関: spearmint

WordNet

common garden herb having clusters of small purplish flowers and yielding an oil used as a flavoring (同)Mentha_spicata
mint plants (同)genus Mentha

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/28 10:52:55」(JST)

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"Spearmint" redirects here. For other uses, see Spearmint (disambiguation).

Mentha spicata (Spearmint or Spear Mint) is a species of mint native to much of Europe and southwest Asia, though its exact natural range is uncertain due to extensive early cultivation.^{[citation needed]}

Description [edit]

It is a herbaceous rhizomatous perennial plant growing 30–100 cm tall, with variably hairless to hairy stems and foliage, and a wide-spreading fleshy underground rhizome. The leaves are 5–9 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, with a serrated margin. The stem is square-shaped, a trademark of the mint family of herbs. Spearmint produces flowers in slender spikes, each flower pink or white, 2.5–3 mm long and broad.^[2]^[3]

Hybrids involving spearmint include Mentha × piperita (Peppermint; hybrid with Mentha aquatica), Mentha × gracilis (Ginger Mint, syn. M. cardiaca; hybrid with Mentha arvensis), and Mentha × villosa (Large Apple Mint, hybrid with Mentha suaveolens).^[2]

The name 'spear' mint derives from the pointed leaf tips.^[4]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

It grows in wet soils.^[5]^[2] It is native to Europe and southwest Asia, but has become naturalized in other parts of the world. It is naturalized throughout the United States and Canada.^[6] It is an invasive species in the Great Lakes region of North America where it was first sighted in 1843.^[7]

Cultivation and uses [edit]

Fresh spearmint offered for sale at a market

Spearmint grows well in nearly all temperate climates. Gardeners often grow it in pots or planters due to its invasive spreading roots. The plant prefers partial shade, but can flourish in full sun to mostly shade. Spearmint is best suited to loamy soils with plenty of organic material.

Spearmint leaves can be used fresh, dried, or frozen. They can also be preserved in salt, sugar, sugar syrup, alcohol, or oil. The leaves lose their aromatic appeal after the plant flowers. It can be dried by cutting just before, or right (at peak) as the flowers open, about 1/2 to 3/4 the way down the stalk (leaving smaller shoots room to grow). There is some dispute as to what drying method works best; some prefer different materials (such as plastic or cloth) and different lighting conditions (such as darkness or sunlight).

Spearmint is often cultivated for its aromatic and carminative oil, referred to as oil of spearmint. The most abundant compound in spearmint oil is R-(–)-carvone, which gives spearmint its distinctive smell. Spearmint oil also contains significant amounts of limonene, dihydrocarvone and 1,8-cineol.^[8] Unlike peppermint oil, the oil of spearmint contains minimal amounts of menthol and menthone.^[9]

The cultivar Mentha spicata 'Nana', the Nana mint of Morocco, possesses a clear, pungent, but mild aroma and is an essential ingredient of Touareg Tea.

Spearmint is an ingredient in several mixed drinks, such as the mojito and mint julep. Sweet tea, iced and flavored with spearmint, is a summer tradition in the Southern United States. It is used as a flavoring for toothpaste and confectionery, and is sometimes added to shampoos and soaps. In herbalism, spearmint is steeped as tea for the treatment of stomach ache.

Health effects [edit]

Recent research has shown that spearmint tea may be used as a treatment for hirsutism in women. Its anti-androgenic properties reduce the level of free testosterone in the blood, while leaving total testosterone and DHEA unaffected.^[10] However, administration of spearmint tea to rats causes dose-dependently temporary or permanent negative effects on the reproductive system of the male rat and leads to lipid peroxidation that results in histopathologies in the kidney, liver, and uterine tissues;^[11] more research into the toxic effects of the tea in humans is warranted. It can also be used to treat a variety of digestive ailments, including stomachache (as previously mentioned) and gas.^[12]

Spearmint has been studied for antifungal activity; its essential oil was found to have some antifungal activity, although less than oregano.^[13] Its essential oil did not show any evidence of mutagenicity in the Ames test.^[13] It can have a calming effect when used for insomnia or massages.^[12] Spearmint has also been described as having excellent antioxidant activity; its antioxidant activity was found to be comparable to the synthetic BHT.^[14] Due both to its antioxidant activity and its common use to season lamb in Indian cuisine, it has been studied as an additive to radiation-processed lamb meat, and was found effective in delaying oxidation of fats and reducing formation of harmful substances, which can be detected using thiobarbituric acid as a reagent.^[14]

References [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mentha spicata

Wikispecies has information related to: Mentha spicata

^ "Mentha L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2^{[page needed]}
^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.^{[page needed]}
^ Turner, W. (1568). Herbal. Cited in the Oxford English Dictionary.
^ Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Mentha spicata
^ "Mentha spicata". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
^ "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs". Retrieved 2009-02-07.
^ Hussain, Abdullah I; Anwar, Farooq; Nigam, Poonam S; Ashraf, Muhammad; Gilani, Anwarul H (2010). "Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four Mentha species". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 90 (11): 1827–36. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4021. PMID 20602517.
^ [1], Chemical composition of essential oils from several species of mint (Mentha).
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6376599.stm Tea 'controls female facial hair growth'
^ Kumar, Vikas; Kural, Mool Raj; Pereira, B.M.J.; Roy, Partha (2008). "Spearmint induced hypothalamic oxidative stress and testicular anti-androgenicity in male rats – altered levels of gene expression, enzymes and hormones". Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (12): 3563–70. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.08.027. PMID 18804513.
^ ^a ^b The Complete Illustrated Book of Herbs, Alex Frampton, The Reader's Digest Association, 2009^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b Adam, Konstantia; Sivropoulou, Afroditi; Kokkini, Stella; Lanaras, Thomas; Arsenakis, Minas (1998). "Antifungal Activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa Essential Oils against Human Pathogenic Fungi". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46 (5): 1739–45. doi:10.1021/jf9708296.
^ ^a ^b Kanatt, Sweetie R.; Chander, Ramesh; Sharma, Arun (2007). "Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha spicata L.) in radiation-processed lamb meat". Food Chemistry 100 (2): 451–8. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.066.

Gallery [edit]

Plant in flower
flowers
1887 illustration
Grown in Malaysia

UpToDate Contents

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1. 食品添加物に対するアレルギー反応および喘息反応 allergic and asthmatic reactions to food additives
2. アレルギー疾患の治療のための漢方薬 chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of allergic diseases
3. ハーブ剤および栄養補助食品による肝毒性 hepatotoxicity due to herbal medications and dietary supplements

English Journal

L-Carvone Induces p53, Caspase 3 Mediated Apoptosis and Inhibits the Migration of Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

Patel PB1, Thakkar VR.Author information 1a Biochemistry Department, B. R. Doshi School of Biosciences , Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India.AbstractA wide variety of natural compounds exists that possesses significant cytotoxic as well as chemopreventive activity through induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of L-carvone, an active component of spearmint (Mentha spicata) was studied on breast cancer (MCF 7 and MDA MB 231) and normal (MCF 10A) cell lines, and insight into its mechanism of action was attained. L-carvone inhibited proliferation of MCF 7 (IC50 1.2 mM) and MDA MB 231 cells (IC50 1.0 mM) and inhibited the migration of breast cancer cell lines. L-carvone induced apoptosis as observed by nuclei fragmentation and the presence of apoptotic bodies in DAPI, AnnexinV/propidium iodide, and TUNEL assays. L-carvone exposure arrested MCF 7 cells in S phase of the cell cycle. DNA damage caused by L-carvone was apparent from the increased tail moment in COMET assay, which could be induced by an increase in ROS that was measured using a fluorescence probe. Glutathione levels were also increased. The increased level of p53, Bad, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved PARP explained p53 and caspase-mediated apoptosis.
Nutrition and cancer.Nutr Cancer.2014 Apr;66(3):453-62. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2014.884230. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
A wide variety of natural compounds exists that possesses significant cytotoxic as well as chemopreventive activity through induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of L-carvone, an active component of spearmint (Mentha spicata) was studied on breast cancer
PMID 24611509

The Association between Chromaticity, Phenolics, Carotenoids, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Frozen Fruit Pulp in Brazil: An Application of Chemometrics.

Zielinski AA1, Avila S, Ito V, Nogueira A, Wosiacki G, Haminiuk CW.Author information 1Graduate Program of Food Engineering, Federal Univ. of Paraná, R. Cel. Francisco Heráclito dos Santos 210, Polytechnic Center, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.AbstractA total of 19 Brazilian frozen pulps from the following fruits: açai (Euterpe oleracea), blackberry (Rubus sp.), cajá (Spondias mombin), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), coconut (Cocos nucifera), grape (Vitis sp.), graviola (Annona muricata), guava (Psidium guajava), papaya (Carica papaya), peach (Prunus persica), pineapple (Ananas comosus), pineapple and mint (A. comosus and Mentha spicata), red fruits (Rubus sp. and Fragaria sp.), seriguela (Spondias purpurea), strawberry (Fragaria sp.), tamarind (Tamarindus indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa), and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) were analyzed in terms of chromaticity, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, which showed significant (P < 0.01) correlation with total phenolic compounds (r = 0.88 and 0.70, respectively), total flavonoids (r = 0.63 and 0.81, respectively), and total monomeric anthocyanins (r = 0.59 and 0.73, respectively). PCA explained 74.82% of total variance of data, and the separation into 3 groups in a scatter plot was verified. Three clusters also suggested by HCA, corroborated with PCA, in which cluster 3 was formed by strawberry, red fruits, blackberry, açaí, and grape pulps. This cluster showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity.
Journal of food science.J Food Sci.2014 Feb 18. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12389. [Epub ahead of print]
A total of 19 Brazilian frozen pulps from the following fruits: açai (Euterpe oleracea), blackberry (Rubus sp.), cajá (Spondias mombin), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), coconut (Cocos nucifera), grape (Vitis sp.), graviola (Annona muricata), guava (Psidium guajava), papay
PMID 24547813

Secondary metabolites isolation in natural products chemistry: comparison of two semipreparative chromatographic techniques (high pressure liquid chromatography and high performance thin-layer chromatography).

Do TK1, Hadji-Minaglou F2, Antoniotti S3, Fernandez X4.Author information 1BotaniCert, Espace Jacques-Louis Lions, 4 Traverse Dupont, 06130 Grasse, France; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.2BotaniCert, Espace Jacques-Louis Lions, 4 Traverse Dupont, 06130 Grasse, France.3Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.4Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France. Electronic address: xavier.fernandez@unice.fr.AbstractChemical investigations on secondary metabolites in natural products chemistry require efficient isolation techniques for characterization purpose as well as for the evaluation of their biological properties. In the case of phytochemical studies, the performance of the techniques is critical (resolution and yield) since the products generally present a narrow range of polarity and physicochemical properties. Several techniques are currently available, but HPLC (preparative and semipreparative) is the most widely used. To compare the performance of semipreparative HPLC and HPTLC for the isolation of secondary metabolites in different types of extracts, we have chosen carvone from spearmint essential oil (Mentha spicata L.), resveratrol from Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson, and rosmarinic acid from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts. The comparison was based on the chromatographic separation, the purity and quantity of isolated compounds, the solvent consumption, the duration and the cost of the isolation operations. The results showed that semipreparative HPTLC can in some case offer some advantages over conventional semipreparative HPLC.
Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2014 Jan 17;1325:256-60. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.046. Epub 2013 Dec 7.
Chemical investigations on secondary metabolites in natural products chemistry require efficient isolation techniques for characterization purpose as well as for the evaluation of their biological properties. In the case of phytochemical studies, the performance of the techniques is critical (resolu
PMID 24377738

Japanese Journal

乾燥ハーブ熱水抽出物によるケミカルメディエーター放出抑制作用

高杉美佳子,加藤雅子,前田典子 [他],島田和子
日本食品科学工学会誌 : Nippon shokuhin kagaku kogaku kaishi = Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology 57(3), 121-127, 2010-03-15
14種の乾燥ハーブ熱水抽出物のヒスタミンおよびロイコトリエン（LT) B<SUB>4</SUB>放出抑制作用，DPPHラジカル消去活性，デオキシグアノシン酸化阻害活性を検討し，ポリフェノール量およびフラボノール類量を定量した．ペパーミント，ローレル，バジル（F），ローズマリーは，ラット腹腔細胞からのヒスタミンの放出を50％以上抑制し，ポリフェノール量の多い乾燥ハーブ熱水抽出 …
NAID 10026294579

Productivity and quality of volatile oil extracted from Mentha spicata and M. arvensis var. piperascens grown by a hydroponic system using the deep flow technique

Vimolmangkang Sornkanok,Sitthithaworn Worapan,Vannavanich Danai [他],KEATTIKUNPAIROJ Sunisa,CHITTASUPHO Chuda
Journal of natural medicines 64(1), 31-35, 2010-02-20
NAID 10027709024

Antinociceptive Activity of (-)-Carvone : Evidence of Association with Decreased Peripheral Nerve Excitability(Pharmacology)

, , [他], , ,
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 31(5), 1017-1020, 2008-05-01
… (-)-Carvone is a monoterpene ketone that is the main active component of Mentha plant species like Mentha spicata. …
NAID 110006663972

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リンク元	「スペアミント」「ミドリハッカ」「オランダハッカ」「spearmint」
関連記事	「Mentha」「spicata」

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Mentha spicata
	Foliage
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Subfamily:	Nepetoideae
Tribe:	Mentheae
Genus:	Mentha
Species:	M. spicata
Binomial name
	Mentha spicata; L.