Myrtaceae

Myrtle family
	Myrtus communis foliage and flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Myrtaceae; Juss.
Genera
	About 130; see list

フトモモ科
分類
学名
	Myrtaceae; Juss. nom. cons.
亜科
	Leptospermoideae; Myrtoideae;

フトモモ科　

WordNet

trees and shrubs yielding a fragrant oil (同)family Myrtaceae, myrtle family

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/30 09:20:34」(JST)

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フトモモ科 (Myrtaceae) は双子葉植物に属する科で、すべて木本、3000種以上からなり、130–150属に分けられる。古くはテンニンカ科とも呼んだ。

大部分が世界の熱帯・亜熱帯に分布し、特に東南アジアからオーストラリアにかけてと南米に多い。日本ではアデクが亜熱帯地域（南西諸島や小笠原諸島）に自生し、小笠原諸島には固有のムニンフトモモとヒメフトモモがある。

利用価値のあるものとしては、ユーカリのほか、熱帯果樹のグアバ、レンブ、フトモモ、フェイジョア、ジャボチカバ、ピタンガなど、香辛料のチョウジ（クローブ）、オールスパイスなどのほか、鑑賞用に栽培されるギンバイカ（ミルテ）、ギョリュウバイ、テンニンカやブラシノキを含む。

精油を含み香りのよいものが多い。花は両性で放射相称。花弁は5または4枚、大きく美しいものもあるが、退化してなくなったものもある。長い雄蕊が多数あって、花弁よりむしろ目立つことが多い。葉は常緑で多くは全縁（縁に鋸歯がない）。子房下位で、果実はさく果または液果。

これまで果実の特徴にもとづいて2つの亜科、Leptospermoideae と Myrtoideae に分類されてきた。さく果をつける Leptospermoideae はユーカリ、ブラシノキ、ギョリュウバイなどを含み、特にオーストラリア付近に多く分布する。液果をつける Myrtoideae はギンバイカ（地中海沿岸原産）や、果樹・香辛料として利用される種類を含み、東南アジアと南米に多く分布する。ただし現在この分類は系統学的に再編されつつある。

フェイジョアの花
グアバの実
レンブの実

おもな属

属名の後に種名を例示する。

Leptospermoideae亜科
- ブラシノキ属 Callistemon - ブラシノキ
- ユーカリノキ属 Eucalyptus - ユーカリ
- ネズモドキ属 Leptospermum - ギョリュウバイ
- コバノブラシノキ属(メラルーカ属) Melaleuca - ティーツリー
Myrtoideae亜科
- エウゲニア属 - Eugenia - ピタンガ
- フェイジョア属 Feijoa - フェイジョア
- オオフトモモ属 Metrosideros - オヒアレフア、ムニンフトモモ
- キブドウ属　Myrciaria - ジャボチカバ、カムカム
- ギンバイカ属 Myrtus - ギンバイカ
- ピメンタ属 Pimenta - オールスパイス
- バンジロウ属 Psidium - グアバ
- テンニンカ属 Rhodomyrtus - テンニンカ
- フトモモ属 Syzygium - フトモモ、チョウジ、アデク、ヒメフトモモ、レンブ

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、フトモモ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。

ポータル植物

プロジェクト植物

Myrtaceae in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since].

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Pimenta dioica

Myrtaceae is the myrtle family, a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pohutukawa, the bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus all are members of this group. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five. One notable character of the family is that the phloem is located on both sides of the xylem, not just outside as in most other plants. The leaves are evergreen, alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually with an entire (not toothed) margin. The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly coloured and numerous.

Diversity

Recent estimates suggest the Myrtaceae include approximately 5950 species in ca 132 genera.^[2]^[3] The family has a wide distribution in tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world, and are typically common in many of the world's biodiversity hotspots. Genera with capsular fruits such as Eucalyptus, Corymbia, Angophora, Leptospermum, and Melaleuca are absent from the Americas, apart from Metrosideros in Chile and Argentina. Genera with fleshy fruits have their greatest concentrations in eastern Australia and Malesia (the Australasia ecozone) and the Neotropics. Eucalyptus is a dominant, nearly ubiquitous genus in the more mesic parts of Australia and extends north sporadically to the Philippines. Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest flowering plant in the world. Other important Australian genera are Callistemon (bottlebrushes), Syzygium, and Melaleuca (paperbarks). Species of the genus Osbornia, native to Australasia, are mangroves. Eugenia, Myrcia, and Calyptranthes are among the larger genera in the neotropics.

Syzygium samarangense, with a cross section of the fruit

Historically, the Myrtaceae were divided into two subfamilies. Subfamily Myrtoideae (about 75 genera) was recognized as having fleshy fruits and opposite, entire leaves. Most genera in this subfamily have one of three easily recognized types of embryos. The genera of Myrtoideae can be very difficult to distinguish in the absence of mature fruits. Myrtoideae are found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions, with centers of diversity in the Neotropics, northeastern Australia, and Malesia. In contrast, subfamily Leptospermoideae (about 80 genera) was recognized as having dry, dehiscent fruits (capsules) and leaves arranged spirally or alternate. The Leptospermoideae are found mostly in Australasia, with a centre of diversity in Australia. Many genera in Western Australia have greatly reduced leaves and flowers typical of more xeric habitats.

The division of Myrtaceae into Leptospermoideae and Myrtoideae was challenged by a number of authors, including Johnson and Briggs (1984), who identified 14 tribes or clades within Myrtaceae, and found Myrtoideae to be polyphyletic. Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed the baccate (fleshy) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits, and as such, the two-subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic (= evolutionary) history of the family. Thus, many workers are now using a recent analysis by Wilson et al. (2001) as a starting point to test further analyses of the family.

The genera Heteropyxis and Psiloxylon have been separated as separate families by many authors in the past as Heteropyxidaceae and Psiloxylaceae.^[4]^[5] However, Wilson et al.^[6] included them in Myrtaceae. These two genera are presently believed to be the earliest arising and surviving lineages of Myrtaceae.

The most recent classification recognizes 17 tribes and two subfamilies, Myrtoideae and Psiloxyloideae, based on a phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA.^[7]

Many new species are being described annually from throughout the range of Myrtaceae. Likewise, new genera are being described nearly yearly.

Genera

Abbevillea
Acca
Accara
Acmena
Acmenosperma
Actinodium
Agonis
Algrizea
Allosyncarpia
Amomyrtella
Amomyrtus
Angasomyrtus
Angophora
Archirhodomyrtus
Arillastrum
Astartea
Asteromyrtus
Austromyrtus
Babingtonia
Backhousia
Baeckea
Balaustion
Barongia
Basisperma
Beaufortia
Blepharocalyx
Callistemon
Calothamnus
Calycolpus
Calycorectes
Calyptranthes
Calyptrogenia
Calythropsis
Calytrix
Campomanesia
Carpolepis
Chamelaucium
Chamguava
Cheyniana
Choricarpia
Cleistocalyx
Cloezia
Conothamnus
Corymbia
Corynanthera
Cupheanthus
Curitiba
Cyathostemon
Darwinia
Decaspermum
Eremaea
Eucalyptopsis
Eucalyptus
Eugenia
Gomidesia
Gossia
Harmogia
Hexachlamys
Homalocalyx
Homalospermum
Homoranthus
Hottea
Hypocalymma
Kanakomyrtus
Kania
Kardomia
Kjellbergiodendron
Kunzea
Lamarchea
Legrandia
Lenwebbia
Leptospermum
Lindsayomyrtus
Lithomyrtus
Lophomyrtus
Lophostemon
Luma
Lysicarpus
Malleostemon
Marlierea
Melaleuca
Meteoromyrtus
Metrosideros
Micromyrtus
Mitranthes
Mitrantia
Monimiastrum
Mosiera
Myrceugenia
Myrcia
Myrcianthes
Myrciaria
Myrrhinium
Myrtastrum
Myrtella
Myrteola
Myrtus
Neofabricia
Neomitranthes
Neomyrtus
Ochrosperma
Octamyrtus
Osbornia
Paramyrciaria
Pericalymma
Phymatocarpus
Pileanthus
Pilidiostigma
Piliocalyx
Pimenta
Pleurocalyptus
Plinia
Pseudanamomis
Psidium
Purpureostemon
Regelia
Rhodamnia
Rhodomyrtus
Rinzia
Ristantia
Sannantha
Scholtzia
Seorsus
Siphoneugena
Sphaerantia
Stereocaryum
Stockwellia
Syncarpia
Syzygium
Taxandria
Thaleropia
Thryptomene
Tristania
Tristaniopsis
Ugni
Uromyrtus
Verticordia
Waterhousea
Welchiodendron
Whiteodendron
Xanthomyrtus
Xanthostemon

Foraging

Myrtaceae is foraged by many stingless bees, especially by the species Melipona bicolor which gather pollen from this plant family.^[8]

References

^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ Govaerts, R. et al. (12 additional authors). 2008. World Checklist of Myrtaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xv + 455 pp.
^ Sytsma, Kenneth J. and Amy Litt. 2002. Tropical disjunctions in and among the Myrtaceae clade (Myrtaceae, Heteropyxidaceae, Psiloxylaceae, Vochysiaceae): Gondwanan vicariance or dispersal? (Abstract). Botany 2002 Conference, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, August 4–7, 2002.
^ Johnson, L.A.S. and Briggs, B.G. 1984. Myrtales and Myrtaceae – a phylogenetic analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden 71: 700-756.
^ Wilson, Peter G., O'Brien, Marcelle M., Gadek, Paul A., and Quinn, Christopher J. 2001. "Myrtaceae Revisited: A Reassessment of Infrafamilial Groups". American Journal of Botany 88 (11): 2013–2025. Available online (pdf file).
^ Wilson, P.G., O’Brien, M.M., Heslewood, M.M., Quinn, C.J. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.
^ Hilário, S. D., and V. L. Imperatriz-Fonseca. "Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number." Genetics and Molecular Research 8.2 (2009): 664-671.

External links

Data related to Myrtaceae at Wikispecies

English Journal

Enhanced chemical and biological activities of a newly biosynthesized eugenol glycoconjugate, eugenol α-D-glucopyranoside.

Zhang P, Zhang E, Xiao M, Chen C, Xu W.SourceCollege of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 301 Science & Tech Building, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2013 Feb;97(3):1043-50. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4351-2. Epub 2012 Aug 25.
Eugenol, the essential component (over 90 %) of clove oil from Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. (Myrtaceae), is a phenolic compound well known for its versatile pharmacological actions, including analgesic, local anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and hair-growing effects. However
PMID 22923067

Cytoprotective and pro-apoptotic activities of native Australian herbs polyphenolic-rich extracts.

Sakulnarmrat K, Fenech M, Thomas P, Konczak I.SourceCSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Ryde, Australia.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 Jan 1;136(1):9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.089. Epub 2012 Jul 27.
Three commercially grown native herbs unique to Australia, Tasmannia pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata R. Br., Winteracea; TPL), anise myrtle (Syzygium anisatum Vickery, Craven & Biffen, Myrtaceae; AM) and lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora F. Muell, Myrtaceae; LM) as well as a reference sample
PMID 23017386

Micropropagation systems of Feijoa (Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret).

Guerra MP, Cangahuala-Inocente GC, Vesco LL, Pescador R, Caprestano CA.SourceLaboratory of Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics, Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. mpguerra@cca.ufsc.br
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2013;11013:45-62. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-074-8_4.
Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret sin. Feijoa sellowiana (Myrtaceae) is a semiwoody fruit species native to South Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina; edible fruits are tasty. The naturally occurring populations in Santa Catarina State show high variability in fruit size, color, and other features. A bree
PMID 23179689

Japanese Journal

The genetic basis of foliar terpene yield: Implications for breeding and profitability of Australian essential oil crops

Webb Hamish,Foley William J.,Külheim Carsten
Plant Biotechnology 31(5), 363-376, 2015
… The family Myrtaceae is known for its high foliar terpene concentrations as well as significant qualitative and quantitative variation in foliar terpenes between taxa, populations and individuals. … We will then argue that this platform of work provides a great resource for Myrtaceae, as well as other plants, to identify candidate genes that control flux through the biosynthetic pathways and how this will inform further studies into the ecological implications of quantitative variation of terpenes. …
NAID 130004721173

The genetic basis of foliar terpene yield : Implications for breeding and profitability of Australian essential oil crops (Special Issue : Plant Specialized Metabolism)

Webb Hamish,Foley William J.,Kulheim Carsten
Plant Biotechnology 31(5), 363-376, 2014-12
NAID 40020355813

Taxiphyllin 6'-O-Gallate, Actinidioionoside 6'-O-Gallate and Myricetrin 2"-O-Sulfate from the Leaves of Syzygium samarangense and Their Biological Activities

Mamdouh Nabil Samy,Sugimoto Sachiko,Matsunami Katsuyoshi [他]
Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin 62(10), 1013-1018, 2014-10
NAID 40020224586

Related Pictures

[APGIII2009-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-06-26.

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-2] Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.

[3] Govaerts, R. et al. (12 additional authors). 2008. World Checklist of Myrtaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. xv + 455 pp.

[4] Sytsma, Kenneth J. and Amy Litt. 2002. Tropical disjunctions in and among the Myrtaceae clade (Myrtaceae, Heteropyxidaceae, Psiloxylaceae, Vochysiaceae): Gondwanan vicariance or dispersal? (Abstract). Botany 2002 Conference, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, August 4–7, 2002.

[5] Johnson, L.A.S. and Briggs, B.G. 1984. Myrtales and Myrtaceae – a phylogenetic analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden 71: 700-756.

[6] Wilson, Peter G., O'Brien, Marcelle M., Gadek, Paul A., and Quinn, Christopher J. 2001. "Myrtaceae Revisited: A Reassessment of Infrafamilial Groups". American Journal of Botany 88 (11): 2013–2025. Available online (pdf file).

[7] Wilson, P.G., O’Brien, M.M., Heslewood, M.M., Quinn, C.J. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

[8] Hilário, S. D., and V. L. Imperatriz-Fonseca. "Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number." Genetics and Molecular Research 8.2 (2009): 664-671.

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