WordNet

(microscopy) a dye or other coloring material that is used in microscopy to make structures visible
color for microscopic study; "The laboratory worker dyed the specimen"
color with a liquid dye or tint; "Stain this table a beautiful walnut color"; "people knew how to stain glass a beautiful blue in the middle ages"
produce or leave stains; "Red wine stains the table cloth"
a soiled or discolored appearance; "the wine left a dark stain" (同)discoloration, discolouration
the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)p
worthless or oversimplified ideas (同)pablum
marked or dyed or discolored with foreign matter; "a badly stained tablecloth"; "tear-stained cheeks"
having a coating of stain or varnish (同)varnished
the act of spotting or staining something (同)spotting, maculation
(histology) the use of a dye to color specimens for microscopic study

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parking
phosphorusの化学記号
〈U〉(病人・幼児用の)消化しやすい食物,離乳食 / 〈C〉(女性の)乳首 / 〈C〉《米》通俗読物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/24 17:52:47」(JST)

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Papanicolaou stain showing a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Pap test.

Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic staining cytological technique developed by George Papanikolaou, the father of cytopathology.

Pap staining is used to differentiate cells in smear preparations of various bodily secretions; the specimens can be gynecological smears (Pap smears), sputum, brushings, washings, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, abdominal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid, seminal fluid, fine needle aspiration material, tumor touch samples, or other materials containing cells.^[1]

Pap staining is a very reliable technique. As such, it is used for cervical cancer screening in gynecology. The entire procedure is known as Pap smear.

The classic form of Pap stain involves five dyes in three solutions:^[2]

A nuclear stain, haematoxylin, is used to stain cell nuclei. The unmordanted haematein may be responsible for the yellow color imparted to glycogen.
First OG-6 counterstain (-6 denotes the used concentration of phosphotungstic acid; other variants are OG-5 and OG-8). Orange G is used. It stains keratin. Its original role was to stain the small cells of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma present in sputum.
Second EA (Eosin Azure) counterstain, comprising three dyes; the number denotes the proportion of the dyes, e.g. EA-36, EA-50, EA-65.
- Eosin Y stains the superficial epithelial squamous cells, nucleoli, cilia, and red blood cells.
- Light Green SF yellowish stains the cytoplasm of other cells, including non-keratinized squamous cells. This dye is now quite expensive and difficult to obtain, therefore some manufacturers are switching to Fast Green FCF; however, it produces visually different results and is not considered satisfactory by some.
- Bismarck brown Y stains nothing and in contemporary formulations it is often omitted.

When performed properly, the stained specimen should display hues from the entire spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The chromatin patterns are well visible, the cells from borderline lesions are easier to interpret and the photomicrographs are better. The staining results in very transparent cells, so even thicker specimens with overlapping cells can be interpreted.

On a well prepared specimen, the cell nuclei are crisp blue to black. Cells with high content of keratin are yellow, glycogen stains yellow as well. Superficial cells are orange to pink, and intermediate and parabasal cells are turquoise green to blue. Metaplastic cells often stain both green and pink at once.

Pap stain is not fully standardized; it comes in several versions, subtly differing in the exact dyes used, their ratios, and timing of the process.

The EA stain contains two mutually incompatible chemicals, Bismarck brown and phosphotungstic acid, which precipitate each other, impairing the useful life of the mixture and compromising the differential staining of eosin and light green. The descriptions of the compositions of the staining solutions vary by source and differ even in Papanicolaou's own publications. Mixtures of the same name from different vendors therefore can differ in composition, occasionally producing different or poor results.

Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain

Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain is an alternative for the fine needle aspiration samples, developed to achieve comparable visual clarity in significantly shorter time. The process differs in rehydration of the air-dried smear with saline, use 4% formaldehyde in 65% ethanol fixative, and use of Richard-Allan Hematoxylin-2 and Cyto-Stain, resulting in a 90-second process yielding transparent polychromatic stains.^[3]

References

^ "Remove Urine Stains From Carpet Las Vegas". Retrieved 2017-03-23.
^ Carson, Freida L; Hladik, Christa (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press. pp. 361–3363. ISBN 978-0-89189-581-7.
^ [1]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 子宮頸癌のスクリーニング screening for cervical cancer
2. 子宮頸癌スクリーニング検査：子宮頸部細胞診およびヒトパピローマウイルス検査の技術 cervical cancer screening tests techniques for cervical cytology and human papillomavirus testing
3. 子宮頚部および膣細胞診：結果の解釈（パップテストの報告） cervical and vaginal cytology interpretation of results pap test report
4. 細菌性腟炎：臨床症状および診断 bacterial vaginosis clinical manifestations and diagnosis
5. 成人の肺胞蛋白症の原因、臨床症状、診断 causes clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in adults

English Journal

Inception and Development of the Papanicolaou Stain Method.

Chantziantoniou N1, Donnelly AD, Mukherjee M, Boon ME, Austin RM.
Acta cytologica.Acta Cytol.2017 Apr 7. doi: 10.1159/000457827. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID 28384641

Triaging Atypical Squamous Cells-Cannot Exclude High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion With p16/Ki67 Dual Stain.

Šekoranja D1, Repše Fokter A.
Journal of lower genital tract disease.J Low Genit Tract Dis.2017 Apr;21(2):108-111. doi: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000297.
PMID 28244884

Death Due to Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.

Altaf E1, Mitchel EK, Berry C, Hossain A.
The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.Am J Forensic Med Pathol.2017 Mar;38(1):11-13. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000281.
PMID 27879496

Japanese Journal

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis with Ulcerative Colitis

Sakamoto Noriho,Ishimatsu Yuji,Mukae Hiroshi,Nakashima Shota,Ishimoto Hiroshi,Kakugawa Tomoyuki,Hara Atsuko,Yura Hirokazu,Miyamura Takuto,Nakamichi Seiko,Obase Yasushi
日本内科学会雑誌 = Internal Medicine 57(18), 2705-2708, 2018
… His bronchoalveolar lavage fluid had a milky appearance, and a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed acellular periodic acid-Schiff stain-positive bodies. … The diagnosis was autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). … There are few reports of autoimmune PAP in patients with ulcerative colitis. … Some reports suggest that PAP and inflammatory bowel disease might have a common pathogenesis involving the anti-GM-CSF antibody. …
NAID 130007484132

赤痢アメーバ検査におけるPAS，MG，Pap，HE各染色の有用性

入村健児,河原菜摘,内村智香子,溝口義浩,緒方昌倫
医学検査 67(4), 524-528, 2018
… 今回我々は，過ヨウ素酸シッフ染色（Periodic acid-Schiff；PAS染色），メイ・グリュンワルド・ギムザ二重染色（May-Grünwald Giemsa；MG染色），パパニコロウ染色（Papanicolaou；Pap染色），ヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色（Hematoxylin Eosin；HE染色）を赤痢アメーバ感染症3症例で行った。 …
NAID 130007420785

Elevated Serum Anti-GM-CSF Antibodies before the Onset of Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in a Patient with Sarcoidosis and Systemic Sclerosis

Yamasue Mari,Nureki Shin-ichi,Usagawa Yuko,Ono Tomoko,Matsumoto Hiroyuki,Kan Takamasa,Kadota Jun-ichi
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 243(1), 77-83, 2017
… <p>Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by the accumulation of periodic acid-schiff stain-positive lipoproteinaceous materials in the alveolar space due to impaired surfactant clearance by alveolar macrophage. … Autoimmune PAP is the most common form of PAP, but rarely accompanies collagen disease or sarcoidosis. … We report here a rare case of autoimmune PAP preceded by systemic sclerosis and sarcoidosis. …
NAID 130006106452

Related Pictures

a, b Conventional cytology (Pap stain) with aggregate of mesothelial | Download The Cell Hunter Society: Case No. 3 Pap Smear (CP) PAP stain of sputum showing cells of adenocarcinoma (magnification, ×400) | Download Pap Stains for Cytology Adam Parsons Biomedical Blog: Papanicolaou Stain (Pap Stain) Cervical cancer is more aggressive when human papillomavirus is not detected