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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/10 11:49:00」(JST)

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The Nocardiaceae are a family of aerobic, non-fastidious, high G+C, Gram-positive actinomycetes that are commonly found in soil and water.^[1] Members of this family have been isolated from Antarctic soils.^[2] Nocardiaceae present coccobacilli, filamentous or, rarely, fragmented and palisading forms,^[3] and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.^[4]

Genomics[edit]

The Nocardiaceae form a monophyletic clade within the Corynebacteriales in both 16S rRNA and protein based phylogenetic trees.^[5]^[6] A number of conserved signature indels and conserved signature proteins have been identified which are uniquely found in the genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus, supporting a close relationship between the two genera.^[6] Recent proposals have been made, based on 16S rRNA signature nucleotides and chemotaxonomic markers, to add the genera Gordonia, Skermania, Williamsia, Millisia, and Smaragdicoccus to the family Nocardiaceae.^[5]^[7] However, no conserved signature indels or proteins have been found that are commonly shared by Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Gordonia, the fully sequenced members of the proposed Nocardiaceae revision.^[6]

Pathogenic capacity[edit]

Some species colonize animals, and members of the Nocardia and Rhodococcus genera can cause infection in humans and livestock.^[8] Many members of this family integrate mycolic acids into their cell wall, and as a result, Nocardia spp. may be mistaken for mycobacteria when viewed under a microscope following an acid-fast stain.^[9]

Environmental effects[edit]

Wastewater foaming[edit]

Nocardia species are often responsible for the accumulation of foam that occurs in activated sludge during wastewater treatment.^[4]^[10]^[11]^[12] Biological foaming can be problematic for the water treatment process, and foam accumulation is reduced by adding surfactants to the wastewater.^[13]^[14]

Bioremediation of hydrocarbons[edit]

Soil Nocardiaceae can degrade hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum distillates) and have been proposed as bioremediation agents for environmental spills.^[15]

Nomenclature changes[edit]

In the 1980s, all Nocardiaceae species assigned to the Micropolyspora genus were transferred to the genera Nocardia, Nonomuraea in family Streptosporangiaceae, or Saccharopolyspora in family Pseudonocardiaceae.^[16] This effectively ended the official status of this genus, but the name persists in older research articles.

References[edit]

^ Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. and N.L. Ward-Rainey. 1997. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47:479-491.
^ Aislabie, J. Ecosystems Processes in Antarctic Ice-Free Landscapes. "Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated soils near Scott Base, Antarctica." Page 257.
^ Kulich, S.M. and W.A. Pasculle. Final Diagnosis - Pneumonia, Hilar Lymphadenitis and Sepsis Secondary to Rhodococcus equi. The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Bitton, G. Wastewater Microbiology. "Foam Microbiology." page 229.
^ ^a ^b Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Schumann, P.; Busse, H. J. R.; Trujillo, M. E.; Kämpfer, P.; Whitman, W. B. (2012). "Road map of the phylum Actinobacteria". Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68233-4_1. ISBN 978-0-387-95043-3. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c Gao, B.; Gupta, R. S. (2012). "Phylogenetic Framework and Molecular Signatures for the Main Clades of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (1): 66–112. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05011-11. PMC 3294427. PMID 22390973. edit
^ Zhi, X. -Y.; Li, W. -J.; Stackebrandt, E. (2009). "An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59 (3): 589. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65780-0. edit
^ Castellani, A. and A.J. Chalmers. 1919. Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed., Williams Wood and Co., New York, p. 1040.
^ Nocardia: a serious matter for cows. Presentation images from: aids-images.ch. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
^ Blackall, L.L., Tandoi, V., Jenkins, D. 1991. Continuous culture studies with Nocardia amarae from activated sludge and their implications for Nocardia foaming control. Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 63:44-50.
^ Pitt, P., and D. Jenkins. 1990. Causes and Control of Nocardia in Activated Sludge. Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 62:143-150.
^ Blackall, L.L. 1994. Microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilm processes. Water Sci. Technol. 29:35-44.
^ Shao, Y.J., Starr, M., Kaporis, K., Kim, H.S., Jenkins, D. 1997. Polymer addition as a solution to Nocardia foaming problems. Water Enviro. Res., 69:25-27.
^ Ho, C.F., Jenkins, D. 1991 Effect of surfactants on Nocardia foaming in activated sludge. Water Sci. Tech. 23:879-887.
^ Aislabie, J., McLeod, M., and R. Fraser. Potential for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil from the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:210-214.
^ Micropolyspora entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. ]

English Journal

Effect of lake water on algal biomass and microbial community structure in municipal wastewater-based lab-scale photobioreactors.

Krustok I1, Truu J, Odlare M, Truu M, Ligi T, Tiirik K, Nehrenheim E.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2015 Aug;99(15):6537-49. doi: 10.1007/s00253-015-6580-7. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
Photobioreactors are a novel environmental technology that can produce biofuels with the simultaneous removal of nutrients and pollutants from wastewaters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lake water inoculation on the production of algal biomass and phylogenetic and functional st
PMID 25895091

Transcriptome reprogramming by plasmid-encoded transcriptional regulators is required for host niche adaption of a macrophage pathogen.

Coulson GB1, Miranda-CasoLuengo AA2, Miranda-CasoLuengo R2, Wang X2, Oliver J1, Willingham-Lane JM1, Meijer WG3, Hondalus MK4.
Infection and immunity.Infect Immun.2015 Aug;83(8):3137-45. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00230-15. Epub 2015 May 26.
Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages, relying on the presence of a conjugative virulence plasmid harboring a 21-kb pathogenicity island (PAI) for growth in host macrophages. The PAI encodes a family of 6 virulence-associated proteins (Vaps) in addition to 20 other
PMID 26015480

It Took a Village: Good's Syndrome.

Wargo JJ1, Kim AH2, Hart A2, Berg A2.
The American journal of medicine.Am J Med.2015 Jul;128(7):699-701. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 Mar 18.
PMID 25796418

Japanese Journal

Efficacy of Amikacin Combinations for Nocardiosis

Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 201(3), 157-163, 2003-11-01
NAID 10011991319

The family Nocardiaceae.

The Prokaryotes, 1188-1213, 1992
NAID 10005880274

硝酸ナトリウム投与サルの胃内における硝酸および亜硝酸イオンの消長と微生物群について

食品衛生学雑誌 20(5), 370-377, 1979
NAID 130003692196

Related Pictures

Taxonomía: Bacilos Gram + – Microbiología Nocardia asteroides Rhodococcus fascians - Wikipedia Corynebacterium - Wikipedia Dermatology - nodules, sinuses & neoplasia Flashcards - Cram.com Rhodococcus (Nocardiaceae) - Wikispecies Nocardiaceae - wikidoc

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「ノカルジア科」

Nocardiaceae
	Nocardia asteroides colonies
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Division:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Subclass:	Actinobacteridae
Order:	Actinomycetales
Suborder:	Corynebacterineae
Family:	Nocardiaceae; Garrity et al. 2001
Genera
	Nocardia; Rhodococcus; Smaragdicoccus; Micropolyspora (now defunct)

　　[★]

ラ: Nocardiaceae
関: ノカルジア属

[1] Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. and N.L. Ward-Rainey. 1997. Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47:479-491.

[2] Aislabie, J. Ecosystems Processes in Antarctic Ice-Free Landscapes. "Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in oil-contaminated soils near Scott Base, Antarctica." Page 257.

[3] Kulich, S.M. and W.A. Pasculle. Final Diagnosis - Pneumonia, Hilar Lymphadenitis and Sepsis Secondary to Rhodococcus equi. The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Retrieved October 20, 2007.

[foam-4] Bitton, G. Wastewater Microbiology. "Foam Microbiology." page 229.

[Bergy-5] Ludwig, W.; Euzéby, J.; Schumann, P.; Busse, H. J. R.; Trujillo, M. E.; Kämpfer, P.; Whitman, W. B. (2012). "Road map of the phylum Actinobacteria". Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68233-4_1. ISBN 978-0-387-95043-3. edit

[Gupta-6] Gao, B.; Gupta, R. S. (2012). "Phylogenetic Framework and Molecular Signatures for the Main Clades of the Phylum Actinobacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76 (1): 66–112. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05011-11. PMC 3294427. PMID 22390973. edit

[IJSEM-7] Zhi, X. -Y.; Li, W. -J.; Stackebrandt, E. (2009). "An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59 (3): 589. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65780-0. edit

[8] Castellani, A. and A.J. Chalmers. 1919. Manual of Tropical Medicine, 3rd ed., Williams Wood and Co., New York, p. 1040.

[9] Nocardia: a serious matter for cows. Presentation images from: aids-images.ch. Retrieved October 20, 2007.

[10] Blackall, L.L., Tandoi, V., Jenkins, D. 1991. Continuous culture studies with Nocardia amarae from activated sludge and their implications for Nocardia foaming control. Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 63:44-50.

[11] Pitt, P., and D. Jenkins. 1990. Causes and Control of Nocardia in Activated Sludge. Res. J. Water Pollution Cont. Fed. 62:143-150.

[12] Blackall, L.L. 1994. Microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilm processes. Water Sci. Technol. 29:35-44.

[13] Shao, Y.J., Starr, M., Kaporis, K., Kim, H.S., Jenkins, D. 1997. Polymer addition as a solution to Nocardia foaming problems. Water Enviro. Res., 69:25-27.

[14] Ho, C.F., Jenkins, D. 1991 Effect of surfactants on Nocardia foaming in activated sludge. Water Sci. Tech. 23:879-887.

[15] Aislabie, J., McLeod, M., and R. Fraser. Potential for biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil from the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:210-214.

[16] Micropolyspora entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. ]

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Nocardiaceae