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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/06 09:54:56」(JST)
| Pinus ponderosa | |
|---|---|
| Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa Identification Guide | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3) |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Subgenus: | Pinus |
| Species: | P. ponderosa |
| Binomial name | |
| Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C.Lawson |
|
| Subspecies range map | |
Pinus ponderosa, commonly known as the ponderosa pine, bull pine, blackjack pine,[1] or western yellow pine, is a very large pine tree of variable habit native to western North America, but widespread throughout the temperate world. It was first described by David Douglas in 1826, from eastern Washington state near present-day Spokane. It is the official state tree of Montana.
P. ponderosa is a large coniferous evergreen tree. The bark helps to distinguish it from other species. Mature to over-mature individuals have yellow to orange-red bark in broad to very broad plates with black crevices. Younger trees have blackish brown bark, referred to as "blackjacks" by early loggers. Ponderosa pine's five races can be identified by their characteristic bright green needles (contrasting with bluish green needles that distinguish Jeffrey pine). The Pacific race has longest (19.8 cm/7.8 in), most flexible needles in plume-like fascicles of three. The Columbia ponderosa pine has long (12.0–20.5 cm/4.7–8.1 in), relatively flexible needles in fascicles of three. The Rocky Mountains race has short (9.2–14.4 cm/3.6–5.7 in), stout needles growing in scopulate (bushy, tuft-like) fascicles of two to three. The Southwestern race has longer (11.2–19.8 cm/4.4–7.8 in) stout needles in fascicles of three (2.7-3.5). The central high plains race is characterized by fewest needles (1.4 per whorl), stout, upright branching at narrow angles from the trunk; long green needles (14.8–17.9 cm/5.8–7.0 in) extending farthest along the branch, resembling a fox tail; needles are widest, stoutest, and fewest (2.2-2.8) for the species.[2][3][4]
Sources differ on the scent, but it is more or less of turpentine, reflecting the dominance of terpenes (alpha- and beta-pinenes, and delta-3-carene).[5] Some state that it has no distinctive scent.[6]
The National Register of Big Trees lists a ponderosa pine that is 235 ft (72 m) tall and 324 in (820 cm) in circumference.[7] In January 2011, a Pacific ponderosa pine in Siskiyou National Forest in Oregon was measured with a laser to be 268.35 ft (81.79 m) high. The measurement was performed by Michael Taylor and Mario Vaden, a professional arborist from Oregon. The tree was climbed on October 13, 2011, by Ascending The Giants (a tree climbing company in Portland, Oregon) and directly measured with tape-line at 268.29 ft (81.77 m) high.[8][9] This is now the tallest known pine. The previous tallest known pine was a sugar pine.
This species is grown as an ornamental plant in parks and large gardens.[10]
During Operation Upshot-Knothole, a nuclear test was performed where 145 trees were cut down by the United States Forest Service and transported to Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site, where they were planted into the ground and exposed to a nuclear blast to see what the blast wave would do to a forest.[11]
P. ponderosa is a dominant tree in the Kuchler plant association, the Ponderosa shrub forest. Like most western pines, the ponderosa generally is associated with mountainous topography but not always. In Nebraska it is found on breaks of the Neobrara River. Scattered stands occur in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and in both Washington's Puget Sound area and Okanagan Valley. It is found: on the Black Hills, on foothills and mid-height peaks of the northern, central, and southern Rocky Mountains, on the Cascades, on the Sierra Nevada, and on the maritime-influenced Coast Range. In Arizona it predominates on the Mogollon Rim and is scattered on the Mogollon Plateau and on mid-height peaks in Arizona and New Mexico. It does not extend into Mexico [12]
The fire cycle for ponderosa pines is five to 10 years, in which a natural ignition sparks a low-intensity fire.[13]
P. ponderosa needles are the only known food of the caterpillars of the gelechiid moth Chionodes retiniella.[14] Blue stain fungus, Grosmannia clavigera, is introduced in sapwood of P. ponderosa from the galleries of all species in the genus Dendroctonus.
Modern forestry research has identified five different taxa of P. ponderosa, with differing botanical characters and adaptations to different climatic conditions. Four of these have been termed "geographic races" in forestry literature. Some botanists historically treated some races as distinct species. In modern botanical usage, they best match the rank of subspecies and have been formally published.[2][3]
Distributions of the subspecies in the United States are shown in shadow on the map. Distribution of ponderosa pine is from Critchfield and Little.[16] The closely related 5-needled Arizona pine (Pinus arizonica) extends southward into Mexico.
Before the distinctions between the North Plateau race and the Pacific race were fully documented, most botanists assumed that ponderosa pines in both areas were the same. When a botanist and a geneticist from California found in 1948 a distinct tree on Mt. Rose in western Nevada with some marked differences from the ponderosa pine they knew in California, they described it as a new species, Washoe pine Pinus washoensis. However, subsequent research proved this to be merely one of the southern-most outliers of the typical North Plateau race of ponderosa pine.[2]:30–31[17][18][19]
An additional variety, tentatively named P. ponderosa var. willamettensis, found in the Willamette Valley in western Oregon, is rare.[20] This probably is just one of the many islands of Pacific ssp. of ponderosa pine occurring in the Willamette Valley and extending north to the southeast end of Puget Sound in Washington.
The subspecies of P. ponderosa can be distinguished by measurements along several dimensions:[2]:23–24[3]:17
| Common names | Pacific | Columbia | Rocky Mountains | Southwestern | Central High Plains |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subspecies | (critchfieldiana) | (ponderosa) | (scopulorum) | (brachyptera) | (readiana) |
| Years needles remain green | 3.9±0.25, N=30 | 4.7±0.14, N=50 | 5.7±0.28, N=23 | 4.3±0.18, N=24 | 4.7±0.18, N=5 |
| Foliage length on branch, cm | 25.1±2.4, N=30 | 26.2±2.2, N=50 | 21.1±1.7, N=23 | 21.8±2.7, N=24 | 42.2±6.7, N=5 |
| Needle length, cm | 19.8±0.44, N=30 | 16.8±0.29, N=48 | 11.2±0.27, N=23 | 14.7±0.45, N=24 | 15.6±0.57, N=5 |
| Needles per fascicle | 3.0±0.00, N=30 | 3.0±0.00, N=48 | 2.6±0.06, N=23 | 3.0±0.03, N=24 | 2.4±0.11, N=5 |
| Needle thickness | 45.9±0.49, N=30 | 47.8±0.51, N=48 | 46.4±0.68, N=23 | 44.8±0.87, N=24 | 49.7±0.61, N=5 |
| Branches per whorl | 4.4±0.13, N=30 | 3.7±0.11, N=50 | 3.0±0.17, N=23 | 3.4±0.25, N=23 | 2.3±0.11, N=5 |
| Branch angle ° from vert. | 56±1.8, N=30 | 51±1.7, N=50 | 50±2.3, N=23 | 48±3.1, N=24 | 36±1.9, N=5 |
| Seed cones length, mm | 101.4±2.48, N=25 | 88.7±1.24, N=36 | 70.7±2.20, N=22 | 74.9±2.51, N=20 | 71.1±2.46, N=5 |
| Seed cones width, mm | 77.1±1.35, N=25 | 71.6±0.73, N=36 | 61.5±1.08, N=22 | 62.6±1.77, N=20 | 63.3±2.18, N=5 |
| Seed cone form W/L | 0.80±0.03, N=25 | 0.84±0.03, N=36 | 0.90±0.02, N=22 | 0.86±0.02, N=20 | 0.90±0.03, N=5 |
| Seed length, mm | 7.5±0.08, N=23 | 7.6±0.16, N=14 | 6.3±0.09, N=17 | 6.4±0.18, N=16 | 7.0±0.12, N=5 |
| Seed width, mm | 4.9±0.05, N=23 | 4.9±0.08, N=14 | 4.1±0.05, N=17 | 4.3±0.09, N=16 | 4.5±0.10, N=5 |
| Seed + wing length, mm | 32.3±0.58, N=23 | 24.8±0.62, N=14 | 22.9±0.63, N=17 | 23.3±0.68, N=15 | 23.1±0.78, N=5 |
| Mature cone color[21] | apple green to yellow green | green & red-brown to dk. purple | green & red-brown to dk. purple | green & red-brown to dk. purple |
Notes:
Names of taxa and transition zones are on the map.
Numbers in columns were derived from multiple measurements of samples taken from 10 (infrequently fewer) trees on a varying number of geographically dispersed plots.
Numbers in each cell show: calculated mean ± std. error and number of plots.
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ponderosa pine. |
| リンク元 | 「ponderosa pine」「ポンデローサマツ」 |
| 関連記事 | 「Pinus」 |
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