Israelite

　 　

WordNet

1. a native or inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel
2. of or relating to or characteristic of Israel or its people
3. a native or inhabitant of Israel

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (古代の)イスラエル人,ユダヤ人
2. (現在の)イスラエル人

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/14 23:27:59」(JST)

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For citizens of the modern State of Israel, see Israelis. For other uses of "Israelite", see Israelites (disambiguation)

"Twelve Tribes of Israel" redirects here. For the Rastafari Mansion (branch), see Twelve Tribes of Israel (Rastafari).

Map of the twelve tribes of Israel

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The Israelites (בני ישראל, Standard: Bnai Yisraʾel; Tiberian: Bnai Yiśrāʾēl; ISO 259-3 (Arabic: بني اسرائيل Bani Isra'il): Bnai Yiśraʾel, translated as "Children of Israel" or "Sons of Israel") were a Semitic Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th to 6th centuries BCE).

Mosaic of the 12 Tribes of Israel. From a synagogue wall in Jerusalem.

The biblical term "Israelites", also known as the "Twelve Tribes" or "Children of Israel", means both the direct descendants of the patriarch Jacob as well as the historical populations of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. In the post-exilic period, beginning in the 5th century BCE, the two known remnants of the Israelite tribes came to be referred to as Jews and Samaritans, inhabiting the territories of Judea and Galilee, and Samaria respectively.

The Jews, which includes the tribes of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and partially Levi, are named after the southern Israelite Kingdom of Judah. This shift of ethnonym from "Israelites" to "Jews", although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. The Samaritans, whose religious texts consists of the five books of the Samaritan Torah (but which does not contain the books comprising the Jewish Tanakh), do not refer to themselves as Jews, although they do regard themselves to be Israelites, as per the Torah.

The Kingdom of Samaria contained the remaining ten tribes, but following the Samaria's conquest by Assyria, these were allegedly dispersed and lost to history, and henceforth known as the Ten Lost Tribes. Jewish tradition holds that Samaria is named so because the region's mountainous terrain was used to keep "Guard" (Shamer) for incoming enemy attack. According to Samaritan tradition, however, the Samaritan ethnonym is not derived from the region of Samaria, but from the fact that they were the "Guardians" (Shamerim) of the true Israelite religion. Thus, according to Samaritan tradition, the region was named Samaria after them, not vice versa. In Jewish Hebrew, the Samaritans are called Shomronim, while in Samaritan Hebrew they call themselves Shamerim.

The Samaritans, which includes the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, are named after the Israelite Kingdom of Samaria, but the Jews, until modern times, contested that assertion, and deemed them to have been conquered foreigners who were settled in the Land of Israel by the Assyrians, as was the typical Assyrian policy to obliterate national identities. Among Jews, the dispute was as to whether or not Samaritans, having been deemed foreign converts, were valid converts. Eventually it was determined that they were not. Today, Jews and Samaritans both recognize each other as communities with an authentic Israelite origin. The government of Israel officially deemed Samaritans to be part of the Jewish people and granted them the right to make Aliyah under the law of return during the presidency of Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, who founded the Yad Ben-Zvi institute in part to do research on Samaritan studies.

The terms "Jews" and "Samaritans" largely replaced the title "Children of Israel" as the common used ethnonym for each respective community.

In Judaism, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious group, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites. Samaritans commonly refer to themselves and Jews collectively as Israelites, and describe themselves as the Israelite Samaritans.

Etymology

The Merneptah stele. While alternative translations exist, the majority of biblical archaeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel", representing the first instance of the name Israel in the historical record.

The word "Israelite" comes from Greek Ισραηλίτες and derives from the Biblical Hebrew word "Yisrael"(יִשְׂרָאֵל). The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, in an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not".

The eponymous biblical patriarch of the Israelites is Jacob, who, according to the Bible, wrestled with God who gave him a blessing and renamed him "Israel" because he had "striven with God and with men, and have prevailed". (Genesis 32:24-32) The Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from yisra "to prevail over" or "to struggle/wrestle with", and el, "God, the divine". The name Hebrews is sometimes used synonymously with "Israelites".

Terminology

See also: Hebrews

According to the Hebrew Bible, prior to a meeting with his brother Esau, the biblical patriarch Jacob wrestles an angel on the shores of the Jabbok river and is given the name Israel. Throughout the rest of the Torah, Jacob is referred to at times as both Jacob and Israel.

In modern Hebrew, B'nei Yisrael ("Children of Israel") can denote the Jewish people at any time in history; it is typically used to emphasize Jewish religious identity. From the period of the Mishna (but probably used before that period) the term Yisrael ("an Israel") acquired an additional narrower meaning of Jews of legitimate birth other than Levites and Aaronite priests (kohanim). In modern Hebrew this contrasts with the term Yisraeli (English "Israeli"), a citizen of the modern State of Israel, regardless of religion or ethnicity.

The term Hebrew has Eber as an eponymous ancestor. It is used synonymously with "Israelites", or as an ethnolinguistic term for historical speakers of the Hebrew language in general.

The Greek term Ioudaios (Jews) historically refers to a member of the tribe of Judah, which formed the nucleus of the kingdom of Judah.

Historical Israelites

Map of the united Kingdom of Israel

The prevailing opinion today is that the Israelites, who eventually evolved into the modern Jews and Samaritans, are an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanites who had resided in the area since the 8th millennium BCE. The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the period archaeologists and historians call Iron Age I, in an inscription of the Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not". The hieroglyph accompanying the name "Israel" indicates that it refers to a people, most probably located in the highlands of Samaria. Over the next two hundred years (the period of Iron Age I) the number of highland villages increased from 25 to over 300 and the settled population doubled to 40,000. There is general agreement that the majority of the population living in these villages was of Canaanite origin. By the 10th century BCE a rudimentary state had emerged in the north-central highlands, and in the 9th century this became a kingdom. The kingdom was sometimes called Israel by its neighbours, but more frequently it was known as the "House (or Land) of Omri." Settlement in the southern highlands was minimal from the 12th through the 10th centuries BCE, but a state began to emerge there in the 9th century, and from 850 BCE onwards a series of inscriptions are evidence of a kingdom which its neighbours refer to as the "House of David."

Map of the northern Kingdom of Samaria (Israel) and the southern Kingdom of Judah

While the scholarly consensus has been that Jews are descended from the southern Kingdom of Judah, until the 20th century there was no consensus on the origin of the Samaritans, or the fate of the northern Israelite kingdom. Today the prevailing opinion is that Jews and Samaritans, as well as population segments of other ethnic groups including the Bene Israel of India, and Palestinian Arabs, are the authentic remnants of Israelite populations. Jewish religious scholars often citied the assertion that Samaritans were foreigners sent from Assyria to repopulate Samaria. With the advent of modern archeology it is now known that Sargon II of Assyria, according to Assyrian records only exiled 27,290 people of the Kingdom of Samaria, mostly from the aristocracy, the monarchy, and the priesthood. The majority of the Israelite inhabitants of Samaria were allowed to remain in the land. The 19th century discovery of the Paleo Hebrew script and the Gezer calendar demonstrated that the Samaritan Pentateuch is in fact preserved in an ancient variant of the pre-exilic Hebrew script seen in artifacts such as the Siloam inscription, lending further credence to the authentic Israelite origin of the Samaritans, independent of the Jews. Recent genetic testing has shown that Jews and Samaritans, as well as the previously mentioned ethnic groups, share a unique Y-DNA signature that can be identified as variants of the Cohen Modal Haplotype, strongly indicating a common paternal lineage from a single recent Semitic male ancestor.

After the destruction of the Israelite kingdoms of Judah and Samaria in 586 BCE and 720 BCE respectively, the terms Jew and Samaritan gradually replaced Judean and Israelite. When the Jews returned from the Babylonian captivity, the Hasmonean kingdom was established in present day Israel, consisting of three regions which were Judea, Samaria, and the Galilee. In the pre-exilic first Temple period the political power of Judea was concentrated within the tribe of Judah, Samaria was dominated by the tribe of Ephraim and the House of Joseph, while the Galilee was associated with the most eminent tribe of northern Israel, the tribe of Naphtali. At the time of the Kingdom of Samaria, the Galilee was populated by northern tribes of Israel, but following the Babylonian exile the region became Jewish. During the second Temple period relations between the Jews and Samaritans remained tense. In 120 BCE the Hasmonean Jewish king Yohanan Hyrcanos I destroyed the Samaritan temple on mount Gerizim, due to the resentment between the two groups over a disagreement of whether mount Moriah in Jerusalem or mount Gerizim in Shechem was the actual site of the Aqedah, and the chosen place for the Holy Temple, a source of contention that had been growing since the two houses of the former united monarchy first spit asunder in 930 BCE and which had finally exploded into warfare.190 years after the destruction of the Samaritan Temple and the surrounding area of Shechem, the Roman emperor Titus launched a military campaign to crush the Jewish revolt of 66 CE, which resulted in the destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, and the subsequent exile of Jews from Judea and the Galilee in 135 CE following the Bar Kochba revolt.

Biblical Israelites

Tribes of Israel
The Tribes
Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Issachar Zebulun Joseph Manasseh Ephraim Benjamin
Related topics
Israelites Tribal allotments Ten Lost Tribes

The Israelite story begins with some of the culture heroes of the Jewish people, the Patriarchs. The Torah traces the Israelites to the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham, who was renamed Israel after a mysterious incident in which he wrestles all night with God or an angel. Jacob's twelve sons (in order of birth), Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin, become the ancestors of twelve tribes, with the exception of Joseph, whose two sons Mannasseh and Ephraim, who were adopted by Jacob, become tribal eponyms (Genesis 48).

The mothers of Jacob's sons are:

• Leah: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun
• Rachel: Joseph, Benjamin
• Bilhah (Rachel's maid): Dan, Naphtali
• Zilpah (Leah's maid): Gad, Asher (Genesis 35:22–26)

Jacob and his sons are forced by famine to go down into Egypt, although Joseph was already there, as he had been sold into slavery while young. When they arrive they and their families are 70 in number, but within four generations they have increased to 600,000 men of fighting age, and the Pharaoh of Egypt, alarmed, first enslaves them and then orders the death of all male Hebrew children. The god of Israel reveals his name to Moses, a Hebrew of the line of Levi; Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage and into the desert, where God gives them their laws and the Israelites agree to become his people. Nevertheless, the Israelites lack complete faith in God, and the generation which left Egypt is not permitted to enter the Promised Land. Those events are memorialized in the Jewish and Samaritan holiday of Passover, as well as the Jewish holiday of Shavuot.

Following the death of the generation of Moses a new generation, led by Joshua, enters Canaan and takes possession of the land in accordance with the promise made to Abraham by God. Eventually the Israelites ask for a king, and God gives them Saul. David, the youngest (divinely favored) son of Jesse of Bethlehem would succeed Saul. Under David the Israelites establish the kingdom of God, and under David's son Solomon they build the Temple where God takes his earthly dwelling among them. On his death and reign of his son, Rehoboam, the kingdom is divided in two.

The kings of the northern kingdom of Israel are uniformly bad, permitting the worship of other gods and failing to enforce the worship of God alone, and so God eventually allows them to be conquered and dispersed among the peoples of the earth; in their place strangers settle the northern land. In Judah some kings are good and enforce the worship of God alone, but many are bad and permit other gods, even in the Temple itself, and at length God allows Judah to fall to her enemies, the people taken into captivity in Babylon, the land left empty and desolate, and the Temple itself destroyed.

Yet despite these events God does not forget his people, but sends Cyrus, king of Persia to deliver them from bondage. The Israelites are allowed to return to Judah and Benjamin, the Temple is rebuilt, the priestly orders restored, and the service of sacrifice resumed. Through the offices of the sage Ezra, Israel is constituted as a holy community, bound by the Law and holding itself apart from all other peoples.

See also

• Bani Isra'il
• Hebrew Bible
• Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites
• Ishmaelites
• Israeli Jews
• Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
• Lachish relief
• Tribal allotments of Israel
• Who is a Jew?

References

Bibliography

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English Journal

• Cytokine Dosage in Fresh and Preserved Human Amniotic Membrane.

• Bomfim Pereira MG1, Pereira Gomes JA, Rizzo LV, Cristovam PC, Silveira LC.
• Cornea.Cornea.2015 Nov 6. [Epub ahead of print]
• PURPOSE: To evaluate cytokine concentrations in amniotic membrane (AM) preserved in different preservation media, temperatures, and times and to compare them with those in fresh AM.METHODS: Placentas were harvested from 8 women undergoing cesarean delivery, with each then divided into 17 pieces for
• PMID 26555581

• The clinical and dermoscopic features of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma depend on the histopathological grade of differentiation.

• Lallas A1, Pyne J2, Kyrgidis A1, Andreani S3, Argenziano G1, Cavaller A4, Giacomel J5, Longo C1, Malvestiti A6, Moscarella E1, Piana S7, Specchio F8, Hofmann-Wellenhof R9, Zalaudek I9.
• The British journal of dermatology.Br J Dermatol.2015 May;172(5):1308-15. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13510. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
• BACKGROUND: Little is known about the variability of the dermoscopic criteria of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) according to the histopathological differentiation grade.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether specific dermoscopic criteria can predict the diagnosis of poorly differentiated SCC compared with w
• PMID 25363081

• An evaluation of the protective effect of an infusion of chilled glucose solution on thermal injury of the bile ducts caused by radiofrequency ablation of the liver.

• Talasso MS1, Lanzoni V2, Goldenberg A3, Garcia RG4, Moura-Franco RM3, Fernandes OO5, Mesquita Rde S3, Carlotto JR3, Matos D3, Lopes-Filho Gde J3, Linhares MM3.
• Acta cirúrgica brasileira / Sociedade Brasileira para Desenvolvimento Pesquisa em Cirurgia.Acta Cir Bras.2015 Jan;30(1):34-45. doi: 10.1590/S0102-86502015001000005.
• PURPOSE: To evaluate the protective effects of chilling the bile ducts with cold (5°C) 5% glucose solution (GS) during radiofrequency (RF) administration.METHODS: Twenty male pigs (3 mos. old; 25-30 kg) were subjected to RF delivery with chilling (experimental group, N=10) or without chilling (cont
• PMID 25627269

Japanese Journal

• ユダヤ人ネットワークの実像と虚像 : 「世界イスラエル連合」から『シオンの賢者の議定書』へ (2015年度大会)

• 東欧史研究 = The Journal of East European studies (38), 73-79, 2016-03
• NAID 40020784413

• 「ルツ記」の歴史的意義について : イスラエル人ボアズとモアブ人ルツとの婚姻を中心にして

• ナマール = נמל = Port : 港 (20), 39-53, 2015
• NAID 40020696512

• ナチ支配下ウィーンのユダヤ人移住におけるウィーン・モデルとゲマインデ

• ユダヤ・イスラエル研究 = Studies on Jewish life and culture (28), 24-34, 2014-12
• NAID 40020317349

Related Links

• Israelite - definition of Israelite by The Free Dictionary

The poor Israelite seemed so staggered by the address of the military monk, that the Templar had passed on to the extremity of the hall ere he raised his head from the humble posture which he had assumed, so far as to be sensible ...

• Israelite - Wiktionary

Adjective [] Israelite (not comparable) Of or pertaining to the ancient nation(s) of Israel or the inhabitants thereof. (rare, chiefly in Protestantism) Of or pertaining to the descendants of the patriarch Jacob. Usage notes [] ...

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