関: M. paratuberculosis、Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/09 12:53:24」(JST)

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate pathogenic bacterium in the genus Mycobacterium.^[1] It is often abbreviated M. paratuberculosis or M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis. It is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects ruminants such as cattle, and also perhaps the human disease Crohn's disease. The type strain is ATCC 19698 (equivalent to CIP 103963 or DSM 44133).^[2]

Pathophysiology

MAP causes Johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants, and it has long been suspected as a causative agent in Crohn's disease in humans;^[3] this connection is controversial.^[4]

Recent studies have shown that MAP present in milk can survive pasteurization, which has raised human health concerns due to the widespread nature of MAP in modern dairy herds. MAP survival during pasteurization is dependent on the D_72C-value of the strains present and their concentration in milk. It is heat resistant and is capable of sequestering itself inside white blood cells, which may contribute to its persistence in milk. It has also been reported to survive chlorination in municipal water supplies.

MAP is a slow growing organism and is difficult to culture. Bacterial cultures were regarded as Gold standards for detection of MAP. Detection is very limited in fresh tissues, food, and water. Professor John Hermon-Taylor of Kings College London is developing a new vector type anti MAP vaccine which is both curative and preventative - offering great hope to millions of Crohn's sufferers worldwide. He is also developing a companion MAP blood test which promises to be far more accurate than the current bacterial culture method.

It is not susceptible to antituberculosis drugs (which can generally kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis). MAP is susceptible to antibiotics used to treat Mycobacterium avium disease, such as rifabutin and clarithromycin, however the capacity of these antibiotics to eradicate MAP infection in vivo has not been established.

Crohn's disease

MAP is recognized as a multi-host mycobacterial pathogen with a proven specific ability to initiate and maintain systemic infection and chronic inflammation of the intestine of a range of histopathological types in many animal species, including primates.^[5]

On the assumption that MAP is a causative agent in Crohn's disease, the Australian biotechnology company Giaconda is seeking to commercialize a combination of rifabutin, clarithromycin, and clofazimine as a potential drug therapy, called Myoconda, for Crohn's. As of April 2007, Giaconda received United States FDA IND approval for a new Phase 2/3 trial.^[6]

MAP has been found in larger numbers within the intestines of Crohn's disease patients^[7] than those with ulcerative colitis and healthy controls.

Genome

The genome of MAP strain K-10 was sequenced in 2005 and found to consist of a single circular chromosome of 4,829,781 base pairs, and to encode 4,350 predicted ORFs, 45 tRNAs, and one rRNA operon.^[8]

References

^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Thorel M, Krichevsky M, Lévy-Frébault V (1990). "Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, amended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov". Int J Syst Bacteriol 40 (3): 254–60. doi:10.1099/00207713-40-3-254. PMID 2397193.
^ Hermon-Taylor, J (2009). "Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Crohn's disease and the Doomsday scenario". Gut Pathogens 1 (15): 15. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-1-15. PMC 2718892. PMID 19602288.
^ Freeman H, Noble M (2005). "Lack of evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease regulation of immunity". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 11 (8): 782–3. doi:10.1097/01.MIB.0000179317.27132.24. PMID 16043998.
^ "Johne's Information Center". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ http://www.biotechnologynews.net/storyview.asp?storyid=97714&sectionsource=s0
^ Sanderson JD, Moss MT, Tizard ML, Hermon-Taylor J (1992). "Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA in Crohn's disease tissue". Gut 33 (7): 890–6. doi:10.1136/gut.33.7.890. PMC 1379400. PMID 1644328.
^ Li L, Bannantine J, Zhang Q, Amonsin A, May B, Alt D, Banerji N, Kanjilal S, Kapur V (2005). "The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (35): 12344–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505662102. PMC 1194940. PMID 16116077.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 炎症性腸疾患の定義、疫学、および危険因子 definition epidemiology and risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease
2. クローン病の内科的マネージメントにおける試験研究治療 investigational therapies in the medical management of crohn disease

English Journal

Immunological and pathological responses of red deer resistant or susceptible genotypes, to experimental challenge with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Mackintosh CG, Clark RG, Tolentino B, de Lisle GW, Liggett S, Griffin JF.SourceAgResearch Invermay, PO Box 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.Vet Immunol Immunopathol.2011 Sep 15;143(1-2):131-42. Epub 2011 Jul 5.
This study aimed to monitor the clinical, immunological and pathological changes in red deer for 49 weeks after experimental oral challenge with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and to assess the heritability of resistance in the offspring of two red stags. Eighteen young deer, whic
PMID 21782254

Apa antigen of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a target for species-specific immunodetection of the bacteria in infected tissues of cattle with paratuberculosis.

Souza GS, Rodrigues AB, Gioffre A, Romano MI, Carvalho EC, Ventura TL, Lasunskaia EB.SourceLaboratory of Biology of Recognition, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos, 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology.Vet Immunol Immunopathol.2011 Sep 15;143(1-2):75-82. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium spp. have revealed conservative genes and respective proteins differently expressed in mycobacteria that could be used as targets for the species-specific immunodiagnostics. The alanine and proline-rich antigen Apa is a mycobacterial protein that present signifi
PMID 21752474

Japanese Journal

ヨーネ菌の牛乳プラント内HTST殺菌条件の検証

五十君靜信,入口翔一,門田修子 [他]
国立医薬品食品衛生研究所報告 (128), 81-84, 2010
NAID 40017404216

Consecutive Excretion of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Semen of a Breeding Bull Compared to the Distribution in Feces, Tissue and Blood by IS900 and F57 Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Culture Examinations

KHOL Johannes L.,KRALIK Petr,SLANA Iva,BERAN Vladimir,AURICH Christine,BAUMGARTNER Walter,PAVLIK Ivo
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 1004280234, 2010
… Paratuberculosis (Johnes disease) has emerged as one of the most important diseases in cattle. … The role of infected bull semen in the spread of infection remains unclear as the correlation between the amount of excreted Mycobacterium avium subsp. … paratuberculosis (semen and feces) and the infection load (blood and tissues) has not been defined. … After the bull was euthanized, Mycobacterium avium subsp. …
NAID 130000264214

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