Korsakoff syndrome

コルサコフ症候群

WordNet

1. a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
2. a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/12 09:42:28」(JST)

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Korsakoff Syndrome
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F10.6
ICD-9	291.1, 294.0
DiseasesDB	14107
MeSH	D020915

Korsakoff's syndrome (also called Korsakoff's dementia, Korsakoff's psychosis, or amnesic-confabulatory syndrome) is a neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B₁) in the brain. Its onset is linked to chronic alcohol abuse or severe malnutrition, or both. The syndrome is named after Sergei Korsakoff, a Russian neuropsychiatrist who discovered the syndrome during the late 19th century. The prevalence of Korsakoff's syndrome varies from country to country, but it is estimated to be suffered by between 0.8-3% of the population.

Signs and symptoms

There are six major symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome:

1. anterograde amnesia
2. retrograde amnesia, severe memory loss
3. confabulation, that is, invented memories which are then taken as true due to gaps in memory sometimes associated with blackouts
4. minimal content in conversation
5. lack of insight
6. apathy - the patients lose interest in things quickly and generally appear indifferent to change.

These symptoms are caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B₁). Thiamine is essential for the carboxylation of pyruvate and deficiency during this metabolic process is thought to cause damage to the medial thalamus and mammillary bodies of the posterior hypothalamus as well as generalized cerebral atrophy. These brain regions are all parts of the limbic system, which is heavily involved in emotion and memory.

When Wernicke's encephalopathy accompanies Korsakoff's syndrome, the combination is called the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff's is a continuum of Wernicke's encephalopathy, though a recognized episode of Wernicke's is not always obvious.

Korsakoff's involves neuronal loss (that is, damage to neurons), gliosis (which is a result of damage to supporting cells of the central nervous system), and hemorrhage or bleeding in mammillary bodies. Damage to the dorsomedial nucleus or anterior group of the thalamus (limbic-specific nuclei) is also associated with this disorder. Cortical dysfunction may have arisen from one or more of thiamine deficiency, alcohol neurotoxicity, and structural damage in the diencephalon.

Originally, it was thought that a lack of initiative and a flat affect were important characteristics of the syndrome. Studies have questioned this, proposing that flat affect is not necessarily a symptom of Korsakoff's. Research suggesting that Korsakoff patients are emotionally unimpaired has made this a controversial topic. It can be argued that apathy—which usually characterizes Korsakoff patients—reflects a deficit of emotional expressions, without affecting the experience or perception of emotion.

Korsakoff's syndrome causes deficits in declarative memory in most patients, but keeps implicit spatial, verbal, and procedural memory functioning intact. People who have Korsakoff's syndrome have deficits in the processing of contextual information. Context memories refers to the where and when of experiences and is an essential part of recollection. The ability to store and retrieve this information—such as spatial location or temporal order information—is impaired. Research has also suggested that Korsakoff patients have impaired executive functions, which can lead to behavioral problems and interfere with daily activities. However, it is unclear which executive functions are affected most, and IQ is usually not affected by the brain damage associated with Korsakoff's syndrome.

At first, it was thought that Korsakoff patients used confabulation to fill in memory gaps. However, it has been found that confabulation and amnesia do not necessarily co-occur. Studies have shown that there is dissociation between provoked confabulation, spontaneous confabulation (which is unprovoked), and false memories; that is, patients could be led to believe certain things that haven't happened, just like people without Korsakoff's syndrome.

Causes

Conditions resulting in the vitamin deficiency and its effects include chronic alcoholism and severe malnutrition. Alcoholism may be an indicator of poor nutrition, which—in addition to inflammation of the stomach lining—causes thiamine deficiency. Other causes include dietary deficiencies, prolonged vomiting, eating disorders, or the effects of chemotherapy. It can also occur in pregnant women who have a form of extreme morning sickness known as hyperemesis gravidarum. Mercury poisoning can also lead to Korsakoff's syndrome. It has also been caused by centipede (mukade) bites in Japan. Though not always, this disorder frequently can emerge as a consequential result of Wernicke's encephalopathy.

PET scans show that there is a decrease of glucose metabolism in the frontal, parietal, and cingulated regions of the brain in Korsakoff patients. This may contribute to memory loss or amnesia. Structural neuroimaging has also shown the presence of midline diencephalic lesions and cortical atrophy.

Structural lesions of the central nervous system—though rare—can also contribute to symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome. Severe damage to the medial dorsal nucleus inevitably results in memory deficit. Additionally, autopsies of patients with Korsakoff have shown lesions in both the midline and anterior thalamus and thalamic infarctions. Bilateral infarctions to the thalamus can result in Korsakoff-induced amnesia as well. These findings imply that damage to anterior thalamic nuclei can result in disruptive memory.

Risk factors

A number of factors may increase a person's risk of developing Korsakoff's syndrome. These factors are often related to patients' general health and their food-intake habits.

• Chemotherapy
• Dialysis
• Extreme dieting
• Age
• Genetic factors

Treatment

It was once assumed that anyone suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would eventually need full-time care. This is still often the case, but rehabilitation can help regain some—often limited—level of independence. Treatment involves the replacement or supplementation of thiamine by intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injection, together with proper nutrition and hydration. However, the amnesia and brain damage caused by the disease does not always respond to thiamine replacement therapy. In some cases, drug therapy is recommended. Treatment of the patient requires taking thiamine orally for 3 to 12 months, though only about 20 percent of the cases are reversible. If treatment is successful, improvement will become apparent within two years, although recovery is slow and often incomplete.

As an immediate form of treatment, a pairing of IV or IM with a high concentration of B-complex vitamins can be administered three times daily for period of 2–3 days. In most cases, an effective response from patients will be observed. A dose of 1 gram of thiamine can also be administered to achieve a clinical response. In patients who are seriously malnourished, the sudden availability of glucose without proper bodily levels of thiamine to metabolize is thought to cause damage to cells. Thus, the administration of thiamine along with an intravenous form of glucose is often good practice.

Treatment for the memory aspect of Korsakoff’s syndrome can also include domain-specific learning, which when used for rehabilitation is called the method of vanishing cues. Such treatments aim to use patients' intact memory processes as the basis for rehabilitation. Patients who used the method of vanishing cues in therapy were found to learn and retain information more easily.

People diagnosed with Korsakoff's are reported to have a normal life expectancy, presuming that they abstain from alcohol. Empirical research has suggested that good health practices have beneficial effects.

Prevention

The most effective method of preventing Korsakoff's syndrome is to avoid B vitamin/thiamine deficiency. In Western nations, the most common causes of such a deficiency are alcoholism and weight disorders. Because these are behavioral-induced causes, Korsakoff syndrome is essentially considered a preventable disease. Thus, fortifying foods with thiamine, or requiring companies that sell alcoholic beverages to supplement them with B vitamin/thiamine, would avert many cases of Korsakoff's syndrome.

Case studies

A famous case study is recounted by Oliver Sacks in "The Lost Mariner" and "A Matter of Identity", which can be found in The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Other cases include German entertainer Harald Juhnke, artist Charles Blackman, and entertainer Graham Kennedy.

In a case of a non-alcoholic 63-year old man with severe right hippocampal hemorrhaging, neuropsychological assessments showed that he displayed severe anterograde amnesia, loss of recall, impaired recognition, and overall disorientation. He knew his birthday and could recall genuine memories of his childhood, but consistently asked about his parents who had died 25 years ago. Thalamic damage is thought to have been the trigger for the amnestic syndrome.

See also

• Alcoholic dementia

• Alcoholism
• Beriberi
• Dementia
• Malabsorption
• Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
• Wernicke's encephalopathy

References

External links

• The Merck Manual: Function And Dysfunction Of The Cerebral Lobes - Amnesias - Korsakoff's syndrome
• An Amnesic Patient With An Extraordinary Distorted Memory
• Monitoring an acute case for twelve years.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. アルコールの慢性神経学的合併症の概要 overview of the chronic neurologic complications of alcohol
• 2. ウェルニッケ脳症 wernickes encephalopathy
• 3. アルコール依存における栄養状態 nutritional status in alcohol dependence
• 4. 水溶性ビタミンの概要 overview of water soluble vitamins
• 5. 成人における精神状態検査 the mental status examination in adults

English Journal

• Could thiamine pyrophosphate be a regulator of the nitric oxide synthesis in the endothelial cell of diabetic patients?

• Alcazar-Leyva S, Alvarado-Vasquez N.
• Medical hypotheses.2011 May;76(5):629-31. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
• PMID 21288652

• Clinical and pathological features of alcohol-related brain damage.

• Zahr NM, Kaufman KL, Harper CG.
• Nature reviews. Neurology.2011 Apr 12. [Epub ahead of print]
• PMID 21487421

Japanese Journal

• チアミン欠乏によって生じる中枢神経障害 : Wernicke-Korsakoff症候群

• 荒木 彩,平嶋 浩子,車田 麻美,濱田 俊
• ビタミン 84(11), 510-516, 2010-11-25
• … In humans, a clinical syndrome based on the brain damage induced by thiamin deficiency is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). …
• NAID 110007989341

• Reversible Alcohol-related Dementia: A Five-year Follow-up Study Using FDG-PET and Neuropsychological Tests

• Asada Tomohiko,Takaya Shigetoshi,Takayama Yoshihiro,Yamauchi Hiroshi,Hashikawa Kazuo,Fukuyama Hidenao
• Internal Medicine 49(4), 283-287, 2010
• Objective As the pathophysiology of alcohol-related dementia (ARD) is unclear, we examined a patient with reversible ARD using neuropsychological tests and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tom …
• NAID 130000152610

Related Links

• Korsakoff's syndrome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Korsakoff's syndrome (also called Korsakoff's dementia, Korsakov's syndrome, Korsakoff's psychosis, or amnesic-confabulatory syndrome), is a neurological disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. Its onset is linked to ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「コルサコフ症候群」
拡張検索	「Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome」
関連記事	「syndrome」

「コルサコフ症候群」

　　[★]

英

Korsakoff syndrome, Korsakov syndrome？

同

Korsakoff症候群

コルサコフ精神病 Korsakoff精神病 Korsakoff's psychosis Korsakov psychosis。コルサコフ症状群

健忘作話症候群 amnesia-confabulatory syndrome、健忘症状群 amnestic syndrome

関

概念

• 三徴：失見当識(disorientation)、近時記憶障害(recent memory disturbance)、作話(confabulation)

頭文字をとって　Dr.C...

• 四徴：失見当識(disorientation)、近時記憶障害(recent memory disturbance)、作話(confabulation)、(逆行健忘)健忘(amnesia)

病因

• 両側の乳頭体の障害

• 典型的にはビタミンB1欠乏症に合併するウェルニッケ脳症が原因であるが、続発性のものがある。
• 続発症(頭部外傷、脳腫瘍、脳炎、CO中毒、老年認知症)

コルサコフ症候群

• 英語なので、聞き取れなければ作話かどうかわかりません。

<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDcyBXJAZNM</youtube>

国試

• 097G083

「Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome」

　　[★] ウェルニッケ・コルサコフ症候群

「syndrome」

　　[★]

• n.

• 症候群