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Methanosarcina acetivorans is a versatile methane producing microbe which is found in such diverse environments as oil wells, trash dumps, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and oxygen-depleted sediments beneath kelp beds. Only M. acetivorans and microbes in the genus Methanosarcina use all three known metabolic pathways for methanogenesis.^[1] Methanosarcinides, including M. acetivorans, are also the only archaea capable of forming multicellular colonies, and even show cellular differentiation. The genome of M. acetivorans is one of the largest archaeal genomes ever sequenced.^[2]

Metabolism

M. acetivorans has been noted for its ability to metabolize carbon monoxide to form acetate and formate.^[3] It can also oxidize carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can then be converted into methane in a process which M. acetivorans uses to conserve energy.^[4] It has been suggested that this pathway may be similar to metabolic pathways used by primitive cells.^[5]

However, in the presence of minerals containing iron sulfides, as might have been found in sediments in a primordial environment, acetate would be catalytically converted into acetate thioester, a sulfur-containing derivative. Primitive microbes could obtain biochemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by converting acetate thioester back into acetate using PTS and ACK, which would then be converted back into acetate thioester to complete the process. In such an environment, a primitive "protocell" could easily produce energy through this metabolic pathway, excreting acetate as waste. Furthermore, ACK catalyzes the synthesis of ATP directly. Other pathways generate energy from ATP only through complex multi-enzyme reactions involving protein pumps and osmotic imbalances across a membrane.

History

M. acetivorans was isolated in 1984 from marine sediment obtained at Scripps Canyon.^[6]

References

^ Galagan JE; Nusbaum C; Roy A; Endrizzi MG; Macdonald P; FitzHugh W; Calvo S; et al. (2002). "The Genome of M. acetivorans Reveals Extensive Metabolic and Physiological Diversity" (PDF). Genome Research. 12 (4): 532–42. doi:10.1101/gr.223902. PMC 187521 . PMID 11932238.
^ http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanosarcina
^ Rother M; Metcalf WW (November 2004). "Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: an unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 101 (48): 16929–16934. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407486101. PMC 529327 . PMID 15550538.
^ Lessner DJ; Li L; Li Q; Rejtar T; Andreev VP; Reichlen M; Hill K; et al. (November 2006). "An unconventional pathway for reduction of CO2 to methane in CO-grown Methanosarcina acetivornas revealed by proteomics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103 (47): 17921–17926. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608833103. PMC 1693848 . PMID 17101988.
^ Ferry JG; House CH (June 2006). "The stepwise evolution of early life driven by energy conservation". Mol Biol Evol. 23 (6): 1286–1292. doi:10.1093/molbev/msk014. PMID 16581941.
^ Sowers KR; Baron SF; Ferry JG (May 1984). "Methanosarcina acetivorans sp. nov., an Acetotrophic Methane-Producing Bacterium Isolated from Marine Sediments". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 47 (5): 971–978. PMC 240030 . PMID 16346552.

External links

Putting Life's Puzzle Together from Astrobiology Magazine (17 May 2006)
Type strain of Methanosarcina acetivorans at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

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English Journal

Reductive nitrosylation of Methanosarcina acetivorans protoglobin: A comparative study.

Ascenzi P, Pesce A, Nardini M, Bolognesi M, Ciaccio C, Coletta M, Dewilde S.SourceLaboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Università Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 79, I-00146 Roma, Italy; Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy. Electronic address: ascenzi@uniroma3.it.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2013 Jan 25;430(4):1301-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.122. Epub 2012 Dec 19.
Methanosarcina acetivorans is a strictly anaerobic non-motile methane-producing Archaea expressing protoglobin (Pgb) which might either facilitate O(2) detoxification or act as a CO sensor/supplier in methanogenesis. Unusually, M. acetivorans Pgb (MaPgb) binds preferentially O(2) rather than CO and
PMID 23261459

A simple system for expression of proteins containing 3-azidotyrosine at a pre-determined site in Escherichia coli.

Ikeda-Boku A, Ohno S, Hibino Y, Yokogawa T, Hayashi N, Nishikawa K.SourceDepartment of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
Journal of biochemistry.J Biochem.2013 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
We developed an efficient method for introduction of 3-azidotyrosine (N(3)-Y) into proteins in Escherichia coli cells. We constructed a plasmid that is adaptable for the constitutive expression of both Methanosarcina acetivorans tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and tRNA((CUA)), and made an orthogonal
PMID 23316081

Japanese Journal

Design of Carrier tRNAs and Selection of Four-Base Codons for Efficient Incorporation of Various Nonnatural Amino Acids into Proteins in Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) Insect Cell-Free Translation System(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Taki Masumi,Tokuda Yasunori,Ohtsuki Takashi,Sisido Masahiko
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 102(6), 511-517, 2006-12-25
… Among the tRNA sequences taken from a variety of tRNAs of nonstandard structures, the tRNA derived from Methanosarcina acetivorans tRNA^<Pyl> …
NAID 110006196944

「メタノサルシナ・アセチボランス」

Methanosarcina acetivorans
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	Euryarchaeota
Phylum:	Euryarchaeota
Class:	Methanomicrobia
Order:	Methanosarcinales
Family:	Methanosarcinaceae
Genus:	Methanosarcina
Species:	M. acetivorans
Binomial name
	Methanosarcina acetivorans; Sowers et al. 1986