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a genus of herbs that resemble clover (同)genus Medicago

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/16 13:24:14」(JST)

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Medicago truncatula (Barrel Medic or Barrel Medick or Barrel Clover) is a small annual legume native to the Mediterranean region that is used in genomic research. It is a low-growing, clover-like plant 10–60 cm tall with trifoliate leaves. Each leaflet is rounded, 1–2 cm long, often with a dark spot in the center. The flowers are yellow, produced singly or in a small inflorescence of 2-5 together; the fruit is a small spiny pod.

This species has been chosen as a model organism for legume biology because it has a small diploid genome, is self-fertile, has a rapid generation time and prolific seed production, and is amenable to genetic transformation.

It forms symbioses with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia (Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana does not form either symbiosis, making M. truncatula an important tool for studying these processes.

It is also an important forage crop species in Australia.

Medicago truncatula Sequencing Consortium[edit]

The Medicago truncatula Sequencing Consortium is an international partnership of research laboratories that is decoding the genome sequence of Medicago truncatula, a model legume species. Sequencing the Medicago truncatula genome is expected to facilitate genomics research in legumes, especially the biology of symbiosis because Medicago truncatula and its symbiotic partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti, are popular models for symbiosis research.

Sequencing in Medicago truncatula is taking place at the University of Oklahoma (US), J. Craig Venter Institute (US), Genoscope (France), and Sanger Centre (UK). Partner institutions include the University of Minnesota (US), University of California-Davis (US), the National Center for Genomic Resources (NCGR) (US), John Innes Centre (UK), Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (France), Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS) (Germany), Wageningen University (Netherlands), and Ghent University (Belgium). The Medicago truncatula Sequencing Consortium began in 2001 with a seed grant from the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. In 2003, the National Science Foundation and the European Union 6th Framework Programme began providing most of the funding. By 2009, 84% of the genome assembly has been completed.^[1]

Sequencing in Medicago truncatula is based on bacterial artificial chromosomes or BACs. This is the same approach used to sequence the genomes of humans, the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The draft sequence of the genome of M. truncatula cultivar A17 was published in the journal Nature in 2011.^[2] In July 2013 version 4.0 of the genome was released.^[3] This version combines shotgun sequencing sequences with the BAC-based sequence assemblies, which has helped fill in the gaps in the mapped sequences.

A parallel group known as the International Medicago Gene Annotation Group (IMGAG) is responsible for identifying and describing putative gene sequences within the genome sequence.

Mutualism[edit]

Researcher Toby Kiers of VU University Amsterdam and associates used Medicago truncatula to study mutualisms between plants and fungi - and to see whether the partners in the relationship could distinguish between good and bad traders/suppliers. By using labeled carbon to track the source of nutrient flowing through the arbuscular mycorrhizal system, The researchers have proven that the plants had indeed given more carbon to the more generous fungus species. By restricting the amount of carbon the plants gave to the fungus, the researchers also demonstrated that the fungus did pass along more of their phosphorus to the more generous plants.^[4]

References[edit]

^ http://www.medicago.org/genome/genome_stats.php
^ Young et al (2011). The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses, Nature. [1]
^ http://www.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/medicago/overview.cgi
^ http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/333224/title/Plants_and_fungi_recognize_generous_trading_partners

External links[edit]

The Medicago truncatula Consortium
Medicago truncatula Hapmap Project
TIGR's link to Genome Browser and Gene Index
The Medicago Gene Expression Atlas at Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation
Medicago truncatula eFP Browser Viewer for gene expression data from the Medicago Gene Expression Atlas project, at the Provart Lab's Bio-Array Resource website
INRA Medicago truncatula Stock Center - France
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/43/15289
Cannon et al. (2006) Proceedings National Academy Sciences USA, 103:14959-14964.
http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/137/4/1174
Young et al. (2005) Plant Physiology 137: 1174-1181.
http://www.ncgr.org/
http://medicago.toulouse.inra.fr/
http://mips.gsf.de/proj/plant/jsf/medi/index.jsp

Wikispecies has information related to: Medicago truncatula

English Journal

Identification and characterization of petiolule- like pulvinus mutants with abolished nyctinastic leaf movement in the model legume Medicago truncatula.

Zhou C, Han L, Fu C, Chai M, Zhang W, Li G, Tang Y, Wang ZY.SourceForage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
The New phytologist.New Phytol.2012 Aug 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04268.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Leaves of many plant species open during the day and fold at night. Diurnal leaf movement, named nyctinasty, has been of great interest to researchers since Darwin's time. Nyctinastic leaf movement is generated by the pulvinus, which is a specialized motor organ located at the base of leaf and leafl
PMID 22891817

Calcium Ion-Binding Properties of Medicago truncatula Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase.

Swainsbury DJ, Zhou L, Oldroyd GE, Bornemann S.AbstractA calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is essential in the interpretation of calcium oscillations in plant root cells for the establishment of symbiotic relationships with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. Some of its properties have been studied in detail, but its calcium ion-binding properties and subsequent conformational change have not. A biophysical approach was taken with constructs comprising either the visinin-like domain of Medicago truncatula CCaMK, which contains EF-hand motifs, or this domain together with the autoinhibitory domain. The visinin-like domain binds three calcium ions leading to a conformational change involving the exposure of hydrophobic surfaces and a change in tertiary but not net secondary or quaternary structure. The affinity for calcium ions of the visinin-like domain EF-hands 1 and 2 (K(d) 200 ± 50 nM) was appropriate for the interpretation of calcium oscillations (~125-850 nM), while that of EF-hand 3 (K(d) ≤ 20 nM) implied occupancy at basal calcium ion levels. Calcium dissociation rate constants were determined for the visinin-like domain of CCaMK, M. truncatula calmodulin 1 and the complex between these two proteins (the slowest of which was 0.123 ± 0.002 s(-1)) suggesting the corresponding calcium association rate constants were at or near diffusion rate limitation. In addition, the dissociation of calmodulin from the protein complex was shown to be on the same time-scale as the dissociation of calcium ions. These observations suggest that the formation and dissociation of the complex between calmodulin and CCaMK would substantially mirror calcium oscillations, which typically have a 90 s periodicity.
Biochemistry.Biochemistry.2012 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase is essential in the interpretation of calcium oscillations in plant root cells for the establishment of symbiotic relationships with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. Some of its properties have been studied in detail, but its calcium ion-binding propertie
PMID 22889004

Japanese Journal

根粒形成のオートレギュレーション(<特集>根粒菌および菌根菌共生-最近の分子遺伝学の進歩)

宮澤日子太,山谷紘子,川口正代司
植物の生長調節 46(2), 120-127, 2011-12-20
… One of most important mechanisms of AON involves long-distance signaling via shoot-functioning receptor-like kinases and proteins (RLKs and RLPs) such as HAR1, KLV and LjCLV2 in Lotus japonicus, SUNN in Medicago truncatula, NARK in Glycine max, and SYM29, PsCLV2 in Pea sativum. …
NAID 110008897431

マメ科植物と共生微生物の感染初期過程を制御する宿主植物遺伝子研究の現況(<特集>根粒菌および菌根菌共生-最近の分子遺伝学の進歩)

下田宜司,韓路,林晃之,征矢野敬,横田圭祐,林誠,今泉(安楽) 温子
植物の生長調節 46(2), 94-102, 2011-12-20
… Forward and reverse genetic approaches, using model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, allowed the identification of host plant genes, especially responsible for the early stage of infections by micro-symbionts. …
NAID 110008897428

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リンク元	「タルウマゴヤシ」
関連記事	「Medicago」

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Medicago truncatula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Tribe:	Trifolieae
Genus:	Medicago
Species:	M. truncatula
Binomial name
	Medicago truncatula; Gaertn.
Synonyms
	Medicago tribuloides Desr.; Medicago tribuloides var. breviaculeata Moris; Medicago truncatula var. breviaculeata (Moris) Urb.; Medicago truncatula var. longiaculeata Urb.; Medicago truncatula var. tribuloides (Desr.) Burnat; Medicago truncatula f. tricycla Nègre; Medicago truncatula var. tricycla (Nègre) Heyn