出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/16 21:40:20」(JST)
| Human respiratory syncytial virus | |
|---|---|
| Transmission electron micrograph of RSV | |
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group V ((-)ssRNA) |
| Order: | Mononegavirales |
| Family: | Paramyxoviridae |
| Subfamily: | Pneumovirinae |
| Genus: | Pneumovirus |
| Species: | Human respiratory syncytial virus |
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. A prophylactic medication (not a vaccine) exists for preterm (under 35 weeks gestation) infants, infants with certain congenital heart defects (CHD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and infants with congenital malformations of the airway. Treatment is limited to supportive care (for example C-PAP), including oxygen therapy.
In temperate climates there is an annual epidemic during the winter months. In tropical climates, infection is most common during the rainy season.
In the United States, 60% of infants are infected during their first RSV season,[1] and nearly all children will have been infected with the virus by 2–3 years of age.[1] Of those infected with RSV, 2–3% will develop bronchiolitis, necessitating hospitalization.[2] Natural infection with RSV induces protective immunity which wanes over time—possibly more so than other respiratory viral infections—and thus people can be infected multiple times. Sometimes an infant can become symptomatically infected more than once, even within a single RSV season. Severe RSV infections have increasingly been found among elderly patients. Young adults can be re-infected every five to seven years, with symptoms looking like a sinus infection or a cold (infections can also be asymptomatic).
RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which includes common respiratory viruses such as those causing measles and mumps. RSV is a member of the paramyxovirus subfamily Pneumovirinae. Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes on nearby cells to merge, forming syncytia.
| Human respiratory syncytial virus infection |
|
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
|
An x ray of a child with RSV showing the typical bilateral perihilar fullness
|
|
| ICD-9 | 079.6 |
| DiseasesDB | 11387 |
| MedlinePlus | 001564 |
| MeSH | D018357 |
The incubation time (from infection until symptoms arrive) is 4–5 days. For adults, RSV produces mainly mild symptoms, often indistinguishable from common colds and minor illnesses. The Centers for Disease Control consider RSV to be the "most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung) and pneumonia in children under 1 year of age in the United States".[3] For some children, RSV can cause bronchiolitis, leading to severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization and, rarely, causing death. This is more likely to occur in patients that are immunocompromised or infants born prematurely. Other RSV symptoms common among infants include listlessness, poor or diminished appetite, and a possible fever.[4]
Recurrent wheezing and asthma are more common among individuals who suffered severe RSV infection during the first few months of life than among controls;[5] whether RSV infection sets up a process that leads to recurrent wheezing or whether those already predisposed to asthma are more likely to become severely ill with RSV has yet to be determined.
Symptoms of pneumonia in immuno-compromised patients such as in transplant patients and especially bone marrow transplant patients should be evaluated to rule out RSV infection. This can be done by means of PCR testing for RSV nucleic acids in peripheral blood samples if all other infectious processes have been ruled out or if it is highly suspicious for RSV such as a recent exposure to a known source of RSV infection.
In at least one case, RSV onset appears to have coincided with the onset of type 2 diabetes, and there may be a possible correlation.[6] [7]
The genome is ~15,000 nucleotides in length and is composed of a single strand of RNA with negative polarity. It has 10 genes encoding 11 proteins—there are 2 open reading frames of M2. The genome is transcribed sequentially from NS1 to L with reduction in expression levels along its length.
NS1 and NS2 inhibit type I interferon activity.
N encodes nucleocapsid protein that associates with the genomic RNA forming the nucleocapsid.
M encodes the Matrix protein required for viral assembly.
SH, G and F form the viral coat. The G protein is a surface protein that is heavily glycosylated. It functions as the attachment protein. The F protein is another important surface protein; F mediates fusion, allowing entry of the virus into the cell cytoplasm and also allowing the formation of syncytia. The F protein is homologous in both subtypes of RSV; antibodies directed at the F protein are neutralizing. In contrast, the G protein differs considerably between the two subtypes.
M2 is the second matrix protein also required for transcription and encodes M2-1 (elongation factor) and M2-2 (transcription regulation). M2 contains CD8 epitopes.
L encodes the RNA polymerase.
The phosphoprotein P is a cofactor for the L protein.
The atomic structure is now available for two of these proteins: N[8] and M.[9]
Bayesian estimates of the mutation rates in the subtype A genomes give a mutation rate of 6.47×10−4 (credible interval: 5.56×10−4 – 7.38×10−7) substitutions/site/year.[10] This is similar to other RNA viruses. The population size has remained constant over the last 70 years and the G protein appears to be the main site of diversifying selection. The most recent common ancestor evolved ~1943 (credible interval: 1923–1954).
RSV spreads easily by direct contact, and can remain viable for a half an hour or more on hands or for up to 5 hours on countertops.[11] Childcare facilities allow for rapid child-to-child transmission in a short period of time.[12]
As the virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world, avoidance of infection is not possible. A vaccine trial in 1960s using a formalin-inactivated vaccine (FI-RSV), increased disease severity in children who had been vaccinated.[13] There is much active investigation into the development of a new vaccine, but at present no vaccine exists. Some of the most promising candidates are based on temperature sensitive mutants which have targeted genetic mutations to reduce virulence.
However, palivizumab (brand name Synagis manufactured by MedImmune), a moderately effective prophylactic drug is available for infants at high risk. Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against RSV surface fusion protein. It is given by monthly injections, which are begun just prior to the RSV season and are usually continued for five months. RSV prophylaxis is indicated for infants that are premature or have either cardiac or lung disease, but the cost of prevention limits use in many parts of the world. An antiviral drug—Ribavirin—is licensed for use, but its efficacy is limited.[14]
Scientists are attempting to develop a recombinant Human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine that is suitable for intranasal instillation. Tests for determining the safety and level of resistance that can be achieved by the vaccine are being conducted in the chimpanzee, which is the only known animal that develops a respiratory illness similar to humans.
RSV infection can be confirmed using Direct Fluorescent Antibody detection (DFA), Chromatographic rapid antigen detection or detection of viral RNA using RT PCR [Reverse-transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction). Quantification of viral load can be determined by Plaque Assay, antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), ELISA and HA, and quantification of antibody levels by HAI and Neutralisation assay.
Studies of nebulized hypertonic saline have shown that the "use of nebulized 3% HS is a safe, inexpensive, and effective treatment for infants hospitalized with moderately severe viral bronchiolitis" where "respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) accounts for the majority of viral bronchiolitis cases".[15][16] One study noted a 26% reduction in length of stay: 2.6 ± 1.9 days, compared with 3.5 ± 2.9 days in the normal-saline treated group (p=0.05).[15]
Supportive care includes fluids and oxygen until the illness runs its course. Salbutamol may be used in an attempt to relieve any bronchospasm if present. Increased airflow, humidified and delivered via nasal cannula, may be supplied in order to reduce the effort required for respiration. Adrenaline, bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, and ribavirin confer "no real benefit".[17][18]
The RSV is virtually the same as chimpanzee coryza virus and can be transmitted from monkeys to humans, although transmission from humans to monkeys is more common.[19] The inactivated polio vaccine was reportedly contaminated with simian viruses, including Chimpanzee coryza, during 1955-1963.[20][21]
|date= (help)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「RSウイルス感染症」「respiratory syncytial virus infection」 |
| 関連記事 | 「R」「infection」「RS」「RSV」 |
RSウイルス感染症、呼吸器多核体ウイルス感染症、呼吸器合胞体ウイルス感染症、RSウイルス感染