Osmeriformes

Osmeriformes
	Delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus; (Osmeroidei: Osmeridae)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Superclass:	Osteichthyes
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Neopterygii
Infraclass:	Teleostei
Superorder:	Protacanthopterygii
Order:	Osmeriformes
Suborders
	Galaxoidei; Osmeroidei

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/21 21:55:14」(JST)

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The Osmeriformes comprise an order of ray-finned fish that includes the true or freshwater smelts and allies, such as the galaxiids and noodlefishes; they are also collectively called osmeriforms. They belong to the teleost superorder Protacanthopterygii, which also includes pike and salmon, among others. The order's name means "smelt-shaped", from Osmerus (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek osmé (ὀσμή, "pungent smell") + Latin forma ("external form"), the former in reference to the characteristic aroma of the flesh of Osmerus.^[1]^[2]^[3]

In the classification used here, the order Osmeriformes contains two suborders, six families, some 20 genera, and about 93 species. Other authors choose a slightly different arrangement, but whether treated as suborders (Galaxoidei and Osmeroidei) or superfamilies (Galaxoidea and Osmeroidea), the division in two lineages is generally maintained.^[4]^[5]

The "marine" smelts and allies (e.g. the odd-looking barreleyes) were formerly included here as suborder Argentinoidei; they are now usually considered more distantly related than it was believed and treated as order Argentiniformes. When the marine smelts were included here, the subdivisions of the Osmeriformes were down-ranked by one.^[4]

Description and ecology

Osmeriformes are small to mid-sized slender fish. Their maxilla is usually included in the mouth's gape, and most of them have an adipose fin as is often found in the Protacanthopterygii. Their [pterosphenoid] usually has a ventral flange, and the vomer has a short posterior shaft. They have reduced or even missing articular and mesopterygoid teeth, and the basisphenoid and orbitosphenoid bones are entirely absent. Their scales lack radii.^[4]

Despite the term "freshwater smelts", the members of the Osmeriformes are generally marine, or amphidromous or anadromous migrants. Even the sedentary freshwater species in this family are usually tolerant of considerable changes in salinity. Almost all osmeriforms spawn in fresh water, thus the marine species are generally anadromous. They are found in temperate oceans worldwide and in temperate freshwater of the Holarctic and around the South Pacific region; only a handful of species occur in tropical waters. The eggs are surrounded by an adhesive membrane.^[4]

Systematics

With the Argentiniformes separated as a distinct order, the remaining Osmeriformes appear to be a monophyletic group. Their placement in the Protacanthopterygii is not entirely clear, but may well be the closest living relatives of the Esociformes (pikes and mudminnows). Others consider them closer to the Salmoniformes (trouts, salmons and relatives). A closer relationship to the Stomiiformes than previously assumed is supported by anatomical and DNA sequence data. But this can be simply taken to suggest that the superorder "Stenopterygii" ought to be included in the Protacanthopterygii, rather than a particularly close relationship between the two orders.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris

(Galaxoidei: Galaxiidae)

The classification of the Osmeriformes as approached here is:

Suborder Galaxoidei
- Family Galaxiidae – galaxiid
- Family Lepidogalaxiidae – West Australian Salamanderfish
- Family Retropinnidae – Australian-New Zealand smelts and graylings
Suborder Osmeroidei
- Family Osmeridae – freshwater smelts, typical smelts
- Family Plecoglossidae – Ayu
- Family Salangidae – noodlefishes, "icefish"

A possible fossil osmeriform is Spaniodon, a piscivore from Late Cretaceous seas. The group originated probably somewhat earlier, but a Cretaceous age – maybe about 110 million years ago or so – is likely.^[3]^[4]

Timeline of genera

References

^ Woodhouse, S.C. (1910): English-Greek Dictionary - A Vocabulary of the Attic Language. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C. Searchable JPEG fulltext
^ Glare, P.G.W. (ed.) (1968–1982): Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-864224-5
^ ^a ^b ^c FishBase (2006): Order Osmeriformes. Version of 2006-OCT-09. Retrieved 2009-SEP-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7 pp.194-199
^ ^a ^b Diogo, Rui (2008): On the cephalic and pectoral girdle muscles of the deep sea fish Alepocephalus rostratus, with comments on the functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Alepocephaloidei (Teleostei). Anim. Biol. 58(1): 23-29. doi:10.1163/157075608X303636

English Journal

The TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) from ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) exhibits TNFα shedding activity.

Lu XJ1, Chen Q, Yang GJ, Chen J.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 Feb;63(2):497-504.
TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) is responsible for converting membrane-anchored TNFα to its soluble form in mammalian. However, the function and characteristics of TACE in teleosts is unclear. In this study, we report the cloning of a cDNA sequence of the PaTACE from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. PaT
PMID 25458310

Variable survival across low pH gradients in freshwater fish species.

Jellyman PG1, Harding JS.
Journal of fish biology.J Fish Biol.2014 Nov;85(5):1746-52. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12497. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
A series of 14 day experiments was conducted on five common New Zealand fish species (redfin bully Gobiomorphus huttoni, inanga Galaxias maculatus, brown trout Salmo trutta, longfin eel Anguilla dieffenbachii and koaro Galaxias brevipinnis) to assess the effect of pH on survival and changes in body
PMID 25230112

The complete mitochondrial genome of the larvae Salanx ariakensis (Osmeriformes, Salangidae) from Yangtze estuary.

Zhang H1, Xian W.
Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2014 Oct 20:1-2. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of the larvae Salanx ariakensis collected from Yangtze estuary was determined by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome is a circular molecule 16,588 bp in length, including the typical structure of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 t
PMID 25329270

Japanese Journal

Rouleina attrita (Osmeriformes : Alepocephalidae) : new records for the eastern North Pacific and Bering Sea

Ichthyological research formerly Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 53(2), 200-202, 2006-05-25
NAID 10017483299

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis

Fisheries science : FS 67(3), 474-481, 2001-06
NAID 10008269297

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis.

Fisheries science 67(3), 474-481, 2001
NAID 130003903573

Related Pictures

Osmeriformes | Opisthoproctidae Fish Classification Problem Sets Osmeriformes (Galaxiídeos; Osmerídeos Osmeriformes (Smelts)

[1] Woodhouse, S.C. (1910): English-Greek Dictionary - A Vocabulary of the Attic Language. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C. Searchable JPEG fulltext

[2] Glare, P.G.W. (ed.) (1968–1982): Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-864224-5

[fishbase-3] FishBase (2006): Order Osmeriformes. Version of 2006-OCT-09. Retrieved 2009-SEP-28.

[Nelson-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7 pp.194-199

[Diogo-5] Diogo, Rui (2008): On the cephalic and pectoral girdle muscles of the deep sea fish Alepocephalus rostratus, with comments on the functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Alepocephaloidei (Teleostei). Anim. Biol. 58(1): 23-29. doi:10.1163/157075608X303636

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