It has been suggested that Parvovirus be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2019.
Family of viruses
Parvoviridae
Electron micrograph of canine parvovirus
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Phylum:
incertae sedis
Class:
incertae sedis
Order:
incertae sedis
Family:
Parvoviridae
Genera
Subfamily: Densovirinae
Ambidensovirus
Brevidensovirus
Hepandensovirus
Iteradensovirus
Penstyldensovirus
Subfamily: Parvovirinae
Amdoparvovirus
Aveparvovirus
Bocaparvovirus
Copiparvovirus
Dependoparvovirus
Erythroparvovirus
Protoparvovirus
Tetraparvovirus
The Parvoviridae are a family of small, rugged, genetically-compact DNA viruses, known collectively as parvoviruses.[1][2] There are currently >75 species in the family, divided among 13 genera and two subfamilies.[3] Members of this family infect a wide array of animal hosts and have been divided into two subfamilies, which infect either vertebrates (the Parvovirinae) or invertebrates (Densovirinae).
Parvovirus B19 was the first pathogenic human parvovirus to be discovered and is best known for causing a childhood exanthem called "fifth disease" (erythema infectiosum), although it is also associated with other diseases including arthritis.
Canine parvovirus causes a virulent and contagious disease in dogs. In cats, a parvovirus causes feline distemper.
Contents
1Structure
2Genome
3Life cycle
3.1Summary
3.2Steps of life cycle
3.2.1Attachment and entry
3.2.2Single-stranded DNA to double-stranded DNA
3.2.3Transcription and translation
3.2.4DNA replication
4Taxonomy
4.1Viruses infecting humans
4.2Unclassified viruses
4.3Additional genera
5Etymology
6See also
7References
8External links
Structure
Parvovirus particles (virions) have a durable non-enveloped protein capsid ~20–30 nm in diameter that contains a single copy of the linear single-stranded ~ 5kb DNA genome, which terminates in small imperfect palindromes that fold into dynamic hairpin telomeres.[2][4][5][6] These terminal hairpins are hallmarks of the family, giving rise to the viral origins of DNA replication and mediating multiple steps in the viral life cycle including genome amplification, packaging, and the establishment of transcription complexes.[7][8] However, they are often refractory to detection by PCR amplification strategies since they tend to induce polymerase strand-switching.[9] Many parvoviruses are exceptionally resistant to inactivation, remaining infectious for months or years after release into the environment.[10][11]
Viruses in this family have small protein virions that exhibit T=1 icosahedral symmetry. Their capsid shells are assembled from 60 icosahedrally-ordered copies of a single core protein (VP) sequence, but some of these VP proteins also have N-terminal extensions that are not visible in X-ray structures.[4][5][6][7][8] Biochemical and serological studies indicate that these extensions become successively exposed at the particle surface during virus maturation and cell entry, where they contribute to virion stability and mediate specific steps in cell trafficking. Parvoviruses appear to be unique in encoding a broad spectrum phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, typically in the N-terminus of the longest (VP1) subset of their capsid proteins, which is deployed to mediate virion transfer across the lipid bilayer of host cells[12][13]
Genome
The viral genome is 4–6 kilobases in length and terminates in imperfectly-palindromic hairpin sequences of ~120–500 nucleotides that exhibit genus-specific secondary structures, and can either be identical at the two ends of the genome (homotelomeric) or can differ in size, sequence and predicted secondary structure (heterotelomeric). Homotelomeric viruses package DNA strands of both senses (into separate capsids) whereas heterotelomeric viruses generally package predominantly negative-sense DNA (discussed in references 6 and 7). All parvoviruses encode two major gene complexes: the non-structural (or rep) gene that encodes the replication initiator protein (called NS1 or Rep), and the VP (or cap) gene, which encodes a nested set of ~2–6 size variants derived from the C-terminus of the single VP protein sequence. Members of the Parvovirinae also encode a few (1–4) small genus-specific ancillary proteins that are variably distributed throughout the genome, show little sequence homology to each other, and appear to serve an array of different functions in each genus (references 3–7). Viruses in most genera are mono-sense, meaning that both viral genes are transcribed in a single direction from open reading frames in the same (positive-sense) DNA strand, but members of one genus of homotelomeric invertebrate viruses (genus Ambidensovirus) show ambisense organization, with the NS and capsid proteins being transcribed in opposite directions from the 5’-ends of the two complementary DNA strands (see reference 1 and [14]).
The major non-structural protein, NS1, is a site- and strand-specific endonuclease belonging to the HuH protein superfamily,[15] and also carries a AAA+ SF3 helicase domain.[16] NS1 initiates and drives the viral “rolling hairpin” replication mechanism (RHR), which is a linear adaptation of the more-common “rolling-circle” replication strategy used by many small circular prokaryotic and viral replicons. RHR is a unidirectional mechanism that displaces a single, continuous DNA strand, which rapidly folds and refolds to generate a series of concatemeric duplex replication intermediates. Unit length genomes are then excised from these intermediates by the NS1 endonuclease (reviewed in references 5 and 6), and packaged 3’-to-5’ into preformed empty capsids driven by the SF3 helicase activity of NS1/Rep.[17]
Life cycle
Summary
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediate internalization via endocytosis. Capsids are metastable, undergoing a series of structural shifts during cell entry that sequentially expose peptides carrying PLA2 activity and trafficking signals . These signals ultimately mediate delivery of the intact virion into the cell nucleus, where genome uncoating allows the establishment of viral DNA replication and transcription complexes that rely predominantly upon the synthetic machinery of their host cell.[4][5][6][7][8][12][13] Replication follows the unidirectional strand displacement mechanism discussed above. Packaged virions from viruses in at least two genera (Protoparvovirus and Bocaparvovirus) have mechanisms that allow mature virions to be trafficked out of viable host cells prior to cell lysis, but members of most other genera are only released into the environment following death and lysis of the infected cell. Natural animal hosts for parvoviruses include a wide range of vertebrates, arthropods (insects and some crustacea) and echinoderms (sea stars). For viruses in the Parvovirinae transmission routes are commonly fecal-oral or respiratory.[18]
Steps of life cycle
Attachment and entry
A virion attaches to receptors on the surface of a potential host cell. In the case of B19 virus the host cell is a red blood cell precursor and one of the receptors is the blood group P antigen. The virion enters the cell by endocytosis and is released from the endosome into the cytoplasm, where it associates with microtubules and is transported to a nuclear pore. With a diameter of 18–26 nm, the parvovirus virion is small enough to pass through a nuclear pore, unlike the herpesvirus nucleocapsid, though there is evidence that the virion must undergo some structural changes before it can be transported into the nucleus. Nuclear localization signals have been found in the capsid proteins of some parvoviruses.[19]
Single-stranded DNA to double-stranded DNA
In the nucleus the single-stranded virus genome is converted to dsDNA by a cell DNA polymerase. The ends of the genome are double stranded as a result of base pairing, and at the 3' end the terminal nucleotides act as a primer to which the polymerase binds.[19]
Transcription and translation
The cell's RNA polymerase II transcribes the virus genes and cell transcription factors play key roles. The primary transcript(s) undergo various splicing events to produce several size classes of mRNA. The larger mRNAs encode the non-structural proteins and the smaller mRNAs encode the structural proteins. The non-structural proteins are phosphorylated and play roles in the control of gene expression and in DNA replication.[20]
DNA replication
After conversion of the ssDNA genome to dsDNA, the DNA is replicated by a mechanism called rolling-hairpin replication. This is a leading strand mechanism that is an adaptation of rolling-circle replication, and sets parvoviruses apart from dsDNA viruses, which replicate their genomes through leading and lagging strand synthesis. Procapsids are constructed from the structural proteins and each is filled by a copy of the virus genome, either a ( + ) DNA or a ( − ) DNA as appropriate. The helicase function of one of the non-structural proteins serves as a motor to drive the packaging of displaced single-strands into the capsid.[21]
Taxonomy
Group: ssDNA
This taxonomy was last reorganized by the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) Parvoviridae Study Group early in 2014, as detailed in references 1 and 13, although additional species have been added since that time. The family is divided into two subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrates and Densovirinae, which infect invertebrates. Each subfamily has been subdivided into several genera.
Subfamily Densovirinae:
Genus Ambidensovirus; type species: Lepidopteran ambidensovirus 1. Genus includes 11 recognized species that infect insects from multiple orders, crayfish (crustacea) or sea stars (echinoderms)
Genus Brevidensovirus: type species: Dipteran brevidensovirus 1. Genus includes 2 recognized species that infect insects from the order Diptera
Genus Hepandensovirus: type species: Decapod hepandensovirus 1. Genus includes a single species, infecting decapod shrimp
Genus Iteradensovirus: type species: Lepidopteran iteradensovirus 1. Genus includes 5 recognized species that infect insects from the order Lepidoptera
Genus Penstyldensovirus: type species: Decapod penstyldensovirus 1. Genus includes a single species, infecting decapod shrimp
Subfamily Parvovirinae:
Genus Amdoparvovirus: type species: Carnivore amdoparvovirus 1. Genus includes 4 recognized species, infecting mink, fox, racoon dogs and skunk
Genus Aveparvovirus: type species: Galliform aveparvovirus 1. Genus includes a single species, infecting turkeys and chickens
Genus Bocaparvovirus: type species: Ungulate bocaparvovirus 1. Genus includes 21 recognized species, infecting mammals from multiple orders, including primates
Genus Copiparvovirus: type species: Ungulate copiparvovirus 1. Genus includes 2 recognized species, infecting pigs and cows
Genus Dependoparvovirus: type species: Adeno-associated dependoparvovirus A. Genus includes 7 recognized species, infecting mammals, birds or reptiles
Genus Erythroparvovirus: type species: Primate erythroparvovirus 1. Genus includes 6 recognized species, infecting mammals, specifically primates, chipmunk or cows
Genus Protoparvovirus: type species: Rodent protoparvovirus 1. Genus includes 11 recognized species, infecting mammals from multiple orders, including canines and primates
Genus Tetraparvovirus: type species: Primate tetraparvovirus 1. Genus includes 6 recognized species, infecting primates, bats, pigs, cows and sheep
[3]
To date, very few viruses from the Densovirinae have been studied and sequenced, so the taxonomy may poorly reflect the true diversity of this subfamily. Currently, members of genus Ambidensovirus, Brevidensovirus and Iterodensovirus typically infect insects, while the hepan- and penstyldensoviruses infect decapod shrimp. However, recently two viruses have been isolated that segregate phylogenetically with members of genus Ambidensovirus but infect non-insect hosts. One of these, called cherax quadricarinatus densovirus (CqDV), has been shown to infect and kill the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, subphylum Crustacea,[22] while the other, called sea-star-associated densovirus (SSaDV), has been shown to replicate in and kill sea-stars and perhaps some other members of phylum Echinodermata.[23]
Viruses infecting humans
Currently, viruses that infect humans are recognized in 5 genera: Bocaparvovirus (human bocavirus 1–4, HboV1–4), Dependoparvovirus (adeno-associated virus 1–5, AAV1–5), Erythroparvovirus (parvovirus B19, B19V), Protoparvovirus (bufavirus 1–3, BuV1–3; cutavirus, CuV) and Tetraparvovirus (human parvovirus 4 G1–3, PARV4 G1–3).
Unclassified viruses
Since databases contain vast numbers of sequences that might be considered parvoviral in origin but are not real viruses, the Parvoviridae Study group cite the following criteria (references 1 and 13) that must be established before a new viral sequence can be considered for recognition in the family:
"In order for an agent to be classified in the family Parvoviridae, it must be judged to be an authentic parvovirus on the basis of having been isolated and sequenced or, failing this, on the basis of having been sequenced in tissues, secretions, or excretions of unambiguous host origin, supported by evidence of its distribution in multiple individual hosts in a pattern that is compatible with dissemination by infection. The sequence must be in one piece, contain all the nonstructural (NS) and virus particle (VP) coding regions, and meet the size constraints and motif patterns typical of the family."
This means that partial coding sequences or sequences from a single host animal, with no evidence of virus exposure in the rest of the population, will not be considered sufficiently validated. Samples from feces are particularly problematic because they may be derived from food and so do not have an unequivocal host animal. Similarly, samples from aquatic animals that are also present in the surrounding environment are difficult to attribute until they can be shown to directly infect other members of the presumed host species.
Despite these caveats, every year many new viruses are identified that will likely merit recognition, so that the published taxonomy always trails studies in the field.
For example, a candidate parvovirus has recently been isolated by sequencing a histocytic sarcoma in a slow loris (Nycticebus coucang).[24] The relationship between the virus and the sarcoma was not clear.
Additional genera
Possible new genera suggested in the literature include Chapparvovirus[25], but these candidate viruses are predicted to have structurally distinct capsids. At present it is not clear if their host range is restricted to vertebrates, which could make them candidates for inclusion in subfamily Parvovirinae, or if they also infect invertebrate hosts. Consideration of the taxon awaits further investigation and ultimately a decision by the ICTV.
Etymology
Viruses of the family Parvoviridae take their name from the Latin parvum, meaning "small" or "tiny". There are 2 subfamilies of the family Parvoviridae: Parvovirinae and Densovirina (from the Latin denso (meaning thick or compact).[26]
See also
Canine parvovirus
References
^Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Canuti, M; Chiorini, JA; Eis-Hubinger, A; Hughes, J; Mietzsch, M; Modha, S; Ogliastro, M; Pénzes, JJ; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; and the ICTV Report Consortium (2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae". Journal of General Virology. 100 (3): 367–368. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001212. PMID 30672729.
^ ab"ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae".
^ abICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2017 Release". Retrieved 16 August 2018.
^ abcBerns KI, Parrish CR. 2013. Parvoviridae. In Fields Virology, ed. DM Knipe, P Howley. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 6th ed
^ abcHalder, S; Ng, R; Agbandje-McKenna, M (2012). "Parvoviruses: structure and infection". Future Virol. 7 (3): 253–7. doi:10.2217/fvl.12.12.
^ abcAgbandje-McKenna, M; Kleinschmidt, J (2011). AAV capsid structure and cell interactions. Methods Mol. Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology. 807. pp. 47–92. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-370-7_3. ISBN 978-1-61779-369-1. PMID 22034026.
^ abcCotmore, SF; Tattersall, P (2013). "Parvovirus diversity and DNA damage responses". Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 5: a01298.
^ abcCotmore, S.F.; Tattersall, P. (2014). "Parvoviruses: small does not mean simple". Annual Review of Virology. 1 (1): 517–537. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085444. PMID 26958732.
^Huang, Q; Deng, X; Yan, Z; Cheng, F; Luo, Y; Shen, W; Lei-Butters, DC; Chen, AY; Li, Y; Tang, L; Söderlund-Venermo, M; Engelhardt, JF; Qiu, J (2012). "Establishment of a reverse genetics system for studying human bocavirus in human airway epithelia". PLoS Pathog. 8 (8): e1002899. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002899. PMC 3431310. PMID 22956907.
^Meriluoto, M; Hedman, L; Tanner, L; Simell, V; Mäkinen, M; et al. (2012). "Association of human bocavirus 1 infection with respiratory disease in childhood follow-up study, Finland". Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (2): 264–71. doi:10.3201/eid1802.111293. PMC 3310460. PMID 22305021.
^Truyen, U; Parrish, CR (2013). "Feline panleukopenia virus: its interesting evolution and current problems in immunoprophylaxis against a serious pathogen". Vet. Microbiol. 165 (1–2): 29–32. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.005. PMID 23561891.
^ abZádori, Z; Szelei, J; Lacoste, M. C.; Li, Y; et al. (2001). "A viral phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is required for parvovirus infectivity". Dev. Cell. 1 (2): 291–302. doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(01)00031-4. PMID 11702787.
^ abFarr, GA; Zhang, LG; Tattersall, P (2005). "Parvoviral virions deploy a capsid-tethered lipolytic enzyme to breach the endosomal membrane during cell entry". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (47): 17148–53. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217148F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508477102. PMC 1288001. PMID 16284249.
^Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Chiorini, JA; Mukha, DV; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; Gatherer, D; Davison, AJ (2014). "The family Parvoviridae". Arch. Virol. 159 (5): 1239–1247. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1914-1. PMC 4013247. PMID 24212889.
^Hickman, AB; Ronning, DR; Perez, ZN; Kotin, RM; Dyda, F (2004). "The nuclease domain of adeno associated virus Rep coordinates replication initiation using two distinct DNA recognition interfaces". Mol. Cell. 13 (3): 403–14. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00023-1. PMID 14967147.
^James, JA; Aggarwal, AK; Linden, RM; Escalante, CR (2004). "Structure of adeno-associated virus type 2 Rep40-ADP complex: insight into nucleotide recognition and catalysis by superfamily 3 helicases". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101 (34): 12455–60. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112455J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403454101. PMC 515083. PMID 15310852.
^King, JA; Dubielzig, R; Grimm, D; Kleinschmidt, JA (2001). "DNA helicase–mediated packaging of adeno-associated virus type 2 genomes into preformed capsids". EMBO J. 20 (12): 3282–91. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3282. PMC 150213. PMID 11406604.
^"Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ abCarter, J., & Saunders, V. A. (2007). Virology: principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons; 141
^Carter, J., & Saunders, V. A. (2007). Virology: principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons; 142
^Carter, J., & Saunders, V. A. (2007). Virology: principles and applications. John Wiley & Sons;142-143
^Bochow, S; Condon, K; Elliman, J; Owens, L (2015). "First complete genome of an Ambidensovirus; Cherax quadricarinatus densovirus, from freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus". Marine Genomics. 24: 305–312. doi:10.1016/j.margen.2015.07.009. PMID 26268797.
^Hewson, I; Button, JB; Gudenkauf, BM; Miner, B; Newton, AL; Gaydos, JK; Wynne, J; Groves, CL; Hendler, G; Murray, M; Fradkin, S; Breitbart, M; Fahsbender, E; Lafferty, KD; Kilpatrick, AM; Miner, CM; Raimondi, P; Lahner, L; Friedman, CS; Daniels, S; Haulena, M; Marliave, J; Burge, CA; Eisenlord, ME; Harvell, CD (2014). "Densovirus associated with sea-star wasting disease and mass mortality". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (48): 17278–83. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117278H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416625111. PMC 4260605. PMID 25404293.
^Canuti, M; Williams, CV; Gadi, SR; Jebbink, MF; Oude Munnink, BB; Jazaeri Farsani, SM; Cullen, JM; van der Hoek, L (2014). "Persistent viremia by a novel parvovirus in a slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) with diffuse histiocytic sarcoma". Front Microbiol. 5: 655. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00655. PMC 4249460. PMID 25520709.
^"ICTV 10th Report (2018)".
^Fonseca, Eduardo K.U.N. (January 2018). "Etymologia: Parvovirus". Emerg Infect Dis. 24 (2): 293. doi:10.3201/eid2402.ET2402. cites public domain text from the CDC, product of the US Government.
External links
Viralzone: Parvoviridae
ICTV 2018 Parvoviridae
v
t
e
Baltimore (virus classification)
DNA
I: dsDNA viruses
Caudovirales
Myoviridae
Podoviridae
Siphoviridae
Herpesvirales
Alloherpesviridae
Herpesviridae
Malacoherpesviridae
Ligamenvirales
Lipothrixviridae
Rudiviridae
Unassigned
NLCDV: Ascoviridae
Asfarviridae
Iridoviridae
Marseilleviridae
Mimiviridae
Phycodnaviridae
Poxviridae
genera: Dinodnavirus
Pithovirus
Pandoravirus
nonenveloped:Adenoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Papovaviridae (obsolete)
Polyomaviridae
genera: Rhizidiovirus
Ampullaviridae
Baculoviridae
Bicaudaviridae
Clavaviridae
Corticoviridae
Fuselloviridae
Globuloviridae
Guttaviridae
Hytrosaviridae
Nimaviridae
Nudiviridae
Plasmaviridae
Polydnaviridae
Sphaerolipoviridae
Tectiviridae
Turriviridae
genera: Salterprovirus
II: ssDNA viruses
Anelloviridae
Bidnaviridae
Circoviridae
Geminiviridae
Inoviridae
Microviridae
Nanoviridae
Parvoviridae
Spiraviridae
genera: Bacilladnavirus
RNA
III: dsRNA viruses
Amalgaviridae
Birnaviridae
Chrysoviridae
Cystoviridae
Endornaviridae
Hypoviridae
Megabirnaviridae
Partitiviridae
Picobirnaviridae
Quadriviridae
Reoviridae
Totiviridae
IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (primarily icosahedral)
Nidovirales
Arteriviridae
Coronaviridae
Mesoniviridae
Roniviridae
Picornavirales
Comoviridae (obsolete)
Dicistroviridae
Iflaviridae
Marnaviridae
Picornaviridae
Secoviridae
Sequiviridae (obsolete)
genera: Bacillarnavirus
Labyrnavirus
Tymovirales
Alphaflexiviridae
Betaflexiviridae
Gammaflexiviridae
Tymoviridae
Unassigned
Alphatetraviridae
Alvernaviridae
Astroviridae
Barnaviridae
Benyviridae
Bromoviridae
Caliciviridae
Carmotetraviridae
Closteroviridae
Flaviviridae
Flexiviridae (obsolete)
Hepeviridae
Leviviridae
Luteoviridae
Narnaviridae
Nodaviridae
Permutotetraviridae
Potyviridae
Tetraviridae (obsolete)
Togaviridae
Tombusviridae
Virgaviridae
genera: Cilevirus
Higrevirus
Idaeovirus
Ourmiavirus
Polemovirus
Sobemovirus
V: (–)ssRNA viruses (primarily helical)
Mononegavirales
Bornaviridae
Filoviridae
Nyamiviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Bunyavirales
Hantaviridae
Nairoviridae
Peribunyaviridae
Phenuiviridae
Tospoviridae
Feraviridae
Fimoviridae
Jonviridae
Phasmaviridae
Unassigned
Arenaviridae
Ophioviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
genera:Deltavirus
RT
VI: ssRNA-RT viruses
Metaviridae
Pseudoviridae
Retroviridae
VII: dsDNA-RT viruses
Caulimoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q13210344
Wikispecies: Parvoviridae
EoL: 8041
GBIF: 6233
IRMNG: 114262
NCBI: 10780
UpToDate Contents
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… The Parvoviridae family contains two subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect mammals and birds, and Densovirinae, which infect arthropods. The Parvovirinae subfamily has been subdivided into eight genera …
…discovered in 1975 by electron microscopy during evaluation of tests for hepatitis B surface antigen . Parvoviridae are small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect a variety of animals, usually in a species-specific…
… Human parvovirus B19 belongs to the Erythroparvovirus genus within the Parvoviridae family . It was first discovered in 1975 while screening units of blood for hepatitis B virus in asymptomatic donors…
English Journal
Quantum dot incorporated Bacillus spore as nanosensor for viral infection.
Zhang X1, Zhou Q1, Shen Z1, Li Z1, Fei R1, Ji EH2, Hu S3, Hu Y4.
In this paper, we report a high-throughput biological method to prepare spore-based monodisperse microparticles (SMMs) and then form the nanocomposites of CdTe quantum dot (QD)-loaded SMMs by utilizing the endogenous functional groups from Bacillus spores. The SMMs and QD-incorporated spore microsph
Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2015 Nov;87(11):1981-4. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24246. Epub 2015 May 12.
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection may differently manifest in various age groups. Erythema infectiosum ('fifth disease') is the most common B19V manifestations in children. Arthralgias and arthritis, with or without rash, are common manifestations of B19V infection in adults. Pruritus is usually prese
Simultaneous detection of eight swine reproductive and respiratory pathogens using a novel GeXP analyser-based multiplex PCR assay.
Zhang M1, Xie Z2, Xie L1, Deng X1, Xie Z1, Luo S1, Liu J1, Pang Y1, Khan MI3.
Journal of virological methods.J Virol Methods.2015 Nov;224:9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.001. Epub 2015 Aug 7.
A new high-throughput GenomeLab Gene Expression Profiler (GeXP) analyser-based multiplex PCR assay was developed for the detection of eight reproductive and respiratory pathogens in swine. The reproductive and respiratory pathogens include North American porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
… Recent studies have revealed a biodiversity of virus species in wild mosquito populations, and thus far, 14 viruses belonging to eight virus families (Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Mesoniviridae, Nodaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Bunnyaviridae, Reoviridae, and Parvoviridae), have been found in Cx. …
A knowledge resource to understand virus diversity ... VIRION Non-enveloped, round, T=1 icosahedral symmetry, 18-26 nm in diameter. The capsid consists of 60 copies of CP protein. GENOME Linear, ssDNA genome of about 4 to ...
B19 of the family Parvoviridae is the etiologic agent responsible for a wide range of clinical syndromes, such as erythema infectiosum, postinfection arthropathies, fetal hydrops, transient aplastic crises in patients with hemolytic ...
