関: N. brasiliensis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/25 09:43:27」(JST)

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General Information

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is a gastrointestinal roundworm or nematode that infects rodents, primarily rats. This worm is a widely studied parasite due to its simple life-cycle and its ability to be used in animal models. It has a life-cycle similar to the human hookworms Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale which includes five molting stages to become sexually mature.

Life cycle

The life cycle is similar to that of the human hookworms, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.

Eggs located within the soil release motile, free-living worms that must molt twice (L1 and L2) in order to develop into their infective L3 stage. This L3 stage can penetrate through intact skin in as little as 4 hours. Once inside the host, the worms invade the venous circulation and are carried into the lungs, where they become trapped in the capillaries. When the worms mature into the L4 stage they rupture the capillaries and are released into the alveoli where they are coughed up and swallowed. They then reach the small intestines 3–4 days after the initial infection. The worms become adults after the final molt into the L5 stage where they begin laying eggs on the 6th day of infection.^[1] The eggs are passed out of the host through feces and the cycle starts all over again.

N. brasiliensis are adapted to infecting rats and so can continue laying eggs for prolonged periods of time. The immune response of mice however, leads to cessation of egg laying by day 8 and adults are expelled by day 10.^[2]

Lab Model

N. brasiliensis provides a very valuable lab model in determining the migration pathway through the host. The life-cycle of N. brasiliensis can be passed through lab mice and due to this this parasite is invaluable when it comes to being able to test for a variety of things. The availability of inbred and mutant mouse strains can be advantageous when examining the genetic basis of murine susceptibility and resistance to infection.^[3] Animal models of N. brasiliensis infections can lead to a better understanding of the basic biology of the immune response and protective immunity. For instance, they can provide the model for induction and maintenance of Th2 type immune responses and exhibit all the characteristics for eosinophilia, mastocytosis, mucus production and CD4 T cell-dependent IgE production.^[4]

Signs and Symptoms/Diseases

Studies performed on lab mice revealed that mice previously infected with N. brasiliensis had developed massive emphysema with dilation of distal airspaces due to the loss of alveolar septa. The study shows that a N. brasiliensis infection can result in deterioration of the lung, destruction to the alveoli and long-term airway hyperresponsiveness which is consistent with emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulminary Disorder (COPD). This infection can lead to a chronic low level hemorrhaging of the lung. The damage to the lung tissue can result in the development of COPD and emphysema.^[5] Among respiratory problems, a N. brasiliensis infection can also result in the loss of both body mass and red blood cell (RBC) density. Biphasic anorexia is also prevalent in laboratory rats infected with this parasite. The first phase coincides with the parasites invasion of the lung and the second phase occurs when the parasite matures inside the intestine.^[6]

Treatment

Tetramisole loaded into zeolite is more effective at killing adult N. brasiliensis in rats than tetramisole alone.^[7]

References

^ Locksley, Richard M., and Miranda Robertson. "11.4." Immunity: The Immune Response in Infectious and Inflammatory Disease. By Anthony L. DeFranco. N.p.: New Science, 2007. 274-75. Print.
^ Locksley, Richard M., and Miranda Robertson. "11.4." Immunity: The Immune Response in Infectious and Inflammatory Disease. By Anthony L. DeFranco. N.p.: New Science, 2007. 274-75. Print.
^ Stadnyk, A.W., P.J. McElroy, J. Gauldie, and A.D. Befus. 1990. Characterization of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in different strains of mice. The Journal of Parasitology 76:377-382.
^ Camberis, M., G. Le Gros, and J. Urban Jr. 2003. Animal model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosmoides polygyrus. Current Protocols in Immunology Chapter 19.
^ Marsland, B.J., M. Kurrer, R. Reissmann, N.L. Harris, and M. Kopf. 2008. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection leads to the development of emphysema associated with the induction of alternatively activated macrophages. European Journal of Immunology 38:479-488.
^ Mercer, J.G., P.I. Mitchell, K.M. Moar, A. Bissett, S. Geissler, K. Bruce, and L.H. Chappell. 2000. Anorexia in rats infected with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: experimental manipulations. Parasitology 120:641-647.
^ Shaker, S.K., A. Dyer, and D.M. Storey. 1992. Treatment of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in normal and SPF rats using tetramisole loaded with zeolite. Journal of Helminthology 66:288-292.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Study of the endoparasitic fauna of commensal rats and shrews caught in traditional wet markets in Taichung City, Taiwan.

Tung KC, Hsiao FC, Wang KS, Yang CH, Lai CH.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi.J Microbiol Immunol Infect.2013 Apr;46(2):85-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.01.012. Epub 2012 Apr 18.
BACKGROUND: Rats live in close proximity to human populations. Feral rodents are known to transmit diseases and act as reservoir hosts to many zoonotic parasites that pose health risks to humans. The aim of this study is to investigate endoparasitic infections in commensal rats and shrews caught in
PMID 22516746

Innate lymphoid type 2 cells sustain visceral adipose tissue eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages.

Molofsky AB, Nussbaum JC, Liang HE, Van Dyken SJ, Cheng LE, Mohapatra A, Chawla A, Locksley RM.SourceHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
The Journal of experimental medicine.J Exp Med.2013 Mar 11;210(3):535-49. doi: 10.1084/jem.20121964. Epub 2013 Feb 18.
Eosinophils in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) have been implicated in metabolic homeostasis and the maintenance of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). The absence of eosinophils can lead to adiposity and systemic insulin resistance in experimental animals, but what maintains eosinophils in ad
PMID 23420878

Mucosal trapping and degradation of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis occurs in the absence of STAT6.

VAN Panhuys N, Camberis M, Yamada M, Tegoshi T, Arizono N, LE Gros G.SourceLaboratory of Systems Biology, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike Building 4, Room 128, MSC 0421, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Parasitology.Parasitology.2013 Feb 27:1-11. [Epub ahead of print]
SUMMARY Hookworms represent a major infectious burden globally, especially in developing countries. The murine hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is normally cleared in a manner dependent on IL-13, IL4-R and STAT6 signalling. Here we have used STAT6-deficient animals to model a non-res
PMID 23442551

Japanese Journal

C-type lectins from the nematode parasites Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

HARCUS Yvonne,NICOLL Gavin,MURRAY Janice,FILBEY Kara,GOMEZ-ESCOBAR Natalia,MAIZELS Rick M
Parasitology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Parasitology 58(4), 461-470, 2009-12-01
NAID 10027670978

Intestinally implanted Nippostrongylus brasiliensis adult worms decrease serum paraoxonase-1 activity in rats

FARID Ayman Samir,SHIMOHIRA Toshiyuki,KOBAYASHI Ikuo,SAWADA Juri,HORII Yoichiro
Parasitology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Parasitology 58(2), 178-183, 2009-06-01
NAID 10027669092

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ブラジル鉤虫」「N. brasiliensis」
関連記事	「Nippostrongylus」「brasiliensis」

「ブラジル鉤虫」

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
	Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Chromadorea
Suborder:	Strongylida
Superfamily:	Trichostrongyloidea
Family:	Heligmonellidae
Subfamily:	Nippostrongylinae
Genus:	Nippostrongylus
Species:	N. brasiliensis
Binomial name
	Nippostrongylus brasiliensis;

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ラ: Nippostrongylus brasiliensis、N. brasiliensis

「N. brasiliensis」

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ブラジル鉤虫

関: Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

「Nippostrongylus」

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ニッ・ストロンギルス属、Nippostrongylus属

「brasiliensis」

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Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

[1] Locksley, Richard M., and Miranda Robertson. "11.4." Immunity: The Immune Response in Infectious and Inflammatory Disease. By Anthony L. DeFranco. N.p.: New Science, 2007. 274-75. Print.

[2] Locksley, Richard M., and Miranda Robertson. "11.4." Immunity: The Immune Response in Infectious and Inflammatory Disease. By Anthony L. DeFranco. N.p.: New Science, 2007. 274-75. Print.

[3] Stadnyk, A.W., P.J. McElroy, J. Gauldie, and A.D. Befus. 1990. Characterization of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in different strains of mice. The Journal of Parasitology 76:377-382.

[4] Camberis, M., G. Le Gros, and J. Urban Jr. 2003. Animal model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosmoides polygyrus. Current Protocols in Immunology Chapter 19.

[5] Marsland, B.J., M. Kurrer, R. Reissmann, N.L. Harris, and M. Kopf. 2008. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection leads to the development of emphysema associated with the induction of alternatively activated macrophages. European Journal of Immunology 38:479-488.

[6] Mercer, J.G., P.I. Mitchell, K.M. Moar, A. Bissett, S. Geissler, K. Bruce, and L.H. Chappell. 2000. Anorexia in rats infected with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: experimental manipulations. Parasitology 120:641-647.

[7] Shaker, S.K., A. Dyer, and D.M. Storey. 1992. Treatment of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in normal and SPF rats using tetramisole loaded with zeolite. Journal of Helminthology 66:288-292.

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Nippostrongylus brasiliensis