関: ring-opening metathesis polymerization

WordNet

win easily; "romp a race"
run easily and fairly fast

PrepTutorEJDIC

はしゃぎ回る,ふざけ回る《+『about』(『around』)》 / (レースで)楽勝する / おてんば娘;はね回る子供 / 騒々しい遊び;はね回り

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/13 13:50:31」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

ROMP^[1]は、1981年にIBMが完成させた初期のRISC型マイクロプロセッサである。世界初の商用 RISC チップとも言われる。

概要

ROMP(Research OPD Micro Processor)は名前にある通り、オフィス製品への採用を意図して設計された。一部では 032 とも呼ばれた。

1970年代中盤の「OPD Mini Processor」というプロセッサ（IBM Office System/6 や DisplayWriter といった製品で使われた）の後継である。ROMP は1986年に発表された IBM RT-PC で使われ、後には IBM のレーザープリンタでも使われた。RT-PC は一時期はパーソナルコンピュータとして計画された製品であり、Intel 8088 を ROMP で置き換えることを意図していた。しかし、実際の製品ではより技術指向のアプリケーションが多く、エンジニアリングワークステーションとして使われた。

当初の ROMP は24ビットの RISC アーキテクチャだったが、開発途中で32ビットに変更された。初期のプロセスは、2μmの n-MOS であった。16本の32ビット汎用レジスタを備え、アドレスバスとデータバスは32ビットである。命令は118種で、1命令の大きさは2バイトか4バイトである。ほとんどのレジスタ-レジスタ間命令を1サイクルで実行できるよう設計されている。別のメモリ管理ユニット（MMU）チップにより、仮想記憶を実現する。

アーキテクチャ設計は1977年春に開始された。IBM 801 プロセッサからのスピンオフである。アーキテクチャ上の変更はコスト削減が目的であり、2バイト命令の導入などはメモリ利用効率を高めるためであった。組み込みシステムではメモリ利用効率は今でも重要であり、ARMもMIPSも本来4バイトの命令しかなかったが、後から2バイト命令を追加している。

チップは1981年初めに完成した。従って、これが真の RISC であると言えるなら、ROMP は世界初の実働した商用 RISC チップとなる（1986年まで製品として出荷されていないから1986年で考えるべきという説もある）。1986年まで製品として出荷されなかったのは、RT-PC とそのオペレーティングシステム（OS）のソフトウェア開発計画が野心的すぎて時間がかかったためである。このOSはハードウェアを仮想化し、複数の他のOSをその上で動作させることができる。

ROMP やRT-PCは広く普及はしなかったが、後に POWER が生まれた。

脚注

^ 英語「research office Products Division micro processor」に由来。

外部リンク

The IBM RT PC ROMP processor and memory management unit architecture

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

ROMP

The ROMP or Research OPD Micro Processor was a 10 MHz RISC microprocessor designed by IBM in the early 1980s. It is also known in some circles as 032. "OPD" stands for "Office Products Division", the division of IBM which originated the processor. The ROMP was manufactured on a 2 µm process with 45,000 transistors, saw first in silicon in 1981, and was originally developed to be used in office equipment and small computers.^[1] It was intended as a follow-on to a mid-1970s processor called the "OPD Mini Processor", which was used in text editing systems such as the IBM Office System/6.^{[citation needed]} ROMP originally was shipped in the IBM RT/PC line, announced in 1986, and was later used in an IBM laser printer. For a time the IBM RT/PC was planned to be a personal computer, with ROMP replacing the Intel 8088. However, the software was targeted more towards engineering workstations.

The original ROMP had a 24-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture developed by IBM, but the instruction set was changed to 32 bits a few years into the development.^[2] It was originally implemented in a 2 µm NMOS technology. It had sixteen 32-bit general purpose registers and used 32-bit addresses and data paths. The microprocessor was controlled by 118 simple two- and four-byte instructions. Internal processor organization enabled the CPU to execute most register-to-register instructions in a single cycle. An IBM-developed advanced memory management chip provided virtual memory address translation functions and memory control.

The architectural work started in late spring of 1977, as a spin-off of the T.J. Watson Research 801 processor (hence the "Research" in the acronym). Most of the architectural changes were for cost reductions, such as adding 16-bit instructions for byte-efficiency - a main concern at the time. For embedded systems, this is still a concern; ARM, MIPS and Power Architecture have all added 16-bit instructions to their architectures, which were originally 32-bit only.

The first chips were ready in early 1981. Thus, ROMP was possibly the first working commercial RISC, depending on whether or not it was a true RISC and whether or not one could count it as a commercial product in 1981, since it didn't actually ship until 1986. This delay was caused by overly ambitious software plans for the RT/PC and its operating system (OS). This OS virtualized the hardware and could host multiple other operating systems, though UNIX was the only operating system to be ported to the underlying virtual OS. This technology, called virtualization, while commonplace in mainframe systems, only began to gain traction in smaller systems in the 21st century. The IBM RT/PC consequently fell behind competitors such as Sun Microsystems and Apollo Computer who ported UNIX directly to their platforms.

References

^ Hester, P.D.; Simpson, Richard O.; Chang, Albert. "The IBM RT PC ROMP and Memory Management Unit Architecture". In Waters, Frank. The IBM RT Personal Computer Technology, Form No. SA23-1057 (PDF). p. 48.
^ Waldecker, D.E.; Woon, P.Y. "ROMP/MMU Technology Introduction". In Waters, Frank. The IBM RT Personal Computer Technology, Form No. SA23-1057 (PDF). p. 44.

External links

The IBM RT PC ROMP processor and memory management unit architecture (Archive link)
VLSI RISC Architecture and Organization, Stephen Bo Furber

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 回帰熱の微生物学、病因、および疫学 microbiology pathogenesis and epidemiology of relapsing fever
2. 女性における性器クラミジア・トラコマチス感染症 genital chlamydia trachomatis infections in women
3. レジオネラ感染の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of legionella infection
4. 淋菌感染の疫学、病因、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection
5. その他の紅斑熱群リケッチア感染 other spotted fever group rickettsial infections

English Journal

Enhanced potency of the metalloprotease inhibitor TAPI-2 by multivalent display.

Raissi AJ1, Scangarello FA2, Hulce KR3, Pontrello JK4, Paradis S5.Author information 1Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States.2Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States; Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States.3Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States.4Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States. Electronic address: pontrell@brandeis.edu.5Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, United States. Electronic address: paradis@brandeis.edu.AbstractMetalloproteases regulate a vast array of critical cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, repair, and invasion/metastasis. In so doing, metalloproteases have been shown to play key roles in the pathogenesis of multiple disorders including arteriosclerosis, arthritis, cancer metastasis, and ischemic brain injury. Therefore, much work has focused on developing metalloprotease inhibitors to provide a potential therapeutic benefit against the progression of these and other diseases. In order to produce a more potent inhibitor of metalloproteases, we synthesized multivalent displays of a metalloprotease inhibitor derived from the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Specifically, multivalent ligands of a broad-spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor, TAPI-2, were generated upon conjugation of the amine-bearing inhibitor with the ROMP-derived N-hydroxysuccinimide ester polymer. By monitoring the metalloprotease dependent cleavage of the transmembrane protein Semaphorin4D (Sema4D), we demonstrated an enhancement of inhibition by multivalent TAPI-2 compared to monovalent TAPI-2. To further optimize the potency of the multivalent inhibitor, we systematically varied the polymer length and inhibitor ligand density (mole fraction, χ). We observed that while ligand density plays a modest role in the potency of inhibition caused by the multivalent TAPI-2 display, the length of the polymer produces a much greater effect on inhibitor potency, with the shortest polymer achieving the greatest level of inhibition. These findings validate the use of multivalent display to enhance the potency of metalloprotease inhibitors and further, suggest this may be a useful approach to enhance potency of other small molecule towards their targets.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2014 Apr 15;24(8):2002-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.007. Epub 2014 Feb 14.
Metalloproteases regulate a vast array of critical cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, repair, and invasion/metastasis. In so doing, metalloproteases have been shown to play key roles in the pathogenesis of multiple disorders including arteriosclerosis, arthritis, cancer metastasis,
PMID 24581919

Does the rate of competing isomerisation during alkene metathesis depend on pre-catalyst initiation rate?

Nelson DJ1, Percy JM.Author information 1WestCHEM/Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK. david.nelson@strath.ac.uk jonathan.percy@strath.ac.uk.AbstractExperimental studies of the ring-closing metathesis reaction of 1,8-nonadiene and the ROMP reaction of cycloheptene show that the rate of isomerisation is not correlated to the initiation rate of the pre-catalyst, and that the absence of phosphine leads to a greatly increased rate of isomerisation. A range of pre-catalysts and solvents were probed and it is proposed that the isomerisation is mediated by a ruthenium hydride complex; our results are consistent with the rate-determining formation of such a species, which might be trapped in situ by tricyclohexylphosphane.
Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2014 Mar 28;43(12):4674-9. doi: 10.1039/c4dt00007b.
Experimental studies of the ring-closing metathesis reaction of 1,8-nonadiene and the ROMP reaction of cycloheptene show that the rate of isomerisation is not correlated to the initiation rate of the pre-catalyst, and that the absence of phosphine leads to a greatly increased rate of isomerisation.
PMID 24488325

Polymers Based on Stable Phenoxyl Radicals for the Use in Organic Radical Batteries.

Jähnert T1, Häupler B, Janoschka T, Hager MD, Schubert US.Author information 1Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr.10, 07743, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller, University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.AbstractPolymers with pendant phenoxyl radicals are synthesized and the electrochemical properties are investigated in detail. The monomers are polymerized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) or free-radical polymerization methods. The monomers and polymers, respectively, are oxidized to the radical either before or after the polymerization. These phenoxyl radicals containing polymers reveal a reversible redox behavior at a potential of -0.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Such materials can be used as anode-active material in organic radical batteries (ORBs).
Macromolecular rapid communications.Macromol Rapid Commun.2014 Mar 20. doi: 10.1002/marc.201300791. [Epub ahead of print]
Polymers with pendant phenoxyl radicals are synthesized and the electrochemical properties are investigated in detail. The monomers are polymerized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) or free-radical polymerization methods. The monomers and polymers, respectively, are oxidized to the
PMID 24652613

Japanese Journal

滑り止め機能を有するソックスがフェンシングおよびバスケットボール競技の敏捷性能力に及ぼす効果

伊藤マモル,Ito Mamoru PhD,小坂博信,Kosaka Hironobu,上岡尚代,Kamioka Naoyo,泉重樹,Izumi Shigeki,和田武真,Wada Takemasa,藤野大樹,Fujino Daiki
法政大学体育・スポーツ研究センター紀要 31, 13-23, 2013-03-31
… Agility of fencing and basketball skill test items were Side step, Marche & Romp, Step 50, Circle dribble, Vertical jump. …
NAID 120005255316

メタセシス重合を用いる医用応用を指向した機能性高分子材料

三木康嗣,井上達広,大江浩一
有機合成化学協会誌 71(6), 601-615, 2013
… The feature of metathesis polymerization, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization, is briefly outlined. …
NAID 130003373305

オレフィンメタセシスを利用した高分子機能材料の精密合成—精密重合を基盤とした集積化機能材料の創製—

野村琴広,高水賢治,藤尾隆史
有機合成化学協会誌 71(1), 2-13, 2013
… Recent examples for precise synthesis of multi-block, brush, and star polymers by (living) ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using Mo, Ru catalysts have been reviewed. …
NAID 130003373257