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small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/03 11:15:17」(JST)

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Paneth cells, along with goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells, represent the principal cell types of the epithelium of the small intestine.^[1] (A few may also be found sporadically in the cecum and appendix.) They are identified microscopically by their location just below the intestinal stem cells in the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) and the large eosinophilic refractile granules that occupy most of their cytoplasm. These granules consist of several anti-microbial compounds and other compounds that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense. When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete some of these compounds into the lumen of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier.

Paneth cells are named after Joseph Paneth (1857–1890), an Austrian physiologist.

Location

Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands.^[2] The Paneth cell numbers demonstrate an ascending trend with highest numbers towards the distal end of the small intestine. Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland.^[3] However, unlike the other epithelial cell types, paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it.^[3] This close relationship to the stem cell region is thought to suggest that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage,^[3] although their function is not entirely known.^[2] Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, the Paneth cells live the longest (18–23 days).

Function

"These cells synthesize and secrete substantial quantities of antimicrobial peptides and proteins. More recent studies have determined that these antimicrobial molecules are key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens. Perhaps more intriguing, Paneth cells secrete factors that help sustain and modulate the epithelial stem and progenitor cells that cohabitate in the crypts and rejuvenate the small intestinal epithelium.^[4]"

Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi.

Protection of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, and the location of Paneth cells adjacent to stem cells suggests that they play a critical role in defending epithelial cell renewal.

Sensing microbiota

Paneth cells sense bacteria via MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor (TLR) activation which then triggers antimicrobial action.^[5]

Secretions

Defensins

The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, which are known as cryptdins in mice.^[6] These peptides have hydrophobic and positively charged domains that can interact with phospholipids in cell membranes. This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. Due to the higher concentration of negatively charged phospholipids in bacterial than vertebrate cell membranes, defensins preferentially bind to and disrupt bacterial cells, sparing the cells they are functioning to protect.^[7]

Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and negative types) or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide and lipid A.

Other secretions

In addition to defensins, Paneth cells secrete lysozyme,^[8] tumor necrosis factor-alpha,^[8] and phospholipase A2.^{[citation needed]} Lysozyme and phospholipase A2 both have clear antimicrobial activity. This battery of secretory molecules gives Paneth cells a potent arsenal against a broad spectrum of agents, including bacteria, fungi and even some enveloped viruses.

Notes and references

^ http://www.copewithcytokines.org/cope.cgi?key=Paneth%20cells
^ ^a ^b http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/441200/Paneths-cell
^ ^a ^b ^c http://books.google.com/books?id=wSTISCdSIosC&pg=PA244&lpg=PA244&dq=paneth+cell&source=vrt&ots=KZ4tH-wh4s&sig=mMRz3PETnVY9URDkCDyjoIGkLM8&hl=en&ei=fOR-TeW2BInagQeSyoGgCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=13&ved=0CHkQ6AEwDA#v=onepage&q=paneth%20cell&f=false
^ Clevers, HC (2013). "Paneth cells: maestros of the small intestinal crypts.".
^ Vaishnava, S; Behrendt, CL; Ismail, AS; Eckmann, L; Hooper, LV (Dec 30, 2008). "Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (52): 20858–63. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808723105. PMC 2603261. PMID 19075245.
^ Wilson C, Ouellette A, Satchell D, Ayabe T, López-Boado Y, Stratman J, Hultgren S, Matrisian L, Parks W (1999). "Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense.". Science 286 (5437): 113–7. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.113. PMID 10506557.
^ Ayabe T, Satchell D, Wilson C, Parks W, Selsted M, Ouellette A (2000). "Secretion of microbicidal alpha-defensins by intestinal Paneth cells in response to bacteria.". Nat Immunol 1 (2): 113–8. doi:10.1038/77783. PMID 11248802.
^ ^a ^b Kierszenbaum, Abraham L. (2002). Histology and cell biology : an introduction to pathology. St. Louis [u.a.]: Mosby. p. 434. ISBN 0-323-01639-1.

Bibliography

Ganz T (1999). "Defensins and host defense.". Science 286 (5439): 420–1. doi:10.1126/science.286.5439.420. PMID 10577203.
Ganz T (2000). "Paneth cells--guardians of the gut cell hatchery.". Nat Immunol 1 (2): 99–100. doi:10.1038/77884. PMID 11248797.

External links

Histology image: 11604loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Endocrine System: duodenum, enteroendocrine cells"
Histology image: 11606loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Digestive System: Alimentary Canal - duodenum, paneth cells"
Overview and diagram at colostate.edu
Histology at ucsd.edu

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Proposed Morphologic Classification of Prostate Cancer With Neuroendocrine Differentiation.

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The American journal of surgical pathology.Am J Surg Pathol.2014 Apr 3. [Epub ahead of print]
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PMID 24705311

Late onset colitis after cord blood transplant is consistent with Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Results of a blinded histopathological review.

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Modulation of stemness in a human normal intestinal epithelial crypt cell line by activation of the WNT signaling pathway.

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The small intestine consists of two histological compartments composed of the crypts and the villi. The function of the adult small intestinal epithelium is mediated by four different types of mature cells: enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth. Undifferentiated cells reside in the crypts
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Japanese Journal

造血幹細胞移植後GVHDと消化管傷害

早瀬英子,橋本大吾,豊嶋崇徳
最新医学 69(3), 503-507, 2014-03
NAID 40020007785

Peculiar Composition of Epithelial Cells in Follicle-Associated Intestinal Crypts of Peyer's Patches in the Rat Small Intestine

MANTANI Youhei,YUASA Hideto,NISHIDA Miho,TAKAHARA Ei-ichirou,OMOTEHARA Takuya,UDAYANGA Kankanam Gamage Sanath,KAWANO Junichi,YOKOYAMA Toshifumi,HOSHI Nobuhiko,KITAGAWA Hiroshi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2014
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NAID 130003391293

Immunoprotective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Oral Anticancer Drug-Induced α-Defensin Reduction in Caco-2 Cells

Takahashi Natsuko,Kobayashi Masaki,Ogura Jiro,Yamaguchi Hiroaki,Satoh Takashi,Watanabe Kazuhiro,Iseki Ken
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(3), 490-492, 2014
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