関: earthworm、lumbricus、Oligochaeta

WordNet

terrestrial worm that burrows into and helps aerate soil; often surfaces when the ground is cool or wet; used as bait by anglers (同)angleworm, fishworm, fishing worm, wiggler, nightwalker, nightcrawler, crawler, dew worm, red worm
earthworms (同)class Oligochaeta

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/29 03:06:21」(JST)

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Lumbricus terrestris is a large, reddish worm species widely distributed around the world (along with several other lumbricids). In some areas where it is an introduced species, some people consider it a serious pest for outcompeting native worms.

Through much of Europe, it is the largest naturally occurring species of earthworm, typically reaching 20 – 25 cm in length when extended (though in parts of southern Europe, the native species are much larger). In September 2012, a specimen was found in SW China measuring roughly 50 cm in length. It has an unusual habit of copulating on the surface at night, which makes it more visible than most other earthworms.

Common names

Because it is widely known, Lumbricus terrestris goes under a variety of common names. In Britain, it is primarily called the common earthworm or lob worm (though that name is also applied to a marine polychaete). In North America, the term nightcrawler (or vitalis) is also used. In Canada, it is also called the dew worm, or "Grandaddy Earthworm". In the rest of the world, most references are just to the scientific name, though with occasional reference to the above names.

Although this is not the most abundant earthworm, even in its native range, it is a very conspicuous and familiar earthworm species in garden and agricultural soils of the temperate zone, and is frequently seen on the surface, unlike most other earthworms. It is also used as the example earthworm for millions of biology students around the world, even in areas where the species does not exist. However, 'earthworm' can be a source of confusion, since in most of the world, other species are more typical. For example, through much of the unirrigated temperate areas of the world, the "common earthworm" is actually Aporrectodea (=Allolobophora) trapezoides, which in those areas is a similar size and dark color to L. terrestris.

Biology

L. terrestris is an anecic worm. That is, it forms temporary deep burrows and comes to the surface to feed, as opposed to burrowing through the soil for its food as most other earthworms do. An unusual habit of this species is to pull leaves into the mouth of its burrow where they partially decay before being eaten. While they generally feed on plant material, they have been observed feeding on dead insects and feces.

The natural lifespan of L. terrestris is unknown, though individuals have lived for six years in captivity.

In parts of Europe, notably the Atlantic fringe of northwestern Europe, it is now locally endangered due to predation by the New Zealand flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus) and the Australian flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea), two predatory flatworms accidentally introduced from New Zealand and Australia. These predators are very efficient earthworm eaters, being able to survive for lengthy periods with no food, so still persist even when their prey has dropped to unsustainably low populations. In some areas, this is having a seriously adverse effect on the soil structure and quality. The soil aeration and organic material mixing previously done by the earthworms has ceased in some areas.

As an invasive species in North America

L. terrestris is considered invasive in the north central United States. It does not do well in tilled fields because of pesticide exposure, physical injuries from farm equipment and a lack of nutrients.^[1]^[2] It thrives in fence rows and woodlots and can lead to reductions in native herbaceous and tree regrowth.^[3]^[4]

External links

^ Kladivko EJ, Akhouri NM, Weesies G (1997). "Earthworm populations and species distributions under no-till and conventional tillage in Indiana and Illinois". Soil Biol Biochem 29: 613–615. doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(96)00187-3.
^ Butt KR, Shipitalo MJ, Bohlen PJ, Edwards WM, Parmelee RW (1999). "Long-term trends in earthworm populations of cropped experimental watersheds in Ohio, USA". Pedobiologia 43: 713–719.
^ Frelich LE, Hale CM, Scheu S, Holdsworth AR, Heneghan L, Bohlen PJ, Reich PB (2006). "Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests". Biol Invasions 8: 1235–1245. doi:10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3.
^ Hale CM, Frelich LE, Reich PB (2005). "Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA". Ecol Appl 15: 848–860. doi:10.1890/03-5345.

Types of Earthworms - New Zealand
Earthworm Research Group (at the University of Central Lancashire):Frequently Asked Questions
NNZ-Nightcrawler
The microfungal community of Lumbricus terrestris middens in a Linden (Tilia cordata) forest (PDF)
Exotic Earthworms in Minnesota Hardwood Forests (PDF)
Wise, Scott (2 September 2012). "Biologists trying to figure why giant earthworm grew so big". CBS 6, WTVR-TV. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

The self-association of the giant hemoglobin from the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris.

Riggs AF1, Riggs CK2.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2014 Jun;1844(6):1071-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.004. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
Background: The crystallographic structure of the gigantic hemoglobin (erythrocruorin) of the annelid worm, Lumbricus terrestris, provides a molar mass of 3.6MDa for the hexagonal bilayer structure. Prior to this determination, some light-scattering and ultracentrifugal measurements indicated higher
PMID 24631544

Application of microcosmic system for assessment of insecticide effects on biomarker responses in ecologically different earthworm species.

Velki M1, Hackenberger BK2, Lončarić Z3, Hackenberger DK4.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2014 Jun;104:110-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
Earthworms from different ecological categories-epigeic Eisenia andrei and Lumbricus rubellus, endogeic Octolasion lacteum and anecic Lumbricus terrestris-were exposed in a microcosmic system to three commonly used insecticides. The effects of the insecticides were evaluated by measuring the followi
PMID 24650551

Neurotropic and neuroprotective activities of the earthworm peptide Lumbricusin.

Kim DH1, Lee IH1, Nam ST1, Hong J1, Zhang P1, Hwang JS2, Seok H3, Choi H4, Lee DG4, Kim JI5, Kim H6.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2014 May 2. pii: S0006-291X(14)00768-2. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.105. [Epub ahead of print]
We recently isolated a polypeptide from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris that is structurally similar to defensin, a well-known antibacterial peptide. An 11-mer antibacterial peptide (NH2-RNRRWCIDQQA), designated Lumbricusin, was synthesized based on the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypep
PMID 24796676

Japanese Journal

The influence of habitat provisioning : use of earthworm burrows by the terrestrial salamander, Plethodon cinereus

CACERES-CHARNECO Rita I.,RANSOM Tami S.
Population ecology 52(4), 517-526, 2010-10-01
NAID 10026687852

Effects of sand and litter availability on organic matter decomposition in soil and in casts of Lumbricus terrestris L

MARHAN S.
Geoderma 128, 155-166, 2005
NAID 30002631968

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of the C-terminal domain of galactose-binding lectin EW29 from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

SUZUKI R.
Acta Crystallogr. D 60, 1895-1896, 2004
NAID 30019485778

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リンク元	「Oligochaeta」「earthworm」「ミミズ」
関連記事	「lumbricus」

「Oligochaeta」

Lumbricus terrestris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Class:	Clitellata
Subclass:	Oligochaeta
Order:	Haplotaxida
Family:	Lumbricidae
Genus:	Lumbricus
Species:	L. terrestris
Binomial name
	Lumbricus terrestris; Linnaeus, 1758