Panax

オタネニンジン属、パナクス属、Panax属

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ginseng、Panax ginseng

　

WordNet

1. perennial herbs of eastern North America and Asia having aromatic tuberous roots: ginseng (同)genus Panax
2. Chinese herb with palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers and forked aromatic roots believed to have medicinal powers (同)nin-sin, Panax_ginseng, Panax schinseng, Panax pseudoginseng
3. aromatic root of ginseng plants
4. chimpanzees; more closely related to Australopithecus than to other pongids (同)genus Pan
5. (Greek mythology) god of fields and woods and shepherds and flocks; represented as a man with goats legs and horns and ears; identified with Roman Sylvanus or Faunus (同)goat god

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 朝鮮ニンジン / 朝鮮ニンジンの根;その根から作った薬
2. 牧羊神,パン(ギリシア神話でヤギの角と脚を持つ音楽好きな森・牧羊の神)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/23 17:02:22」(JST)

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For the town, see Ginseng, Kentucky.

Ginseng
Panax quinquefolius foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Araliaceae
Subfamily:	Aralioideae
Genus:	Panax L.
Species
Subgenus Panax Section Panax Series Notoginseng Panax notoginseng Series Panax Panax bipinnatifidus Panax ginseng Panax japonicus Panax quinquefolius Panax vietnamensis Panax wangianus Panax zingiberensis Section Pseudoginseng Panax pseudoginseng Panax stipuleanatus Subgenus Trifolius Panax trifolius

Ginseng (/ˈdʒɪnsɛŋ/) is any one of 11 species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae.

Ginseng is found in North America and in eastern Asia (mostly Korea, northeast China, Bhutan, eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates. Panax vietnamensis, discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng known. This article focuses on the series Panax ginsengs, which are the adaptogenic herbs, principally Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius. Ginseng is characterized by the presence of ginsenosides.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is in the same family, but not genus, as true ginseng. Like ginseng, it is considered to be an adaptogenic herb. The active compounds in Siberian ginseng are eleutherosides, not ginsenosides. Instead of a fleshy root, Siberian ginseng has a woody root.

Etymology

The English word ginseng derives from the Chinese term rénshēn (simplified: 人参; traditional: 人蔘). Rén means "Person" and shēn means "plant root"; this refers to the root's characteristic forked shape, which resembles the legs of a person. The English pronunciation derives from a southern Chinese reading, similar to Cantonese yun sum (Jyutping: jan4sam1) and the Hokkien pronunciation "jîn-sim".

The botanical/genus name Panax means "all-heal" in Greek, sharing the same origin as "panacea" was applied to this genus because Linnaeus was aware of its wide use in Chinese medicine as a muscle relaxant.

Besides, P. ginseng, many other plants are also known as or mistaken for the ginseng root. The most commonly known examples are xiyangshen, also known as American ginseng 西洋参 (P. quinquefolius), Japanese ginseng 東洋参 (P. japonicus), crown prince ginseng 太子參 (Pseudostellaria heterophylla), and Siberian ginseng 刺五加 (Eleutherococcus senticosus). Although all have the name ginseng, each plant has distinctively different functions. However, true ginseng plants belong only to the Panax genus.

In 1679 the English physician Thomas Browne when notified of the availability of Ginseng in London, cited the Jesuit priest and polymath Athanasius Kircher's China Illustrata. Kircher's 1667 publication included an illustration and description of the plant root supplied from reports made by Jesuit missionaries returning to Rome from China.

Ginseng (generic term)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	人蔘 or 人參
Simplified Chinese	人参
Transcriptions Hakka Romanization ngin11 sem24 Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin rén shēn Bopomofo ㄖㄣˊ ㄙㄣ Min Hokkien POJ jîn-sim; lîn-sim Wu Romanization zen平 sen平 Cantonese Jyutping jan4sam1
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Nhân Sâm
Korean name
Hangul	인삼
Hanja	人蔘
Transcriptions Revised Romanization in-sam McCune–Reischauer in sam
Japanese name
Kanji	朝鮮人参
Kana	ちょうせんにんじん
Transcriptions Romanization chōsen ninjin

Ginseng species
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	人蔘屬
Simplified Chinese	人参属
Transcriptions Hakka Romanization ngin11 sem24 sug5 Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin rén sēn shǔ Bopomofo ㄖㄣˊ ㄙㄣ ㄕㄨˇ Min Hokkien POJ jîn-sim-sio̍k Wu Romanization zen平 sen平 tsoh入 Cantonese Jyutping jan4sam1suk6
Korean name
Hangul	인삼
Hanja	人蔘
Transcriptions Revised Romanization in-sam McCune–Reischauer in sam
Japanese name
Kanji	トチバニンジン属
Transcriptions Romanization tochibaninjin zoku

Ginseng field in Wisconsin.

Ginseng is called Gunasingi (குணசிங்கி) in Tamil.

Economics

In 2010, nearly all of the world's 80,000 tons of ginseng in international commerce was produced in four countries: South Korea, China, Canada, and the United States. The product was marketed in over 35 countries. Sales exceeded $2.1 billion, of which half came from South Korea. Historically, Korea has been the largest provider, and China the largest consumer. Control over the ginseng fields was an issue in the 16th century.

Traditional uses

The root is most often available in dried form, either whole or sliced. Ginseng leaf, although not as highly prized, is sometimes also used; as with the root, it is most often available in dried form. Folk medicine attributes various benefits to oral use of American ginseng and Asian ginseng (P. ginseng) roots, including roles as an aphrodisiac, stimulant, type II diabetes treatment, or cure for sexual dysfunction in men.

Ginseng may be included in small doses in energy drinks or herbal teas, such as ginseng coffee. It may be found in hair tonics and cosmetic preparations, as well, but those uses have not been shown to be clinically effective.

Research

Ginsenosides, unique compounds of the Panax species, are under basic and clinical research to investigate their potential for use in medicine.

Much research has been done on Ginseng with varying results. A study showed taking Siberian Ginseng daily can increase the number of white blood cells including activity of the T cells as well as the cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells that eliminate invading cells and those that have been virally infected. A double blind-study with 93 volunteers with herpes simplex virus 2 (which can lead to genital herpes) found that there was a reduction (of 50%) in the number of outbreaks. Those that did occur were less severe and did not last as long.

Ginseng is known to contain phytoestrogens.

Side effects

A common side effect of P. ginseng may be insomnia, but this effect is disputed. Other side effects can include nausea, diarrhea, headaches, nose bleeds, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, and breast pains. Ginseng may also lead to induction of mania in depressed patients who mix it with antidepressants.

Ginseng has been shown to have adverse drug reactions with phenelzine and warfarin; it has been shown to decrease blood alcohol levels.

Overdose

The common adaptogen ginsengs (P. ginseng and P. quinquefolia) are generally considered to be relatively safe even in large amounts. One of the most common and characteristic symptoms of acute overdose of Panax ginseng is bleeding. Symptoms of mild overdose may include dry mouth and lips, excitation, fidgeting, irritability, tremor, palpitations, blurred vision, headache, insomnia, increased body temperature, increased blood pressure, edema, decreased appetite, dizziness, itching, eczema, early morning diarrhea, bleeding, and fatigue.

Symptoms of gross overdose with Panax ginseng may include nausea, vomiting, irritability, restlessness, urinary and bowel incontinence, fever, increased blood pressure, increased respiration, decreased sensitivity and reaction to light, decreased heart rate, cyanotic (blue) facial complexion, red facial complexion, seizures, convulsions, and delirium.

Patients experiencing any of the above symptoms are advised to discontinue the herbs and seek any necessary symptomatic treatment.

Common classification

Ginseng roots in a market in Seoul, 2003.

Asian ginseng (root)

Ginseng and reishi mushrooms in bottles being sold in Seoul, Korea.

Panax ginseng is available commercially as fresh, red, and white ginsengs; wild ginseng is used where available.

Red ginseng

Red ginseng.

Red ginseng (Hangul: 홍삼; hanja: 紅蔘; RR: hong-sam; traditional Chinese: 紅蔘; simplified Chinese: 红参; pinyin: hóng shēn), P. ginseng, has been peeled, heated through steaming at standard boiling temperatures of 100 °C (212 °F), and then dried or sun-dried. It is frequently marinated in an herbal brew which results in the root becoming extremely brittle. It is more common as herbal medicine than white ginseng.

Fresh ginseng

Fresh ginseng is the raw product. Its use is limited by availability.

White ginseng

White ginseng, native to America, is fresh ginseng which has been dried without being heated. It is peeled and dried to reduce the water content to 12% or less. White ginseng air-dried in the sun may contain less of the therapeutic constituents. It is thought by some that enzymes contained in the root break down these constituents in the process of drying. Drying in the sun bleaches the root to a yellowish-white color.

Wild ginseng

Harvested ginseng in Germany.

Wild ginseng grows naturally and is harvested from wherever it is found. It is relatively rare, and even increasingly endangered, due in large part to high demand for the product in recent years, which has led to the wild plants being sought out and harvested faster than new ones can grow (it requires years for a root to reach maturity). Wild ginseng can be either Asian or American, and can be processed to be red ginseng.

Woods-grown American ginseng programs in Vermont, Maine, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia and Kentucky, and United Plant Savers have been encouraging the planting of ginseng both to restore natural habitats and to remove pressure from any remaining wild ginseng, and they offer both advice and sources of rootlets. Woods-grown plants have a value comparable to wild-grown ginseng of similar age.

Partially germinated ginseng seeds harvested the previous Fall can be planted from early Spring until late Fall, and will sprout the following Spring. If planted in a wild setting and left to their own devices, they will develop into mature plants which cannot be distinguished from native wild plants. Both Asian and American partially germinated ginseng seeds can be bought from May through December on various eBay sales. Some seed sales come with planting and growing instructions.

P. quinquefolius American ginseng (root)

According to traditional Chinese medicine, American ginseng promotes yin energy, cleans excess yang and calms the body. The reason it has been claimed that American ginseng promotes yin (shadow, cold, negative, female) while Asian ginseng promotes yang (sunshine, hot, positive, male) is that, according to traditional Chinese medicine, things living in cold places or northern side of mountains or southern side of rivers are strong in yang and vice versa, so the two are balanced. Chinese/Korean ginseng grows in Manchuria and Korea, the coldest area known to many Koreans in ancient times. Thus, ginseng from there is supposed to be very yang.

Originally, American ginseng was imported into China via subtropical Guangzhou, the seaport next to Hong Kong, so Chinese doctors believed American ginseng must be good for yang, because it came from a hot area. They did not know, however, that American ginseng can only grow in temperate regions. Nonetheless, the root is legitimately classified as more yin because it generates fluids.

Most North American ginseng is produced in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and British Columbia and the American state of Wisconsin, according to Agri-food Canada. P. quinquefolius is now also grown in northern China.

The aromatic root resembles a small parsnip that forks as it matures. The plant grows 6 to 18 in tall, usually bearing three leaves, each with three to five leaflets two to five inches long.

Other plants sometimes called ginseng

These mostly "adaptogenic" plants are sometimes referred to as ginsengs, but they are either from a different family or genus. Only jiaogulan actually contains compounds closely related to ginsenosides, although ginsenosides alone do not determine the effectiveness of ginseng. Since each of these plants has different uses, one should research their properties before using.

• Codonopsis pilosula (poor man's ginseng)
• Schisandra chinensis (five-flavoured berry)
• Gynostemma pentaphyllum (southern ginseng, jiaogulan)
• Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng)
• Pseudostellaria heterophylla (prince ginseng)
• Withania somnifera (Indian ginseng, ashwagandha)
• Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng, suma)
• Lepidium meyenii (Peruvian ginseng, maca)
• Oplopanax horridus (Alaskan ginseng)

Other plants which are referred to as ginsengs may not be adaptogens (although notoginseng is in the genus Panax):

• Angelica sinensis (female ginseng, dong quai)
• Panax notoginseng (known as san qi, tian qi or tien chi; hemostatic ingredient in yunnan bai yao)

See also

• Codonopsis pilosula "poor man's ginseng"
• Food therapy
• Herbalism
• List of herbs with known adverse effects
• List of ineffective cancer treatments
• Salvia miltiorrhiza

References

Further reading

• Baeg, In-Ho, and Seung-Ho So. "The world ginseng market and the ginseng." Journal of ginseng research 37.1 (2013): 1. online
• Evans, Brian L. "Ginseng: Root of Chinese-Canadian Relations," Canadian Historical Review (1985) 66#1 pp 1–26
• Johannsen, Kristin (2006). Ginseng Dreams: The Secret World of America's Most Valuable Plant. University Press of Kentucky. 
• Kim, Seonmin. "Ginseng and Border Trespassing Between Qing China and Choson Korea," Late Imperial China (2007) 28#1 pp 33–61
• Pritts, K.D. (2010). Ginseng: How to Find, Grow, and Use America´s Forest Gold. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3634-3
• Taylor, D.A. (2006). Ginseng, the Divine Root: The Curious History of the Plant That Captivated the World. Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-1-56512-401-1

External links

• MedlinePlus-Ginseng - National Institutes of Health
• Asian Ginseng - NCCAM - National Institutes of Health
• Ginseng Abuse Syndrome disputed
• Panax ginseng - American Family Physician

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English Journal

• Extraction, characterization of a Ginseng fruits polysaccharide and its immune modulating activities in rats with Lewis lung carcinoma.

• Wang Y1, Huang M2, Sun R3, Pan L4.
• Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2015 Aug 20;127:215-21. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.070. Epub 2015 Mar 30.
• In this study, one polysaccharide (GFP1), with an average molecular weight of 1.4×10(5)Da, was isolated from Ginseng fruits. GFP1 was composed of galactose, glucose, rhamnose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 6.1:2.0:1.1:3.2, and had a backbone mainly consisting of (1→6)-linked-Galp, (1→3,6)-l
• PMID 25965477

• Ginsenoside Rg3 sensitizes human non‑small cell lung cancer cells to γ-radiation by targeting the nuclear factor-κB pathway.

• Wang L1, Li X2, Song YM3, Wang B4, Zhang FR1, Yang R1, Wang HQ1, Zhang GJ1.
• Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Jul;12(1):609-14. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3397. Epub 2015 Feb 27.
• At present, it is elusive how non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) develops resistance to γ‑radiation; however, the transcription factor nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and NF‑κB‑regulated gene products have been proposed as mediators. Ginsenoside Rg3 is a steroidal saponin, which was isolat
• PMID 25738799

• Estrogen receptor α mediates the effects of notoginsenoside R1 on endotoxin-induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.

• Zhong L1, Zhou XL1, Liu YS1, Wang YM1, Ma F1, Guo BL1, Yan ZQ1, Zhang QY2.
• Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Jul;12(1):119-26. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3394. Epub 2015 Feb 27.
• Estrogen receptors (ERs) are important for preventing endotoxin‑induced myocardial dysfunction. Therefore, plant‑derived phytoestrogens, which target ERs may also affect endotoxin‑induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes. Our previous study revealed that notoginsenoside‑R1 (NG‑R1), a predominant
• PMID 25738436

Japanese Journal

• Vulnerability of wild American ginseng to an extreme early spring temperature fluctuation

• SOUTHER Sara,MCGRAW James B.
• Population ecology 53(1), 119-129, 2011-01-01
• NAID 10027622576

• 環境制御による薬用植物の効率的生産とその将来性--省資源・環境保全と高品質・高収量の両立 (特集 生薬資源と漢方)

• 古在 豊樹,新藤 聡,松本 洋俊 [他]
• 漢方と最新治療 20(2), 125-130, 2011-05
• NAID 40018889974

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「オタネニンジン属」

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Panax

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チョウセンニンジン、人参、Panax属、パナクス属

「パナクス属」

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Panax

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オタネニンジン属、Panax属

「Panax属」

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Panax

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オタネニンジン属、パナクス属

「Panax ginseng」

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チョウセンニンジン

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ginseng、Panax