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small genus of aromatic deciduous trees of east Asia often having thick corky bark (同)genus Phellodendron

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/09 01:12:32」(JST)

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Phellodendron, or cork-tree, is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Rutaceae, native to east and northeast Asia. It has leathery, pinnate leaves and yellow, clumped flowers. The name refers to the thick and corky bark of some (but not all) species in the genus.

Fossil record

Phellodendron seeds are known from the Early Oligocene of eastern North America, from the Mid Oligocene to the Pliocene of Europe and from the Pliocene of Asia and Japan.^[1]

Phellodendron macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy.^[2]

Cultivation and uses

As an ornamental plant, Phellodendron is a tree for all seasons. In spring it has yellow flowers, in summer it provides foliage and shade, in fall the leaves turn bright yellow, and the textured bark and winding branches add interest in the winter. The female bears black drupes that attract birds and other wildlife through the late fall and winter.

The cork-tree is resistant to drought and insects, and it can thrive in a variety of soils. It is hardy to zone 4 and it is easy to maintain, sometimes to the point of being invasive. One drawback is that the drupes fall and scatter, which may be undesirable on a formal lawn.

The bark in some species is thick, resembling that of the cork oak, but is not thick enough for commercial cork production. It has been used to produce a yellow dye.

Phellodendron japonicum

One species, Phellodendron amurense (Chinese: 黄柏; pinyin: huáng bǎi; or 黄檗; pinyin: huáng bò; Russian: Бархат амурский "Barkhat Amurskiy", also бархатное дерево, пробковое дерево), is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, Phellodendron has also attracted scientific attention because of the phytochemicals it produces:

Berberine has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties^{[citation needed]}
Jatrorrhizine may be anti-mutagenic^{[citation needed]}
Phellodendrine has promise as an immune suppressant^{[citation needed]}
Palmatine may be a vasodilator^{[citation needed]}

The phytochemical descriptions are included for informational purposes only and not for treatment purposes. The research at this stage is very preliminary. Traditionally, the bark is the principal part of the plant used medicinally, although oil from the fruit is also used.^{[citation needed]} The species grows in Northern China, and in the Khabarovsk and Primorskiy regions of Russia.

Already identified as a significant forest invader in the mid-Atlantic region, Phellodendron amurense is an emerging species of concern in New England, and is identified as invasive or having invasive tendencies by state and private conservation authorities.^[3]^[4] ^[5] Because the fruit is plentiful and high in sugars, Amur cork-tree attracts birds and mammals which help disperse its seeds. Because of its phytochemical profile and because the seedlings grow thickly, Phellodendron can out-compete other species. By suppressing reproduction of native hardwoods, Amur cork-tree can come to dominate native forests under favorable conditions. As a relatively new species of concern, its invasion biology and response to control are not well understood.

References

^ The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Edited by K. Kubitzki, Volume X, Flowering Plants Eudicots, Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae, Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, ISBN 978-3-642-14396-0
^ Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ [3]

UpToDate Contents

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1. アレルギー疾患の治療のための漢方薬 chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of allergic diseases

English Journal

Herbal supplement Kamishimotsuto augments resistance exercise-induced mTORC1 signaling in rat skeletal muscle.

Kido K1, Sato K1, Makanae Y1, Ato S1, Hayashi T2, Fujita S3.
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.).Nutrition.2016 Jan;32(1):108-13. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.06.015. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
OBJECTIVES: Kamishimotsuto (KST) is a supplement containing 13 different herbs including Phellodendron bark, Anemarrhena rhizome and ginseng that have been shown to activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and thereby increase muscle protein synthesis in vitro. However, the combine
PMID 26423232

Extracting the Benefit of Nexrutine® for Cancer Prevention.

Hussain SS1, Patel D2, Ghosh R3, Kumar AP4.
Current pharmacology reports.Curr Pharmacol Rep.2015 Dec 1;1(6):365-372. Epub 2015 Mar 21.
The current standard of care for prostate cancer includes hormone therapy, radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy, each with its own set of undesirable side effects. In this regard there is an unmet need to develop strategies that can prevent or delay the development of clinical prostate cancer
PMID 26539341

Synergistic topical application of salt-processed Phellodendron amurense and Sanguisorba officinalis Linne alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms by reducing levels of immunoglobulin E and pro-inflammatory cytokines in NC/Nga mice.

Park S1, Kim da S1, Kang S1, Shin BK1.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Nov;12(5):7657-64. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4348. Epub 2015 Sep 22.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and salt-processed Phellodendron amurense (CPE) and Sanguisorba officinalis Linne (SOE) are widely used as anti-inflammatory agents in Asia. Therefore, the present study investigated the efficacy of CPE, SOE, and CPE+SOE in the treatment o
PMID 26397864

Japanese Journal

経年黄檗染織品に含まれるプロトベルベリン誘導体の質量分析による同定

考古学と自然科学 : 日本文化財科学会誌 (68), 21-31, 2015
NAID 40020501396

Search of new cytotoxic crude materials against human oral squamous cell carcinoma using 1H NMR-based metabolomics

Anticancer Research 34(8), 4117-4120, 2014-08
NAID 120005538072

Assessment of the Antimutagenic Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Herbal Medicines against N-Alkyl-N-nitrosoureas-induced Mutagenicity Using the umu Test

Genes and Environment 36(2), 33-38, 2014
NAID 130004943658

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「キハダ属」「フェロデンドロン属」
拡張検索	「Phellodendron属」

「キハダ属」

Phellodendron
	Phellodendron amurense autumn leaves and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Subfamily:	Toddalioideae
Genus:	Phellodendron; Rupr.
Species
	About 10 species, including:; Phellodendron amurense; Phellodendron chinense; Phellodendron japonicum; Phellodendron lavallei; Phellodendron sachalinense; Phellodendron sinii; Phellodendron wilsonii

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ラ: Phellodendron
関: Phellodendron属、フェロデンドロン属

「フェロデンドロン属」

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ラ: Phellodendron
関: キハダ属、Phellodendron属

「Phellodendron属」

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ラ: Phellodendron
関: キハダ属、フェロデンドロン属

[1] The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Edited by K. Kubitzki, Volume X, Flowering Plants Eudicots, Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae, Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York, ISBN 978-3-642-14396-0

[2] Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.

[3] [1]

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[5] [3]

匿名

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案内

案内

Phellodendron