じて12社と契約[4]。ジャパンタイムズ、時事新報社、東京朝日新聞、読売新聞、東京日日新聞、中央新聞、都新聞、報知新聞、萬朝報、国民新聞、日出新聞、日本新聞。
『新聞総覧』大正7年版「株式会社日本電報通信社発展史実」によれば、電通が「創立後間もなく倫敦ルートル社と特約を結」んでいる。契約時期は不明。
それでも第二次世界大戦後の民営化後は、1956年のソ連共産党の秘密大会で行われたニキータ・フルシチョフ首相によるヨシフ・スターリン批判をスクープするなど報道機関としての実績を作り上げてきた。しかし1980年代に入り経営が再度悪化して経営改善のために経済ニュースや金融情報サービスの強化に取り組み、ついには社内の大半の反対を押し切って為替取引の仲介業務にも参入。現在は事実上、報道機関としての売り上げの比率は減り売り上げの95%以上を金融情報サービスが稼ぎ出している。
1998年7月、リッパー・アナリティカルを買収。ミューチュアル・ファンドをコンサルティングするようになった。当時のアメリカはインターネット・バブルの只中にあった。
2004年12月にはアメリカの金融情報会社である「マネーライン・テレレート」社を約1億7500万アメリカドルで買収、また同時にテレレートと契約している日本経済新聞社の子会社「QUICKマネーラインテレレート」をおよそ19億円で買収した。
2007年5月15日、カナダの情報サービス大手企業であるトムソンがロイターを87億ポンド(約2兆1000億円)で買収することで合意したとロイターは伝えた。2008年4月17日に買収が完了し、新会社「トムソン・ロイター」が発足した。金融情報サービスで米国ブルームバーグを抜き世界最大手となる。
金融情報・報道部門は引き続き「ロイター」ブランドを使用し、ロイターの編集権の独立も維持されるとしている。しかし、他の報道機関からはトムソンに買収されることによってロイターの「報道が変質するのではないか」(東京新聞)[5]、「ニュースの質及び編集の中立性に起こりうる長期的な脅威」(BBC)[6]といった懸念が表明された。
なお日本では2008年10月13日以降、テレビの株価・金融情報のクレジットが「REUTERS」(ロイター)から「THOMSON REUTERS」(トムソン・ロイター)に変更されている。
株式会社ユニバーサルエンターテインメントは2012年12月4日、ロイターの記事で損害を受けたとして、トムソン・ロイター・コーポレーションと同社の記者・編集者3人(ケビン・クロリッキ、イアン・ゲーゲン、久保信博の各氏)に対して2億円の損害賠償を請求する訴訟を東京地裁に提起した[7] 。ロイターは同年11月16日に配信した記事[8] で、同社について「フィリピンのカジノ規制当局首脳の側近に不正な資金提供をした疑いがあるとして、アメリカのカジノ規制当局が調査に乗り出している」「フィリピン側に流れ出たとみられる資金の総額は4000万ドル」と報じ、同月30日に配信した記事[9] では、この資金の流れについて、「ネバダ州カジノ規制委員会は、ユニバーサルの岡田会長を参考人として呼び、事情聴取をする見込みだ」と報じた。ユニバーサル側はこの2つの記事について「公平且つ適切な取材活動を行っていれば容易に回避できたはずの事実誤認ないし偏見が含まれ」ており、「悪意に満ちたもの」であるとし、「これまで築かれてきたロイターの報道機関としての地位を貶めるもの」と非難している[10] 。これに対し、トムソン・ロイターの広報担当者は「報道には自信がある」とコメントしている[11] 。同裁判は2014年4月に口頭弁論が行われた[12]。
複数のインターネットメディアから、ロイターニュースは投資家に都合の悪いニュースをボツにすると指摘されている[13][14]。同報道によると、アメリカのロイターの記者[15]はヘッジファンド(SACキャピタルアドバイザーズ)の代表者であるスティーブン・コーエンが、かつてインサイダー取引を行った疑惑についての調査記事を2009年12月中旬までに執筆した。しかし、記者から接触を受けたコーエンが記事のことを知り、知人であるトムソン・ロイター・マーケッツのデビン・ウェニグCEOに直接クレームを付けたところ、同記事は配信されなかったという(ロイターニュースの編集長は、その件でウェニグCEOから電話をもらい、部下の編集者に対処するように命じたことを認めている[16])。同記事は証拠書類に基づいて執筆され、事前に記事を見たトムソン・ロイターの弁護士から配信許可も受けていたという。この一件について、トムソン・ロイターの広報担当者は「単に編集上の判断に基づくもの」とコメントしている。
アメリカ同時多発テロ事件の報道でテロリストという言葉を使わなかったことやパレスチナ問題でのイスラエルに対する厳しい姿勢などから、反アメリカで左に傾いていると保守系メディアから批判されることもある[17]。
ロイターニュース日本語サービス前編集長は2006年6月に大阪市内で、FX業者である日本ファースト証券が主催した投資セミナーに出向いて講演していた[18]。同証券の不明朗な経営実態については当時から一部報道で知られていたが[19][20][21]、同セミナー開催の半年後には金融当局から初回の行政処分を受け[22]、更にその後も短期間に2度の行政処分を受けた挙句、2008年3月に破産した[23][24][25]。ロイターニュースの編集倫理要綱(ハンドブック・オブ・ジャーナリズム)は、同社に所属するジャーナリストの独立性について「社員は、事前に上司から許可を得た場合を除いて、社外で報酬を伴う仕事に従事してはならない。報酬を伴う仕事とは、例えば、本の出版、記事の投稿、会議での演説、商業目的及びニュース目的での写真撮影などが含まれる」などと規定している[26]。
150の国230都市に支局があり、19の言語で提供している。現在主要マスコミのほとんどはロイターと契約している。過去にはイギリスのラジオ局を運営していたこともある。
(トムソンとの合併後の労働争議については、トムソン・ロイター#労働争議を参照のこと)
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ロイターに関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
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Reuters Building, Canary Wharf, London
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Type
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Division |
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Industry | News agency |
Founded | October 1851; 166 years ago (1851-10) |
Headquarters | Canary Wharf, London, England, United Kingdom[1] |
Key people
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Stephen J. Adler (CEO) |
Parent | Thomson Reuters |
Website | http://agency.reuters.com (B2B) http://www.reuters.com (B2C) |
Reuters (/ˈrɔɪtərz/) is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is a division of Thomson Reuters. Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters, making up the media division. Reuters transmits news in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Urdu, Arabic, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. It was established in 1851.
The Reuter agency was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in Britain at the London Royal Exchange. Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. These publications brought much attention to Reuter, who in 1850 developed a prototype news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on in order to transmit messages between Brussels and Aachen.[2]
Upon moving to England, he founded Reuter's Telegram Company in 1851. Headquartered in London, the company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms.[2] The first newspaper client to subscribe was the London Morning Advertiser in 1858.[2][3] Afterwards more newspapers signed up, with Britannica Encyclopedia writing that "the value of Reuters to newspapers lay not only in the financial news it provided but in its ability to be the first to report on stories of international importance."[2] Reuter's agency built a reputation in Europe and the rest of the world as the first to report news scoops from abroad.[4] Reuters was the first to report Abraham Lincoln's assassination in Europe, for instance, in 1865.[2][4] In 1872, Reuters expanded into the far east, followed by South America in 1874. Both expansions were made possible by advances in overland telegraphs and undersea cables.[4] In 1883, Reuters began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers.[4]
In 1923, Reuters began using radio to transmit news internationally, a pioneering act.[4] In 1925, The Press Association (PA) of Great Britain acquired a majority interest in Reuters, and full owners some years later.[2] During the world wars, The Guardian reported that Reuters "came under pressure from the British government to serve national interests. In 1941 Reuters deflected the pressure by restructuring itself as a private company." The new owners formed the Reuters Trust.[4] In 1941, the PA sold half of Reuters to the Newspaper Proprietors' Association, and co-ownership was expanded in 1947 to associations that represented daily newspapers in New Zealand and Australia.[2] The Reuters Trust Principles were put in place to maintain the company's independence.[1] At that point, Reuters had become "one of the world's major news agencies, supplying both text and images to newspapers, other news agencies, and radio and television broadcasters."[2] Also at that point, it directly or through national news agencies provided service "to most countries, reaching virtually all the world's leading newspapers and many thousands of smaller ones," according to Brittanica.[2]
In 1961, Reuters scooped news of the erection of the Berlin Wall.[5] Becoming one of the first news agencies to transmit financial data over oceans via computers in the 1960s,[2] in 1973 Reuters "began making computer-terminal displays of foreign-exchange rates available to clients."[2] In 1981, Reuters began making electronic transactions on its computer network, and afterwards developed a number of electronic brokerage and trading services.[2] Reuters was floated as a public company in 1984,[5] when Reuters Trust was listed on the stock exchanges[4] such as the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and NASDAQ.[2] Reuters published the first story of the Berlin Wall being breached in 1989.[5]
Share price grew during the dotcom boom, then fell after the banking troubles in 2001.[4] In 2002, Brittanica wrote that most news throughout the world came from three major agencies: the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse.[6] Reuters merged with Thomson Corporation in Canada in 2008, forming Thomson Reuters.[2] In 2009, Thomson Reuters withdrew from the LSE and the NASDAQ, instead listing its shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange.[2] The last surviving member of the Reuters family founders, Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter, died at age 96 on 25 January 2009.[7] As of 2010, Reuters was headquartered in New York City, and provided financial information to clients while also maintaining its traditional news-agency business.[2]
In 2012, Thomson Reuters appointed Jim Smith as CEO.[1] Almost every major news outlet in the world subscribed to Reuters as of 2014. Reuters operated in more than 200 cities in 94 countries in about 20 languages as of 2014.[citation needed] In July 2016, Thomson Reuters agreed to sell its intellectual property and science operation for $3.55 billion to private equity firms.[8] In October 2016, Thomson Reuters announced expansions and relocations to Toronto.[8] As part of cuts and restructuring, in November 2016, Thomson Reuters Corp. eliminated 2,000 worldwide jobs out of its around 50,000 employees.[8]
The Reuters News Agency employs some 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters journalists use the Reuters Handbook of Journalism[9] as a guide for fair presentation and disclosure of relevant interests, to maintain the values of integrity and freedom upon which their reputation for reliability, accuracy, speed and exclusivity relies.[9]
In May 2000, Kurt Schork, an American reporter, was killed in an ambush while on assignment in Sierra Leone. In April and August 2003, news cameramen Taras Protsyuk and Mazen Dana were killed in separate incidents by U.S. troops in Iraq. In July 2007, Namir Noor-Eldeen and Saeed Chmagh were killed when they were struck by fire from a U.S. military Apache helicopter in Baghdad.[10][11] During 2004, cameramen Adlan Khasanov in Chechnya and Dhia Najim in Iraq were also killed. In April 2008, cameraman Fadel Shana was killed in the Gaza Strip after being hit by an Israeli tank.[12]
The first Reuters journalist to be taken hostage[dubious – discuss] in action was Anthony Grey. Detained by the Chinese government while covering China's Cultural Revolution in Peking in the late 1960s, it was said to be in response to the jailing of several Chinese journalists by the colonial British government of Hong Kong.[13] He was considered to be the first political hostage of the modern age and was released after being imprisoned for 27 months from 1967 to 1969. Awarded an OBE by the British Government after his release, he went on to become a best-selling historical novelist.
In May 2016 the Ukrainian website Myrotvorets published the names and personal data of 4,508 journalists, including Reuters reporters, and other media staff from all over the world, who were accredited by the self-proclaimed authorities in the separatist-controlled regions of eastern Ukraine.[14]
Name | Nationality | Location | Date |
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Hos Maina | Kenyan | Somalia | 000000001993-07-12-000012 July 1993 |
Dan Eldon | Kenyan | Somalia | 000000001993-07-12-000012 July 1993 |
Kurt Schork | American | Sierra Leone | 000000002000-05-24-000024 May 2000 |
Taras Protsyuk | Ukrainian | Iraq | 000000002003-04-08-00008 April 2003 |
Mazen Dana | Palestinian | Iraq | 000000002003-08-17-000017 August 2003 |
Adlan Khasanov | Russian | Chechnya | 000000002004-05-09-00009 May 2004 |
Dhia Najim | Iraqi | Iraq | 000000002004-11-01-00001 November 2004 |
Waleed Khaled | Iraqi | Iraq | 000000002005-08-28-000028 August 2005 |
Namir Noor-Eldeen | Iraqi | Iraq | 000000002007-07-12-000012 July 2007[15] |
Saeed Chmagh | Iraqi | Iraq | 000000002007-07-12-000012 July 2007[15] |
Fadel Shana'a | Palestinian | Gaza Strip | 000000002008-04-16-000016 April 2008 |
Hiro Muramoto | Japanese | Thailand | 000000002010-04-10-000010 April 2010 |
Sabah al-Bazee | Iraqi | Iraq | 000000002011-03-29-000029 March 2011 |
Molhem Barakat | Syrian | Syria | 000000002013-12-20-000020 December 2013 |
Reuters has a policy of taking a "value-neutral approach," which extends to not using the word "terrorist" in its stories, a practice which has attracted criticism following the September 11 attacks.[16] Reuters' editorial policy states: "We are committed to reporting the facts and in all situations avoid the use of emotive terms. The only exception is when we are quoting someone directly or in indirect speech."[17] (The Associated Press, by contrast, does use the term "terrorist" in reference to non-governmental organizations who carry out attacks on civilian populations.[16])
Following the 11 September attacks, Reuters global head of news Stephen Jukes reiterated the policy in an internal memo and later explained to media columnist Howard Kurtz (who criticized the policy): "We all know that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter, and that Reuters upholds the principle that we do not use the word terrorist...We're trying to treat everyone on a level playing field, however tragic it's been and however awful and cataclysmic for the American people and people around the world. We're there to tell the story. We're not there to evaluate the moral case."[16]
In early October 2001, CEO Tom Glocer and editor-in-chief Geert Linnebank and Jukes later released a statement acknowledging that Jukes' memo "had caused deep offence among members of our staff, our readers, and the public at large" and wrote: "Our policy is to avoid the use of emotional terms and not make value judgments concerning the facts we attempt to report accurately and fairly. We apologize for the insensitive manner in which we characterized this policy and extend our sympathy to all those who have been affected by these tragic events."[18]
In September 2004, The New York Times reported that Reuters global managing editor, David A. Schlesinger objected to Canadian newspapers' editing of Reuters articles to insert the word terrorist. Schlesinger said: "my goal is to protect our reporters and protect our editorial integrity."[19]
In July 2013, David Fogarty, former Reuters climate change correspondent in Asia, resigned after a career of almost 20 years with the company and wrote about a "climate of fear" which resulted in "progressively, getting any climate change-themed story published got harder" following comments from then deputy editor-in-chief Paul Ingrassia that he was a "climate change sceptic". In his comments, Fogarty stated that "Some desk editors happily subbed and pushed the button. Others agonised and asked a million questions. Debate on some story ideas generated endless bureaucracy by editors frightened to make a decision, reflecting a different type of climate within Reuters—the climate of fear," and that "by mid-October, I was informed that climate change just wasn't a big story for the present. …Very soon after that conversation I was told my climate change role was abolished."[20][21] Ingrassia, currently Reuters' managing editor, formerly worked for The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones for 31 years.[22] Reuters responded to Fogarty's piece by stating that "Reuters has a number of staff dedicated to covering this story, including a team of specialist reporters at Point Carbon and a columnist. There has been no change in our editorial policy."[23]
Subsequently, climate blogger Joe Romm cited a Reuters article on climate as employing "false balance", and quoted Dr. Stefan Rahmstorf, Co-Chair of Earth System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute that "[s]imply, a lot of unrelated climate skeptics nonsense has been added to this Reuters piece. In the words of the late Steve Schneider, this is like adding some nonsense from the Flat Earth Society to a report about the latest generation of telecommunication satellites. It is absurd." Romm opined that "We can't know for certain who insisted on cramming this absurd and non-germane 'climate sceptics nonsense' into the piece, but we have a strong clue. If it had been part of the reporter's original reporting, you would have expected direct quotes from actual skeptics, because that is journalism 101. The fact that the blather was all inserted without attribution suggests it was added at the insistence of an editor."[24]
According to Ynetnews, Reuters was accused of bias against Israel in its coverage of the 2006 Israel–Lebanon conflict after the wire service used two doctored photos by a Lebanese freelance photographer, Adnan Hajj.[25] In August 2006, Reuters announced it had severed all ties with Hajj and said his photographs would be removed from its database.[26]
In 2010, Reuters was criticised again by Haaretz for "anti-Israeli" bias when it cropped the edges of photos, removing commandos' knives held by activists and a naval commando's blood from photographs taken aboard the Mavi Marmara during the Gaza flotilla raid, a raid that left nine Turkish activists dead. It has been alleged that in two separate photographs, knives held by the activists were cropped out of the versions of the pictures published by Reuters.[27] Reuters said it is standard operating procedure to crop photos at the margins, and replaced the cropped images with the original ones after it was brought to the agency's attention.[27]
In March 2015, the Brazilian affiliate of Reuters released a text containing an interview with Brazilian ex-president Fernando Henrique Cardoso about the ongoing Petrobrás scandal. One of the paragraphs mentioned a comment by a former Petrobras manager, in which he suggests corruption in that company may date back to Cardoso's presidency. Attached to it, there was a comment between parenthesis: "Podemos tirar se achar melhor" ("we can take it out if [you] think it's better"),[28] which is now absent from the current version of the text.[29] The agency later issued a text in which they confirm the mistake, explaining it was a question by one of the Brazilian editors to the journalist who wrote the original text in English, and that it was not supposed to be published.[30]
Bibliography
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