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〈U〉《the ~》《集合的に》(法律・法規を総称して)『法』 / 〈U〉〈C〉(個々の)『法律』,法規 / 〈U〉法の[統制]力 / 〈U〉法律学 / 〈U〉弁護士[業] / 〈U〉《the law》警察[力],警官(police) / 〈U〉法の適用(発動);訴訟(legal action) / 〈C〉(科学・芸術などでの)法則,きまり / 〈C〉〈U〉(一般に従うべき)おきて,ならわし,規則
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/11 09:28:09」(JST)

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The Imbert-Fick "law" was invented by Hans Goldmann (1899–1991) to give his newly marketed tonometer (with the help of the Haag-Streit Company) a quasi-scientific basis; it is mentioned in the ophthalmic and optometric literature, but not in any books of physics. According to Goldmann,^[1] "The law states that the pressure in a sphere filled with liquid and surrounded by an infinitely thin membrane is measured by the counterpressure which just flattens the membrane." "The law presupposes that the membrane is without thickness and without rigidity...practically without any extensibility."

The problem is that a sphere formed by such a membrane and filled with incompressible liquid (water) cannot be indented or applanated even when the pressure inside is zero, because a sphere contains the maximum volume with the minimum surface area.^[2]^[3] Any deformation necessarily increases surface area, which is impossible if the membrane is inelastic, such as aluminum foil.

The actual physical basis of tonometry is Newton's third law of motion: "If you press a stone eyeball with your finger, the finger is also pressed by the stone eyeball."

The law is this: Intraocular pressure = Contact force/Area of contact

The law assumes that the cornea is infinitely thin, perfectly elastic, and perfectly flexible.^[4] None of these assumptions are true. The cornea is a membrane that has thickness and offers resistance when pressed.^[5] Therefore, in Goldmann tonometry, readings are normally taken when an area of 3.06mm has been flattened. At this point the opposing forces of corneal rigidity and the tear film are roughly approximate in a normal cornea and cancel each other out allowing the pressure in the eye to be inferred from the force applied.^[6]

Notes

^ Goldmann H. Applanation Tonometry. Transactions Second Glaucoma Conference. New York, Josiah Macy, Jr Foundation. 1957.
^ Koster W. Beitraege zur Tonometrie und Mnometrie des Auges. Graefe's Arch.Ophthalmol. 1895; 41: 113-158.
^ Markiewitz HH. The so-called Imbert-Fick Law. AMA Arch.Ophthalmol. 1960; 64: 189/159.
^ Whitacre, MM, Stein, R. (1993) Sources of error with use of Goldmann-type tonometers Surv Ophthalmol 38,1-30
^ Anders Eklund, Per Hallberg, Christina Lindén, and Olof A. Lindahl. (2003) An Applanation Resonator Sensor for Measuring Intraocular Pressure Using Combined Continuous Force and Area Measurement
^ The Glaucoma Book, Paul N. Schacknow, John R. Samples, p.79

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English Journal

Evaluating the material parameters of the human cornea in a numerical model.

Sródka W.SourceDeformable Body Mechanics Faculty Unit, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland. wieslaw.srodka@pwr.wroc.pl
Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics / Wrocław University of Technology.Acta Bioeng Biomech.2011;13(3):77-85.
PURPOSE: The values of the biomechanical human eyeball model parameters reported in the literature are still being disputed. The primary motivation behind this work was to predict the material parameters of the cornea through numerical simulations and to assess the applicability of the ubiquitously
PMID 22098299

Goldmann applanation tonometry - not as good as gold.

Sródka W.SourceDeformable Body Mechanics Faculty Unit, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland. wieslaw.srodka@pwr.wroc.pl
Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics / Wrocław University of Technology.Acta Bioeng Biomech.2010;12(2):39-47.
A thesis that linear mechanics does not apply to the analysis of cornea load during Goldmann applanation tonometry measurement and that the concept of surface tension in the lacrimal fluid is an ineffective attempt at circumventing the associated problems is put forward. The fundamental problem emer
PMID 20882940