関: black-legged tick、deer tick、hard tick、Ixodes、Ixodes dammini、Ixodes persulcatus、Ixodes ricinus、Ixodidae

WordNet

hard ticks (同)family Ixodidae
relating to or near the shoulder blade
garment consisting of a long wide piece of woolen cloth worn over the shoulders with an opening for the head; part of a monastic habit (同)scapulary
a feather covering the shoulder of a bird
type genus of the family Ixodidae (同)genus Ixodes

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/05/22 23:08:57」(JST)

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This article is about the tick. For the band, see Deer Tick (band).

Ixodes scapularis is commonly known as the deer tick or blacklegged tick (although some people reserve the latter term for Ixodes pacificus, which is found on the West Coast of the USA), and in some parts of the USA as the bear tick^[1]. It is a hard-bodied tick (family Ixodidae) of the eastern and northern Midwestern United States. It is a vector for several diseases of animals, including humans (Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, etc) and is known as the deer tick due to its habit of parasitizing the white-tailed deer.

Deer tick

Description

Engorged deer tick

The image shown at the upper right—and in fact, most images of Ixodes scapularis that are commonly available—show an adult that is unengorged, that is, an adult that has not had a blood meal. This is natural, since the ticks are generally removed immediately upon discovery to minimize the chance of disease. However, the abdomen that holds blood is so much larger when engorged and looks so different from the rest of the tick that it would be easy to assume that an engorged specimen of Ixodes scapularis is an entirely different tick (see photo at left).

When the deer tick has consumed a blood meal its abdomen will be a light grayish-blue color, whereas the tick itself is chiefly black. In identifying an engorged tick it is helpful to concentrate on the legs and upper part of the body.

Behavior

I. scapularis has a two-year life cycle, during which time it passes through three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. The tick must take a blood meal at each stage before maturing to the next. Deer tick females latch onto a host and drink its blood for four to five days. After it is engorged, the tick drops off and overwinters in the leaf litter of the forest floor. The following spring, the female lays several hundred to a few thousand eggs in clusters.^[2] Transtadial (between tick stages) passage of Borrelia burgdorferi is common. Vertical passage (from mother to egg) of Borrelia is uncommon.

Ticks are very hardy creatures and I. scapularis is no exception. Expect them to be active even after a moderate to severe frost, as daytime temperatures can warm them enough to keep them actively searching for a host. In the spring, they can be one of the first invertebrates to become active. Deer ticks can be quite numerous and seemingly gregarious in areas where they are found.

As disease vector

Deer tick

Ixodes scapularis is the main vector of Lyme disease in North America.^[3] It can also transmit other Borrelia species, including Borrelia miyamotoi.^[4]

Ixodes ticks also can transmit Ehrlichia, a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that is responsible for Ehrlichiosis.

Ticks that transmit Borrelia burgdorferi to humans can also carry and transmit several other parasites, such as Theileria microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which cause the diseases babesiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively.^[5] Among early Lyme disease patients, depending on their location, 2%–12% will also have HGA and 2%–40% will have babesiosis.^[6]

Co-infections complicate Lyme symptoms, especially diagnosis and treatment. It is possible for a tick to carry and transmit one of the co-infections and not Borrelia, making diagnosis difficult and often elusive. The Centers for Disease Control's emerging infectious diseases department did a study in rural New Jersey of 100 ticks, and found 55% of the ticks were infected with at least one of the pathogens.^[7]

References

^ Drummond, Roger (2004). Ticks and What You Can Do about Them (3rd ed.). Berkeley, California: Wilderness Press. pp. 23. ISBN 0-89997-353-1.
^ Suzuki, David; Grady, Wayne (2004). Tree: A Life Story. Vancouver: Greystone Books. pp. 110. ISBN 1-55365-126-X.
^ Brownstein, John S.; Holford, Theodore R.; Fish, Durland (2005). "Effect of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Risk in North America". EcoHealth 2 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1007/s10393-004-0139-x. PMC 2582486. PMID 19008966. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2582486.
^ McNeil, Donald (19 September 2011). "New Tick-Borne Disease Is Discovered" (in English). The New York Times: pp. D6. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/health/20tick.html. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
^ Steere AC (July 2001). "Lyme disease". New England Journal of Medicine 345 (2): 115–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM200107123450207. PMID 11450660.
^ G. P. Wormser (June 2006). "Clinical practice. Early Lyme disease". New England Journal of Medicine 354 (26): 2794–801. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp061181. PMID 16807416.
^ Varde S, Beckley J, Schwartz I (1998). "Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a rural New Jersey County". Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 (1): 97–99. doi:10.3201/eid0401.980113. PMC 2627663. PMID 9452402. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no1/varde.htm.

External links

Information on Tick-Related Health Threats and Deer Tick Fact Sheet from the National Pest Management Association
blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Ixodes scapularis, black-legged tick, deer tick overview as a vector for Lyme disease, developmental stages at MetaPathogen
Ixodes scapularis genome sequence at VectorBase

Please read to protect yourself from Deer ticks that may cause Lyme disease. http://www.mass.gov/Eeohhs2/docs/dph/cdc/factsheets/lyme.pdf

UpToDate Contents

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1. ライム病疑いのあるダニ咬傷の評価 evaluation of a tick bite for possible lyme disease
2. ライム病の疫学 epidemiology of lyme disease
3. ヒトエーリキア症およびアナプラズマ症 human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
4. ライム病の予防 prevention of lyme disease
5. バベシア症の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of babesiosis

English Journal

Isolation of canine Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from clinical blood samples using the Ixodes ricinus cell line IRE/CTVM20.

Dyachenko V, Geiger C, Pantchev N, Majzoub M, Bell-Sakyi L, Krupka I, Straubinger RK.SourceInstitute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department for Veterinary Sciences, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: v.dyachenko@lmu.de.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2013 Mar 23;162(2-4):980-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.021. Epub 2012 Oct 26.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular tick-borne rickettsial pathogen, which causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in various species of livestock and companion animals and also in humans. Previously A. phagocytophilum has been isolated and propagated in cell lines derived from the tick Ixodes sc
PMID 23146170

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks: Comparison of Prevalences and Partial 16S rRNA Gene Variants in Urban, Pasture, and Natural Habitats.

Overzier E, Pfister K, Thiel C, Herb I, Mahling M, Silaghi C.SourceComparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2013 Mar;79(5):1730-4. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03300-12. Epub 2012 Dec 21.
Urban, natural, and pasture areas were investigated for prevalences and 16S rRNA gene variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks. The prevalences differed significantly between habitat types, and year-to-year variations in prevalence and habitat-dependent occurrence of 16
PMID 23263964

Japanese Journal

Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of sialostatin L, a salivary cystatin from the tick Ixodes scapularis

KOTSYFAKIS M.
J. Biol. Chem. 281, 26298-26307, 2006
NAID 80018935098

マダニIxodes scapularisに共生するCFB細菌の増殖によって発現量に影響を受ける宿主細胞遺伝子の探索(第13回日本ダニ学会大会講演要旨)

中村有希,加藤康仁,Kurtti T. J.,今西重雄,三田和英,後藤哲雄,野田博明
日本ダニ学会誌 14(1), 43-44, 2005-05-25
NAID 110001379247

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「シカダニ」「Ixodidae」「Ixodes persulcatus」「Ixodes ricinus」「black-legged tick」
関連記事	「Ixodes」「scapular」

「シカダニ」

Ixodes scapularis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Arachnida
Subclass:	Acari
Superorder:	Parasitiformes
Order:	Ixodida
Family:	Ixodidae
Genus:	Ixodes
Species:	I. scapularis
Binomial name
	Ixodes scapularis; Say, 1821