関: Magnolia

WordNet

subclass Magnoliidae: genera Liriodendron, Magnolia, and Manglietia (同)family Magnoliaceae, magnolia family

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/02 13:43:15」(JST)

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[Wiki ja表示]

モクレン科は、モクレン目に属する被子植物の科の1つで、モクレンを含むもの。

すべて木本。花に花弁、雌蕊と雄蕊が多数あってらせん状に配列するなど、被子植物の古い形態を残すグループとされる。花が大きくて美しいものが多く、いくつかの種が庭木や街路樹として栽培される。葉は単葉で、托葉は芽を包み早く脱落する。

分類[編集]

2つの亜科に分かれる。

Magnolioideae モクレン亜科[編集]

Elmerillia
Kmeria
Magnolia モクレン属
- M. quinquepet モクレン
- M. heptapeta ハクモクレン
- M. kobus コブシ
- M. grandiflora タイサンボク
- M. obovata ホオノキ
- M. salicifolia タムシバ
- M. sieboldii ssp. japonica オオヤマレンゲ
- M. sieboldii ssp. sieboldii オオバオオヤマレンゲ
Manglietia
Michelia オガタマノキ属
- M. compressa オガタマノキ
Pachylarnax

Liriodendroidae ユリノキ亜科[編集]

Liriodendron ユリノキ属
- L. tulipifera ユリノキ

画像[編集]

ハクモクレンの樹形（春）
ハクモクレンの花
ハクモクレンの樹皮
ウケザキオオヤマレンゲの新芽

外部リンク[編集]

モクレン科（画像）：フラボン
Magnoliaceae in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since].
Magnoliaceae in Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006
東浩司「モクレン科の花の匂いと系統進化」『日本植物分類学会誌』4(1), 49-61, 2004-02-29
東浩司「モクレン科の分類・系統進化と生物地理:隔離分布の起源」『日本植物分類学会誌』3(2), 123-140, 2003-08-31
植田邦彦「モクレン科の分類・地理概説」日本植物分類学会『植物分類・地理』38, 339-348, 1987-09-25
植田邦彦「モクレン科」Yahoo!百科事典、『日本大百科全書』（小学館）

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、モクレン科に関連するメディアがあります。

ポータル植物

プロジェクト植物

この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The Magnoliaceae /mæɡˌnoʊliˈeɪsiː/, or Magnolia Family, is a flowering plant family in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two subfamilies:

Magnolioideae, of which Magnolia is the most well-known genus.
Liriodendroidae, a monogeneric subfamily, of which Liriodendron (Tulip trees) is the only genus.

Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in rings, the Magnoliaceae have their stamens and pistils in spirals on a conical receptacle.^[2] This arrangement is found in some fossil plants and is believed to be a basal or early condition for angiosperms. The flowers also have parts not distinctly differentiated into sepals and petals, while angiosperms that evolved later tend to have distinctly differentiated sepals and petals. The poorly differentiated perianth parts that occupy both positions are known as tepals.

The family has approximately 219 species in 7 genera, although some classification systems include all of subfamily Magnoioideae in genus Magnolia. The family ranges across subtropical eastern North America, Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, tropical South America, southern and eastern India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malesia, China, Japan, and Korea.

Genera[edit]

Lirianthe, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Michelia, Yulania

Description[edit]

The monophyly of Magnoliaceae is supported by a number of shared morphological characters among the various genera included in the family. Most have flowers that are bisexual (with the exception of Kmeria and some species of Magnolia section Gynopodium),showy, fragrant, radial, and with an elongate receptacle. Leaves are alternate, simple, and sometimes lobed. The inflorescence is a solitary, showy flower with indistinguishable petals and sepals. Sepals range from six to many; stamens are numerous and feature short filaments which are poorly differentiated from the anthers. Carpels are usually numerous, distinct, and on an elongate receptacle or torus.^[2] The fruit is an etario of follicles which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along the abaxial surface. Seeds have a fleshy coat and color that ranges from red to orange (except Liriodendron). Magnoliaceae flowers are beetle pollinated, except for Liriodendron, which is bee pollinated. The carpels of Magnolia flowers are especially thick to avoid damage by beetles that land, crawl, and feast on them. The seeds of Magnolioideae are bird dispersed while the seeds of Liriodendron are wind dispersed.

Biogeography[edit]

Due to its great age, the geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae has become disjunct or fragmented as a result of major geologic events such as ice ages, continental drift, and mountain formation. This distribution pattern has isolated some species while keeping others in close contact. Extant species of Magnoliaceae are widely distributed in temperate and tropical Asia from the Himalayas to Japan and southwest through Malaysia and New Guinea. Asia is home to approximately two thirds of the species in Magnoliaceae, with the remainder of the family spread across the Americas with temperate species extending into southern Canada and tropical elements extending into Brazil and the West Indies.

Systematics[edit]

Due to this great deal of family wide morphological similarity, no consensus has yet emerged on the number of genera in the family. The development of DNA sequencing at the end of the twentieth century had a profound impact on the research of phylogenetic relationships within the family. The employment of ndhF and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliaceae. For example, it has shown the genera Magnolia and Michelia to be paraphyletic when the remaining four genera of Magnolioideae are split out. In fact, even many of the subgenera (Magnolia subg. Magnolia, Magnolia subg. Talauma) have been found to be paraphyletic. Although no completely resolved phylogeny for the family has yet been determined, these technological advances have allowed systematists to broadly circumscribe major lineages.^[3]

Economic Significance[edit]

As a whole, Magnoliaceae is not an economically significant family. With the exception of a great deal of ornamental cultivation, the economic significance of Magnolias is generally confined to the use of wood from certain timber species and the use of bark and flowers from several species believed to possess medicinal qualities. Magnolias have a rich cultural tradition in China where references to their healing qualities go back thousands of years. The Chinese have long used the bark of Magnolia officinalis, a magnolia native to the mountains of China with large leaves and fragrant white flowers, as a remedy for cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and indigestion. Certain magnolia flowers, such as the buds of Magnolia liliiflora, have been used to treat chronic respiratory infections, sinus infections, and lung congestion. Recently, magnolia bark has become incorporated into alternative medicine in the west where tablets made from the bark of M. officinalis have been marketed as an aid for anxiety, allergies, asthma, and weight-loss. Preliminary studies have suggested that compounds found in magnolia bark might have antibacterial and antifungal properties. To this day, however, there has never been a large scale study on the health effects of magnolia bark or flowers.

References[edit]

^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
^ ^a ^b Zomlefer, Wndy B. (1994). Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-8078-4470-0.
^ Azuma, H., García-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., and Thien, L. B. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions". American Journal of Botany (Botanical Society of America) 88 (12): 2275–2285. doi:10.2307/3558389. JSTOR 3558389. PMID 21669660.

Hunt, D. (ed). 1998. Magnolias and their allies. International Dendrology Society & Magnolia Society. ISBN 0-9517234-8-0

English Journal

Magnolia dealbata seeds extract exert cytotoxic and chemopreventive effects on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells.

Alonso-Castro AJ1, Domínguez F, García-Regalado A, González-Sánchez I, Cerbón MA, García-Carrancá A.Author information 1Unidad de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología México , México, D.F. , México .AbstractAbstract Context: Cancer prevention remains a high priority for the scientific world. Magnolia dealbata Zucc (Magnoliaceae), a Mexican endemic species, is used for the empirical treatment of cancer. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic and cancer chemopreventive effects of an ethanol extract of Magnolia dealbata seeds (MDE). Materials and methods: The cytotoxic effect of MDE, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg/ml, on human cancer cells and human nontumorigenic cells was evaluated using the MTT assay for 48 h. The apoptotic activities of MDE 25 μg/ml on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells were evaluated using the TUNEL assay and the detection of caspase 3 using immunofluorescence analysis for 48 h, each. The chemopreventive effect was evaluated by administrating different doses of MDE, between 1 and 50 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally daily into athymic mice which were implanted with MDA-MB231 cells during 28 days. The growth and weight of tumors were measured. Results: MDE showed cytotoxic effects on MDA-MB231 cells (IC50 = 25 µg/ml) and exerted pro-apoptotic activities as determined by DNA fragmentation in MDA-MB231 cells. MDE 25 µg/ml also induces the activation of caspase 3 in MDA-MB231 cells. These results suggest that Magnolia dealbata may be an optimal source of the bioactive compounds: honokiol (HK) and magnolol (MG). MDE 50 mg/kg i.p. exerted chemopreventive effects by inhibiting the growth of MDA-MB231 tumor by 75% in athymic mice, compared to the control group. Conclusions: MDE exerts cytotoxic, apoptotic and chemopreventive activities on MDA-MB231 human cancer cells.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2014 May;52(5):621-7. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.859160. Epub 2014 Jan 8.
Abstract Context: Cancer prevention remains a high priority for the scientific world. Magnolia dealbata Zucc (Magnoliaceae), a Mexican endemic species, is used for the empirical treatment of cancer. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic and cancer chemopreventive effects of an ethanol extract of Magn
PMID 24400594

Exogenously applied 24-epi brassinolide reduces lignification and alters cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis in the secondary xylem of Liriodendron tulipifera.

Jin H1, Do J2, Shin SJ3, Choi JW4, Choi YI5, Kim W2, Kwon M6.Author information 1Department of Biosystems Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.2Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.3Department of Wood and Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea.4Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.5Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 441-350, Republic of Korea.6Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mikwon@korea.ac.kr.AbstractThe roles of brassinosteroids (BRs) in vasculature development have been implicated based on an analysis of Arabidopsis BR mutants and suspension cells of Zinnia elegans. However, the effects of BRs in vascular development of a woody species have not been demonstrated. In this study, 24-epi brassinolide (BL) was applied to the vascular cambium of a vertical stem of a 2-year-old Liriodendron, and the resulting chemical and anatomical phenotypes were characterized to uncover the roles of BRs in secondary xylem formation of a woody species. The growth in xylary cells was clearly promoted when treated with BL. Statistical analysis indicated that the length of both types of xylary cells (fiber and vessel elements) increased significantly after BL application. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that BL-induced growth promotion involved the acceleration of cell division and cell elongation. Histochemical and expression analysis of several lignin biosynthetic genes indicated that most genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly down-regulated in BL-treated stems compared to that in control stems. Chemical analysis of secondary xylem demonstrated that BL treatment induced significant modification in the cell wall carbohydrates, including biosynthesis of hemicellulose and cellulose. Lignocellulose crystallinity decreased significantly, and the hemicellulose composition changed with significant increases in galactan and arabinan. Thus, BL has regulatory roles in the biosynthesis and modification of secondary cell wall components and cell wall assembly during secondary xylem development in woody plants.
Phytochemistry.Phytochemistry.2014 May;101:40-51. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.003. Epub 2014 Feb 25.
The roles of brassinosteroids (BRs) in vasculature development have been implicated based on an analysis of Arabidopsis BR mutants and suspension cells of Zinnia elegans. However, the effects of BRs in vascular development of a woody species have not been demonstrated. In this study, 24-epi brassino
PMID 24582278

Honokiol, a low molecular weight natural product, prevents inflammatory response and cartilage matrix degradation in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes.

Chen YJ1, Tsai KS, Chan DC, Lan KC, Chen CF, Yang RS, Liu SH.Author information 1Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.AbstractProinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulates several mediators of cartilage degradation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Honokiol, a low molecular weight natural product isolated from the Magnolia officinalis, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effect. Here, we used an in vitro model of cartilage inflammation to investigate the therapeutic potential of honokiol in OA. Human OA chondrocytes were cultured and pretreated with honokiol (2.5-10 µM) with or without IL-1β (10 ng/ml). Nitric oxide (NO) production was quantified by Griess reagent. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 , metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) productions were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of collagen II, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-related signaling molecules were determined by Western blotting. Our data showed that IL-1β markedly stimulated the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 and the productions of NO, PGE2 , and IL-6, which could be significantly reversed by honokiol. Honokiol could also suppress the IL-1β-triggered activation of IKK/IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, honokiol significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced MMP-13 production and collagen II reduction. Taken together, the present study suggests that honokiol may have a chondroprotective effect and may be a potential therapeutic choice in the treatment of OA patients.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2014 Apr;32(4):573-80. doi: 10.1002/jor.22577. Epub 2013 Dec 27.
Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulates several mediators of cartilage degradation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Honokiol, a low molecular weight natural product isolated from the Magnolia officinalis, has been shown to possess anti-infl
PMID 24375705

Japanese Journal

シデコブシ自生地の皆伐後1 年目の萌芽・実生更新

玉木一郎,野村勝重,野村礼子 [他],楯千江子,小木曽未佳,宮上佳弘
日本森林学会誌 96(4), 193-199, 2014
シデコブシは東海地方に固有の低木種で絶滅が危惧されている。本研究では皆伐後の同樹種の萌芽・実生更新の過程を明らかにするために，岐阜県多治見市の自生地に30 m × 10 m の調査区を設置し，2012年1月に皆伐した。4～11月にかけてシデコブシの萌芽・実生更新の様子を調査した。萌芽の合計数ではソヨゴとシデコブシ，ノリウツギ，タカノツメが優占していた。シデコブシの近傍に位置する自身よりも萌芽高の大 …
NAID 130005063825

シデコブシ集団の存続に集団のサイズと隔離が及ぼす影響

玉木一郎,鈴木節子,石田清,戸丸信弘
日本森林学会大会発表データベース 122(0), 182-182, 2011
NAID 130004618494

Genetic variation and conservation assessment of Chinese populations of Magnolia cathcartii (Magnoliaceae), a rare evergreen tree from the South-Central China hotspot in the Eastern Himalayas

Zhang Xue-Mei,Wen Jun,Dao Zhi-Ling [他],MOTLEY Timothy J.,LONG Chun-Lin
Journal of plant research 123(3), 321-331, 2010-05-01
NAID 10027218933

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Magnolia」「モクレン科」

「Magnolia」

Magnoliaceae; Temporal range: 80Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ [citation needed]Cretaceous - Recent
	Magnolia virginiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliids
Order:	Magnoliales
Family:	Magnoliaceae; Juss.
Genera
	Subfamily Magnolioideae Tribe Magnolieae Kmeria (5 species); Magnolia (128 species); Manglietia (29 species); Pachylarnax (2 species); ; Tribe Michelieae Elmerrillia (4 species); Michelia (49 species); ; Subfamily Liriodendroidae Liriodendron (2 species);

モクレン科; Magnoliaceae
	オオヤマレンゲ (Magnolia sieboldii)
分類
属
	本文参照;

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モクレン、ホオノキ、マグノリア、クレン属、ホオノキ属、マグノリア属、Magnolia属

関: Magnoliaceae

「モクレン科」

　　[★]

ラ: Magnoliaceae
関: ホオノキ

[APGIII2009-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-06-26.

[Zomlefer1994-2] Zomlefer, Wndy B. (1994). Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-8078-4470-0.

[3] Azuma, H., García-Franco, J. G., Rico-Gray, V., and Thien, L. B. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions". American Journal of Botany (Botanical Society of America) 88 (12): 2275–2285. doi:10.2307/3558389. JSTOR 3558389. PMID 21669660.

匿名

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案内

案内

Magnoliaceae