関: Hypericum、St. John's wort

WordNet

large almost cosmopolitan genus of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and herbs with often showy yellow flowers; cosmopolitan except tropical lowlands and Arctic or high altitudes and desert regions (同)genus Hypericum

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/11/18 01:47:36」(JST)

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Hypericum perforatum, known as perforate St John's-wort,^[1] common Saint John's wort and St John's wort,^{[note 1]} is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. Although used as a medicinal herb with possible antidepressant activity, high-quality clinical evidence for such effects are still debated. A multitude of randomized controlled clinical trials and meta-analyses demonstrated that H. perforatum extracts are more effective than placebo in the acute treatment of depressive disorders and similarly effective as standard antidepressants^[3] however, no H. perforatum drug has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.^[4] The plant is poisonous to livestock.^[5] The primary phytochemical constituents of St John's wort are hyperforin and hypericin.^[6]

1 Description
2 Taxonomy
- 2.1 Taxonomic history
- 2.2 Phylogeny
- 2.3 Etymology
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Ecology
- 4.1 Invasive species
5 Traditional medicine
6 Side effects
7 Interactions
- 7.1 Pharmacokinetics
8 In vitro research and phytochemicals
9 Livestock
- 9.1 Poisoning
  - 9.1.1 Diagnosis
  - 9.1.2 Photosensitisation
10 Chemistry
- 10.1 Detection in body fluids
- 10.2 Chemical constituents
11 Research
- 11.1 Antidepressant
- 11.2 Other
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links

Description

Translucent dots of glandular tissue on the leaves

Perforate St John's wort is a herbaceous perennial plant with extensive, creeping rhizomes. Its reddish stems are erect and branched in the upper section, and can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high. The stems are woody near their base and may appear jointed from leaf scars.^[7] The branches are typically clustered about a depressed base. It has opposite and stalkless leaves that are narrow and oblong in shape and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) long.^[8] Leaves borne on the branches subtend the shortened branchlets. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with scattered translucent dots of glandular tissue.^[9] The dots are conspicuous when held up to the light, giving the leaves the "perforated" appearance to which the plant's Latin name refers. The flowers measure up to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) across, have five petals and sepals, and are colored bright yellow with conspicuous black dots.^[10] The flowers appear in broad helicoid cymes at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer. The cymes are leafy and bear many flowers. The pointed sepals have black glandular dots. The many stamens are united at the base into three bundles. The pollen grains are ellipsoidal.^[2] The black and lustrous seeds are rough, netted with coarse grooves.^[11]

When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced.^[12]

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history

The specific epithet perforatum is Latin, referring to the perforated appearance of the plant's leaves.^[11]

Phylogeny

It is probable that Hypericum perforatum originated as a hybrid between two closely related species with subsequent doubling of chromosomes. One species is certainly a diploid a subspecies of Hypericum maculatum, either subspecies maculatum or immaculatum. Subspecies maculatum is similar in distribution and hybridizes easily with Hypericum perforatum, but subspecies immaculatum is more similar morphologically. The other parent is most likely Hypericum attenuatum as it possesses the features of Hypericum perforatum that Hypericum maculatum lacks. Though Hypericum maculatum is mostly western in its distribution across Eurasia and Hypericum attenuatum is mostly eastern, both species share distribution in Siberia, where hybridization likely took place. However, the subspecies immaculatum now only occurs in south-east Europe.^[13]

Etymology

The common name "St John's wort" may be used to refer to any species of the genus Hypericum. Therefore, Hypericum perforatum is sometimes called "common St John's wort" or "perforate St John's wort" to differentiate it.

St John's wort is named as such because it commonly flowers, blossoms and is harvested at the time of the summer solstice in late June, around St John's Feast Day on 24 June. The herb would be hung on house and stall doors on St John's Feast day to ward off evil spirits and to safeguard against harm and sickness to man and live-stock. The genus name Hypericum is possibly derived from the Greek words hyper (above) and eikon (picture), in reference to the tradition of hanging plants over religious icons in the home during St John's Day.

Distribution and habitat

Hypericum perforatum is native to temperate parts of Europe and Asia, but has spread to temperate regions worldwide as a cosmopolitan invasive weed.^[5]^[14] It was introduced to North America from Europe.^[15] The flower occurs in prairies, pastures, and disturbed fields. It prefers sandy soils.^[7]

Ecology

St John's wort reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. It thrives in areas with either a winter- or summer-dominant rainfall pattern; however, distribution is restricted by temperatures too low for seed germination or seedling survival.^[5] Altitudes greater than 1500 m, rainfall less than 500 mm, and a daily mean temperature greater than 24 °C are considered limiting thresholds. Depending on environmental and climatic conditions, and rosette age, St John's wort will alter growth form and habit to promote survival. Summer rains are particularly effective in allowing the plant to grow vegetatively, following defoliation by insects or grazing.^[16] The seeds can persist for decades in the soil seed bank, germinating following disturbance.^[17]

Invasive species

Although Hypericum perforatum is grown commercially in some regions of south east Europe, it is listed as a noxious weed in more than twenty countries and has introduced populations in South and North America, India, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa.^[5]^[17] In pastures, St John's wort acts as both a toxic and invasive weed. It replaces native plant communities and forage vegetation to the extent of making productive land nonviable^[18] or becoming an invasive species in natural habitats and ecosystems. Ingestion by livestock such as horses, sheep, and cattle can cause photosensitization, central nervous system depression, spontaneous abortion or death.^[18]^[19] Effective herbicides for control of Hypericum include 2,4-D, picloram, and glyphosate. In western North America three beetles Chrysolina quadrigemina, Chrysolina hyperici and Agrilus hyperici have been introduced as biocontrol agents.^[20]

Full plant
Seedlings
Fruit
Blossom

Traditional medicine

Common St. John's wort has long been used in herbalism and folk medicine.^[21] It was thought to have medical properties in classical antiquity and was a standard component of theriacs, from the Mithridate of Aulus Cornelius Celsus' De Medicina (ca. 30 CE) to the Venice treacle of d'Amsterdammer Apotheek in 1686. Folk usages included oily extract ("St. John's oil") and Hypericum snaps. Hypericum perforatum is a common species and is grown commercially for use in herbalism and traditional medicine.^[22]

The red, oily extract of H. perforatum has been used in the treatment of wounds for millennia, including by the Knights Hospitaller, the Order of St John, after battles in the Crusades, which is most likely where the name came from.^[23]^{[circular reference]}^[21]^[24] Both hypericin and hyperforin are under study for their potential antibiotic properties.^[25]

Side effects

St. John's wort may cause allergic reactions, and can interact in dangerous, sometimes life-threatening ways with a variety of prescribed medicines.^[4]^[21] St John's wort is generally well tolerated, but may cause gastrointestinal discomfort (such as nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and diarrhea), dizziness, confusion, fatigue, sedation, dry mouth, restlessness, and headache.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]

The organ systems associated with adverse drug reactions to St John's wort and fluoxetine (an SSRI) have a similar incidence profile;^[30] most of these reactions involve the central nervous system.^[30] St John's wort also decreases the levels of estrogens, such as estradiol, by accelerating its metabolism, and should not be taken by women on contraceptive pills.^[21] St John's wort may cause photosensitivity. This can lead to visual sensitivity to visible and ultraviolet light and to sunburns in situations that would not normally cause them.^[26]

Interactions

St. John's wort can interfere with the effects of many prescription medicines, including cyclosporine, digoxin, HIV drugs, cancer medications including irinotecan, and warfarin.^[21] Combining both St John's wort and antidepressants could lead to increased serotonin levels causing serotonin syndrome.^[31] It should not be taken with the heart medication, ranolazine.^[32] Combining estrogen containing oral contraceptives with St John's wort can lead to decreased efficacy of the contraceptive and, potentially, unplanned pregnancies.^[33] Consumption of St. John's wort is discouraged for those with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or dementia.^[4]

Pharmacokinetics

St John's wort has been shown to cause multiple drug interactions through induction of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. This drug-metabolizing enzyme induction results in the increased metabolism of certain drugs, leading to decreased plasma concentration and potential clinical effect.^[34] The principal constituents thought to be responsible are hyperforin and amentoflavone. There is strong evidence that the mechanism of action of these interactions is activation of the pregnane X receptor.^[35]

St John's wort has also been shown to cause drug interactions through the induction of the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter. Increased P-glycoprotein expression results in decreased absorption and increased clearance of certain drugs, leading to lower plasma concentrations and impaired clinical efficacy.^[36]

**Examples of drugs whose effectiveness may be reduced by St. John's wort**
Class	Drugs
Antiretrovirals	Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors
Benzodiazepines	Alprazolam, midazolam
Hormonal contraception	Combined oral contraceptives
Immunosuppressants	Calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine, tacrolimus
Antiarrhythmics	Amiodarone, flecainide, mexiletine
Beta-blockers	Metoprolol, carvedilol
Calcium channel blockers	Verapamil, diltiazem, amlodipine, pregabalin
Statins (cholesterol-reducing medications)	Lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin
Others	Digoxin, methadone, omeprazole, phenobarbital, theophylline, warfarin, levodopa, buprenorphine, irinotecan
Reference: Rossi, 2005; Micromedex

For a complete list, see CYP3A4 ligands and CYP2C9 ligands.

In vitro research and phytochemicals

St. John's wort, similarly to other herbs, contains different chemical constituents.^[37]^[38]^[39] Although St. John's wort is sold as a dietary supplement, there are no standardized manufacturing procedures, and some marketed products may be contaminated with metals, fillers or other impurities.^[4]

Comparison of selected chemical constituents of Hypericum perforatum^[37]^[40]

Compound	Conc.^[37] ^[41]^[42]	log P	PSA	pK_a	Formula	MW	CYP1A2 ^{[Note 1]}	CYP2C9 ^{[Note 2]}	CYP2D6 ^{[Note 3]}	CYP3A4 ^{[Note 4]}	PGP ^{[Note 5]}	t_1/2^[42] (h)	T_max^[42] (h)	C_max^[42] (mM)	C_SS^[42] (mM)	Notes/Biological activity^{[Note 6]}
Phloroglucinols (2-5%)
Adhyperforin	0.2-1.9	10-13	71.4	8.51	C₃₆H₅₄O₄	550.81	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Hyperforin	2-4.5	9.7-13	71.4	8.51	C₃₅H₅₂O₄	536.78	+	+/-	-	+	+	3.5-16	2.5-4.4	15-235	53.7	-
Naphthodianthrones (0.03-3%)
Hypericin	0.003-3	7.5-10	156	6.9±0.2	C₃₀H₁₆O₈	504.44	0	- (3.4 μM)	- (8.5 μM)	- (8.7 μM)	?	2.5-6.5	6-48	0.66-46	?	?
Pseudohypericin	0.2-0.23	6.7±1.8	176	7.16	C₃₀H₁₆O₉	520.44	?	?	?	?	?	24.8-25.4	3	1.4-16	0.6-10.8	-
Flavonoids (2-12%)
Amentoflavone	0.01-0.05	3.1-5.1	174	2.39	C₃₀H₁₈O₁₀	538.46	?	- (35 nM)	- (24.3 μM)	- (4.8 μM)	?	?	?	?	?	?
Apigenin	0.1-0.5	2.1±0.56	87	6.63	C₁₅H₁₀O₅	270.24	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Catechin	2-4	1.8±0.85	110	8.92	C₁₅H₁₄O₆	290.27	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Epigallocatechin	?	-0.5-1.5	131	8.67	C₁₅H₁₄O₆	290.27	?	?	?	?	?	1.7±0.4^a	1.3-1.6^a	?	?	?
Hyperoside	0.5-2	1.5±1.7	174	6.17	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂	464.38	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Kaempferol	?	2.1±0.6	107	6.44	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286.24	?	?	?	+/-	?	?	?	?	?	?
Luteolin	?	2.4±0.65	107	6.3	C₁₅H₁₀O₆	286.24	-	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Quercetin	2-4	2.2±1.5	127	6.44	C₁₅H₁₀O₇	302.24	- (7.5 μM) ^b	- (47 μM) ^b	- (24 μM) ^b	- (22 μM) ^b	-	20-72^c	8^c	?	?	?
Rutin	0.3-1.6	1.2±2.1	266	6.43	C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆	610.52	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Phenolic acids (~0.1%)
Caffeic acid	0.1	1.4±0.4	77.8	3.64	C₉H₈O₄	180.16	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	?	?	?
Chlorogenic acid	<0.1%	-0.36±0.43	165	3.33	C₁₆H₁₈O₉	354.31	0	0	0	0	?	?	?	?	?	?

**Acronyms and symbols**
Acronym/Symbol	Meaning
MW	Molecular weight in g•mol⁻¹.
PGP	P-glycoprotein
t_1/2	Elimination half-life in hours
T_max	Time to peak plasma concentration in hours
C_max	Peak plasma concentration in mM
C_SS	Steady state plasma concentration in mM
$\log {P}$	Partition coefficient.
PSA	Polar surface area of the molecule in question in square angstroms (Å²). Obtained from PubChem (the access date is 13 December 2013).
Conc.	These values pertain to the approximation concentration (in %) of the constituents in the fresh plant material
-	Indicates inhibition of the enzyme in question.
+	Indicates an inductive effect on the enzyme in question.
0	No effect on the enzyme in question.
5-HT	5-hydroxytryptamine — synonym for serotonin.
DA	Dopamine
NE	Norepinephrine
GABA	γ-aminobutyric acid
Glu	Glutamate
Gly	Glycine
Ch	Choline
^a	?
^b	?
^c	?

Notes:

^ In brackets is the IC₅₀/EC₅₀ value depending on whether it is an inhibitory or inductive action being exhibited, respectively.
^ As with last note
^ As with last note
^ As with last note
^ As with last note
^ Values given in brackets are IC₅₀/EC₅₀ depending on whether it's an inhibitory or inductive action the compound displays towards the biologic target in question. If it pertains to bacterial growth inhibition the value is MIC₅₀

Livestock

Poisoning

In large doses, St John's wort is poisonous to grazing livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, horses).^[18] Behavioural signs of poisoning are general restlessness and skin irritation. Restlessness is often indicated by pawing of the ground, headshaking, head rubbing, and occasional hindlimb weakness with knuckling over, panting, confusion, and depression. Mania and hyperactivity may also result, including running in circles until exhausted. Observations of thick wort infestations by Australian graziers include the appearance of circular patches giving hillsides a 'crop circle' appearance, it is presumed, from this phenomenon. Animals typically seek shade and have reduced appetite. Hypersensitivity to water has been noted, and convulsions may occur following a knock to the head. Although general aversion to water is noted, some may seek water for relief.

Severe skin irritation is physically apparent, with reddening of non-pigmented and unprotected areas. This subsequently leads to itch and rubbing, followed by further inflammation, exudation, and scab formation. Lesions and inflammation that occur are said to resemble the conditions seen in foot and mouth disease. Sheep have been observed to have face swelling, dermatitis, and wool falling off due to rubbing. Lactating animals may cease or have reduced milk production; pregnant animals may abort. Lesions on udders are often apparent. Horses may show signs of anorexia, depression (with a comatose state), dilated pupils, and injected conjunctiva.

Diagnosis

Increased respiration and heart rate is typically observed while one of the early signs of St John's wort poisoning is an abnormal increase in body temperature. Affected animals will lose weight, or fail to gain weight; young animals are more affected than old animals. In severe cases death may occur, as a direct result of starvation, or because of secondary disease or septicaemia of lesions. Some affected animals may accidentally drown. Poor performance of suckling lambs (pigmented and non-pigmented) has been noted, suggesting a reduction in the milk production, or the transmission of a toxin in the milk.

Photosensitisation

Most clinical signs in animals are caused by photosensitisation.^[43] Plants may induce either primary or secondary photosensitisation:

primary photosensitisation directly from chemicals contained in ingested plants
secondary photosensitisation from plant-associated damage to the liver.

Araya and Ford (1981) explored changes in liver function and concluded there was no evidence of Hypericum-related effect on the excretory capacity of the liver, or any interference was minimal and temporary. However, evidence of liver damage in blood plasma has been found at high and long rates of dosage.

Photosensitisation causes skin inflammation by a mechanism involving a pigment or photodynamic compound, which when activated by a certain wavelength of light leads to oxidation reactions in vivo. This leads to tissue lesions, particularly noticeable on and around parts of skin exposed to light. Lightly covered or poorly pigmented areas are most conspicuous. Removal of affected animals from sunlight results in reduced symptoms of poisoning.

Chemistry

Detection in body fluids

Hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin may be quantitated in plasma as confirmation of usage and to estimate the dosage. These three active substituents have plasma elimination half-lives within a range of 15–60 hours in humans. None of the three has been detected in urine specimens.^[44]

Chemical constituents

Chemical structure of hypericin

The plant contains the following:^[37]^[41]

Flavonoids (e.g. epigallocatechin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, quercitrin, quercetin, amentoflavone, biapigenin, astilbin, myricetin, miquelianin, kaempferol, luteolin)
Phenolic acids (e.g. chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid)
Naphthodianthrones (e.g. hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin, protopseudohypericin)
Phloroglucinols (e.g. hyperforin, adhyperforin)
Tannins (unspecified, proanthocyanidins reported)
Volatile oils (e.g. 2-methyloctane, nonane, 2-methyldecane, undecane, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol, geraniol, myrcene, limonene, caryophyllene, humulene)
Saturated fatty acids (e.g. isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid)
Alkanols (e.g. 1-tetracosanol, 1-hexacosanol)
Vitamins & their analogues (e.g. carotenoids, choline, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid)
Miscellaneous others (e.g. pectin, β-sitosterol, hexadecane, triacontane, kielcorin, norathyriol)

The naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin along with the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin are thought to be among the numerous active constituents.^[2]^[45]^[46]^[47] It also contains essential oils composed mainly of sesquiterpenes.^[2]

Selected chemical constituents of Hypericum perforatum

Hypericin
Pseudohypericin
Adhyperforin
Hyperforin
Amentoflavone
Hyperoside
Rutin
Kaempferol
Myricetin
Quercetin
Quercitrin
Isoquercitrin
Luteolin
Catechin
Epicatechin
Epigallocatechin
Chlorogenic acid
Caffeic acid
Kielcorin
Norathyriol

Research

Antidepressant

Some studies have supported the efficacy of St John's wort as a treatment for depression in humans, but have not concluded it as a replacement for more studied treatments, and proper medical consultation.^[21] A 2015 meta-analysis review concluded that it has superior efficacy to placebo in treating depression, is as effective as standard antidepressant pharmaceuticals for treating depression, and has fewer adverse effects than other antidepressants.^[48] The authors concluded that it is difficult to assign a place for St. John's wort in the treatment of depression owing to limitations in the available evidence base, including large variations in efficacy seen in trials performed in German-speaking relative to other countries. In Germany, St. John's wort may be prescribed for mild to moderate depression, especially in children and adolescents.^[49] A 2008 Cochrane review of 29 clinical trials concluded that it was superior to placebo in patients with major depression, as effective as standard antidepressants and had fewer side-effects.^[50]

In the United States, St John's wort is considered a dietary supplement by the FDA, and is not regulated by the same standards as a prescription drug.^[51]^[52] According to the United States National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, "St. John’s wort isn’t consistently effective for depression."^[21] Supplement strength varies by manufacturer and possibly by batch.^[53] A 2016 review noted that use of St. John's wort for mild and moderate depression was better than placebo for improving depression symptoms, and comparable to antidepressant medication.^[54]

Other

A major constituent chemical, hyperforin, may be useful for treatment of alcoholism, although dosage, safety and efficacy have not been studied.^[55]^[56] Hyperforin has also displayed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, although dosage, safety and efficacy have not been studied.^[57] Herbal medicine has also employed lipophilic extracts from St John's wort as a topical remedy for wounds, abrasions, burns, and muscle pain.^[56] The positive effects that have been observed are generally attributed to hyperforin due to its possible antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.^[56] For this reason hyperforin may be useful in the treatment of infected wounds and inflammatory skin diseases.^[56] In response to hyperforin's incorporation into a new bath oil, a study to assess potential skin irritation was conducted which found good skin tolerance of St John's wort.^[56]

Notes

^ Less common names and synonyms include Tipton's weed, rosin rose, goatweed, chase-devil, or Klamath weed.^[2]

References

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^ Süntar, Ipek Peşin; Akkol, Esra Küpeli; Yılmazer, Demet; Baykal, Turhan; Kırmızıbekmez, Hasan; Alper, Murat; Yeşilada, Erdem (2010). "Investigations on the in vivo wound healing potential of Hypericum perforatum L". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (2): 468–77. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.011. PMID 19833187.
^ Schempp, Christoph M; Pelz, Klaus; Wittmer, Annette; Schöpf, Erwin; Simon, Jan C (1999). "Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St John's wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria". The Lancet. 353 (9170): 2129. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00214-7. PMID 10382704.
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^ ^a ^b Hoban, Claire L.; Byard, Roger W.; Musgrave, Ian F. (July 2015). "A comparison of patterns of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting with St. John's Wort and fluoxetine during the period 2000-2013". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 42 (7): 747–51. doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12424. PMID 25988866. The organ systems affected by ADRs to St John's Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, with the majority of cases affecting the central nervous system (45.2%, 61.7%).
^ Borrelli, F; Izzo, AA (December 2009). "Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations". The AAPS Journal. 11 (4): 710–27. doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8. PMC 2782080. PMID 19859815.
^ "Renolazine". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
^ Russo, Emilio; Scicchitano, Francesca; Whalley, Benjamin J.; Mazzitello, Carmela; Ciriaco, Miriam; Esposito, Stefania; Patanè, Marinella; Upton, Roy; Pugliese, Michela; Chimirri, Serafina; Mammì, Maria; Palleria, Caterina; De Sarro, Giovambattista (May 2014). "Hypericum perforatum: pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action, tolerability, and clinical drug-drug interactions". Phytotherapy Research. 28 (5): 643–655. doi:10.1002/ptr.5050. PMID 23897801.
^ Wenk M, Todesco L, Krähenbühl S (2004). "Effect of St John's wort on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, N-acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in healthy males and females". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 57 (4): 495–499. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2003.02049.x. PMC 1884478. PMID 15025748.
^ Kober M, Pohl K, Efferth T (2008). "Molecular mechanisms underlying St. John's wort drug interactions". Curr. Drug Metab. 9 (10): 1027–37. doi:10.2174/138920008786927767. PMID 19075619.
^ Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, Barone G, Battu SK (2008). "Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions: comparative effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea, clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics". Mol Nutr Food Res. 52 (7): 772–9. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700081. PMC 2562898. PMID 18214850.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Barnes, J; Anderson, LA; Phillipson, JD (2007) [1996]. Herbal Medicines (PDF) (3rd ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-623-0.
^ "Pharmacology". Hyperforin. Drugbank. University of Alberta. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ "Targets". Hyperforin. DrugBank. University of Alberta. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ "St. John's wort". Natural Standard. Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b Greeson JM, Sanford B, Monti DA (February 2001). "St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature" (PDF). Psychopharmacology. 153 (4): 402–414. doi:10.1007/s002130000625. PMID 11243487. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anzenbacher, Pavel; Zanger, Ulrich M., eds. (2012). Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/9783527630905. ISBN 978-3-527-63090-5.
^ St John's wort effects on animals Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1445–1446.
^ Umek A, Kreft S, Kartnig T, Heydel B (1999). "Quantitative phytochemical analyses of six hypericum species growing in slovenia". Planta Med. 65 (4): 388–90. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960798. PMID 17260265.
^ Tatsis EC, Boeren S, Exarchou V, Troganis AN, Vervoort J, Gerothanassis IP (2007). "Identification of the major constituents of Hypericum perforatum by LC/SPE/NMR and/or LC/MS". Phytochemistry. 68 (3): 383–93. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.026. PMID 17196625.
^ Schwob I, Bessière JM, Viano J.Composition of the essential oils of Hypericum perforatum L. from southeastern France.C R Biol. 2002;325:781-5.
^ Linde K, Kriston L, Rücker G, Jamila S, Schumann I, Meissner K, Sigterman K, Schneider A (February 2015). "Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: systematic review and network meta-analysis". Annals of Family Medicine. 13 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1370/afm.1687. PMC 4291268. PMID 25583895.
^ Dörks, M; Langner, I; Dittmann, U; Timmer, A; Garbe, E (August 2013). "Antidepressant drug use and off-label prescribing in children and adolescents in Germany: results from a large population-based cohort study". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 22 (8): 511–8. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0395-9. PMID 23455627.
^ Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston L (2008). Linde K (ed.). "St John's wort for major depression". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD000448. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000448.pub3. PMID 18843608.
^ "Information for Consumers - Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know". FDA.gov. May 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ O'Connor, Anahad (19 January 2016). "'Supplements and Safety' Explores What's in Your Supplements". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ "Questions and Answers on Current Good Manufacturing Practices—Production and Process Controls". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2018. Do CGMPs require [...] successful process validation batches [...]? No. Neither the CGMP regulations nor FDA policy specifies a minimum number of batches to validate a manufacturing process.
^ Apaydin EA, Maher AR, Shanman R, Booth MS, Miles JN, Sorbero ME, Hempel S (2016). "A systematic review of St. John's wort for major depressive disorder". Syst Rev. 5 (1): 148. doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2. PMC 5010734. PMID 27589952.
^ Kumar V, Mdzinarishvili A, Kiewert C, Abbruscato T, Bickel U, van der Schyf CJ, Klein J (2006). "NMDA receptor-antagonistic properties of hyperforin, a constituent of St. John's Wort" (PDF). J. Pharmacol. Sci. 102 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1254/jphs.FP0060378. PMID 16936454.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Reuter J, Huyke C, Scheuvens H, Ploch M, Neumann K, Jakob T, Schempp CM (2008). "Skin tolerance of a new bath oil containing St. John's wort extract". Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 21 (6): 306–311. doi:10.1159/000148223. PMID 18667843.
^ Cecchini C, Cresci A, Coman MM, Ricciutelli M, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Lucarini D, Maggi F (2007). "Antimicrobial activity of seven hypericum entities from central Italy". Planta Med. 73 (6): 564–6. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967198. PMID 17516331.

External links

Invasive Species Profile — St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library

UpToDate Contents

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1. オトギリソウの臨床使用 clinical use of st johns wort
2. 成人における単極性うつ病および初期治療：標準的に使用されていない、研究中の治療法 unipolar depression in adults and initial treatment investigated therapies that are not typically used
3. 漢方薬および栄養補助食品の概要 overview of herbal medicine and dietary supplements
4. 思春期のうつ病に対する精神薬理学的治療 psychopharmacological treatment for adolescent depression
5. 成人腎移植レシピエントの診療の概要 overview of care of the adult kidney transplant recipient

English Journal

Bioactive compounds from Hypericum humifusum and Hypericum perfoliatum: inhibition potential of polyphenols with acetylcholinesterase and key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes.

Béjaoui A1, Ben Salem I2, Rokbeni N3, M'rabet Y3, Boussaid M1, Boulila A3.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):906-911. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1270973.
PMID 28147885

The mutagenic, antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of Hypericum lydium.

Boran R1, Ugur A2.
Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):402-405.
PMID 27931153

The effect of hypericum perforatum on kidney ischemia/reperfusion damage.

Cakir M1, Duzova H1, Baysal I2, Gül CC2, Kuşcu G3, Kutluk F3, Çakin H3, Şeker Ş3, İlbeği E3, Uslu S3, Avci U3, Demir S3, Akinci C3, Atli S3.
Renal failure.Ren Fail.2017 Nov;39(1):385-391. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2017.1287734.
PMID 28209087

Japanese Journal

Germination responses of three grassland species differ between native and invasive origins

BECKMANN Michael,BRUELHEIDE Helge,ERFMEIER Alexandra
Ecological research 26(4), 763-771, 2011-07-01
NAID 10029322673

Isolation and purification of series bioactive components from Hypericum perforatum L. by counter-current chromatography

CAO Xueli,WANG Qiaoe,LI Yan,BAI Ge,REN Hong,XU Chunming,ITO Yoichiro
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 879(7), 480-488, 2011-03-01
NAID 10029517380

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「セイヨウオトギリソウ」
関連記事	「Hypericum」

「セイヨウオトギリソウ」

Hypericum perforatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Hypericaceae
Genus:	Hypericum
Section:	Hypericum sect. Hypericum
Species:	H. perforatum
Binomial name
	Hypericum perforatum; L.

　　[★]

英: St. John's wort、Hypericum perforatum
関: ヒペリカム属、セント・ジョーンズ・ワート

「Hypericum」

　　[★]

ヒペリカム属、Hypericum属

関: Hypericum perforatum、St. John's wort

[44] In brackets is the IC₅₀/EC₅₀ value depending on whether it is an inhibitory or inductive action being exhibited, respectively.

[45] As with last note

[46] As with last note

[47] As with last note

[48] As with last note

[49] Values given in brackets are IC₅₀/EC₅₀ depending on whether it's an inhibitory or inductive action the compound displays towards the biologic target in question. If it pertains to bacterial growth inhibition the value is MIC₅₀

[3] Less common names and synonyms include Tipton's weed, rosin rose, goatweed, chase-devil, or Klamath weed.^[2]

[BSBI07-1] "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[Mehta-2] Mehta, Sweety (18 December 2012). "Pharmacognosy of St. John's Wort". Pharmaxchange.info. Retrieved 16 February 2014.

[4] Gaid, M.; Biedermann, E.; Füller, J.; Haas, P.; Behrends, S.; Krull, R.; Scholl, S.; Wittstock, U.; Müller-Goymann, C.; Beerhues, L. Biotechnological Production of Hyperforin for Pharmaceutical Formulation. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2018, 126, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.024.

[drugs-5] "St. John's wort". Drugs.com. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.

[cabi-6] Ian Popay (22 June 2015). "Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort)". CABI. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[Hyperforin_HMDB_5-LOX_COX1-7] "Enzymes". Hyperforin. Human Metabolome Database. 3.6. University of Alberta. 30 June 2013.

[NorthField-8] James L. Stubbendieck, Stephan L. Hatch, L. M. Landholt (2003). North American Wildland Plants: A Field Guide (illustrated ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 323. ISBN 9780803293069.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Rose-9] Rose, F (2006). The wild flower key. Frederick Warne. p. 176. ISBN 9780723251750.

[10] Zobayed SM, Afreen F, Goto E, Kozai T (2006). "Plant–Environment Interactions: Accumulation of Hypericin in Dark Glands of Hypericum perforatum". Annals of Botany. 98 (4): 793–804. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl169. PMC 2806163. PMID 16891333.

[Stace-11] Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 339. ISBN 9780521707725.

[Manual-12] Merrit Lyndon Fernald (1970). R. C. Rollins (ed.). Gray's Manual of Botany (Eighth (Centennial) - Illustrated ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 1010. ISBN 978-0-442-22250-5.

[ProjectNoah-13] "St John's wort Hypericum perforatum". Project Noah. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[GenusHyp-14] Edzard Ernst, ed. (2003). Hypericum: The genus Hypericum. CRC Press. p. 19. ISBN 9781420023305.

[15] "Hypericum perforatum L." Retrieved 19 August 2015.

[16] Charles Vancouver Piper, Rolla Kent Beattie (1915). Flora of the Northwest Coast. Press of the New era printing Company. p. 240.

[17] Ramawat, Kishan Gopal. Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008. p. 152. ISBN 9783540746034

[feis-18] "SPECIES: Hypericum perforatum" (PDF). Fire Effects Information System.

[autogenerated1-19] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 2015-10-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)|Hypericum perforatum

[WattPP-20] Watt, John Mitchell; Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962

[Harper2010-21] John L. Harper (2010). Population Biology of Plants. Blackburn Press. ISBN 978-1-932846-24-9.

[nccih-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "St. John's Wort". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[23] USDA.gov Retrieved November 23, 2015

[24] Knights Hospitaller

[25] Süntar, Ipek Peşin; Akkol, Esra Küpeli; Yılmazer, Demet; Baykal, Turhan; Kırmızıbekmez, Hasan; Alper, Murat; Yeşilada, Erdem (2010). "Investigations on the in vivo wound healing potential of Hypericum perforatum L". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (2): 468–77. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.011. PMID 19833187.

[pmid10382704-26] Schempp, Christoph M; Pelz, Klaus; Wittmer, Annette; Schöpf, Erwin; Simon, Jan C (1999). "Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St John's wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria". The Lancet. 353 (9170): 2129. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00214-7. PMID 10382704.

[ernst_et_al_1998-27] Ernst E, Rand JI, Barnes J, Stevinson C (1998). "Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 54 (8): 589–94. doi:10.1007/s002280050519. PMID 9860144.

[28] Barnes, J; Anderson, LA; Phillipson, JD (2002). Herbal Medicines: A guide for healthcare professionals (2nd ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 9780853692898.

[29] Parker V, Wong AH, Boon HS, Seeman MV (2001). "Adverse reactions to St John's Wort". Can J Psychiatry. 46 (1): 77–9. doi:10.1177/070674370104600112. PMID 11221494.

[30] Greeson, JM; Sanford, B; Monti, DA (February 2001). "St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature". Psychopharmacology. 153 (4): 402–14. doi:10.1007/s002130000625. PMID 11243487.

[Organ_system-31] Hoban, Claire L.; Byard, Roger W.; Musgrave, Ian F. (July 2015). "A comparison of patterns of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting with St. John's Wort and fluoxetine during the period 2000-2013". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 42 (7): 747–51. doi:10.1111/1440-1681.12424. PMID 25988866. The organ systems affected by ADRs to St John's Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, with the majority of cases affecting the central nervous system (45.2%, 61.7%).

[32] Borrelli, F; Izzo, AA (December 2009). "Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations". The AAPS Journal. 11 (4): 710–27. doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8. PMC 2782080. PMID 19859815.

[33] "Renolazine". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2017.

[34] Russo, Emilio; Scicchitano, Francesca; Whalley, Benjamin J.; Mazzitello, Carmela; Ciriaco, Miriam; Esposito, Stefania; Patanè, Marinella; Upton, Roy; Pugliese, Michela; Chimirri, Serafina; Mammì, Maria; Palleria, Caterina; De Sarro, Giovambattista (May 2014). "Hypericum perforatum: pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action, tolerability, and clinical drug-drug interactions". Phytotherapy Research. 28 (5): 643–655. doi:10.1002/ptr.5050. PMID 23897801.

[35] Wenk M, Todesco L, Krähenbühl S (2004). "Effect of St John's wort on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, N-acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in healthy males and females". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 57 (4): 495–499. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2003.02049.x. PMC 1884478. PMID 15025748.

[pmid19075619-36] Kober M, Pohl K, Efferth T (2008). "Molecular mechanisms underlying St. John's wort drug interactions". Curr. Drug Metab. 9 (10): 1027–37. doi:10.2174/138920008786927767. PMID 19075619.

[37] Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, Barone G, Battu SK (2008). "Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions: comparative effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea, clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics". Mol Nutr Food Res. 52 (7): 772–9. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700081. PMC 2562898. PMID 18214850.

[HM-38] Barnes, J; Anderson, LA; Phillipson, JD (2007) [1996]. Herbal Medicines (PDF) (3rd ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-623-0.

[DB-Hyp-Biomed-39] "Pharmacology". Hyperforin. Drugbank. University of Alberta. Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[Hyperforin_Drugbank-40] "Targets". Hyperforin. DrugBank. University of Alberta. Retrieved 4 December 2013.

[NS-41] "St. John's wort". Natural Standard. Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 13 December 2013.

[Comp-42] Greeson JM, Sanford B, Monti DA (February 2001). "St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature" (PDF). Psychopharmacology. 153 (4): 402–414. doi:10.1007/s002130000625. PMID 11243487. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2014.

[Xeno2012-43] Anzenbacher, Pavel; Zanger, Ulrich M., eds. (2012). Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/9783527630905. ISBN 978-3-527-63090-5.

[50] St John's wort effects on animals Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine

[51] R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1445–1446.

[52] Umek A, Kreft S, Kartnig T, Heydel B (1999). "Quantitative phytochemical analyses of six hypericum species growing in slovenia". Planta Med. 65 (4): 388–90. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960798. PMID 17260265.

[53] Tatsis EC, Boeren S, Exarchou V, Troganis AN, Vervoort J, Gerothanassis IP (2007). "Identification of the major constituents of Hypericum perforatum by LC/SPE/NMR and/or LC/MS". Phytochemistry. 68 (3): 383–93. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.026. PMID 17196625.

[54] Schwob I, Bessière JM, Viano J.Composition of the essential oils of Hypericum perforatum L. from southeastern France.C R Biol. 2002;325:781-5.

[SJW_and_rMAO-A_inhibitors_-_2015-55] Linde K, Kriston L, Rücker G, Jamila S, Schumann I, Meissner K, Sigterman K, Schneider A (February 2015). "Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care: systematic review and network meta-analysis". Annals of Family Medicine. 13 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1370/afm.1687. PMC 4291268. PMID 25583895.

[56] Dörks, M; Langner, I; Dittmann, U; Timmer, A; Garbe, E (August 2013). "Antidepressant drug use and off-label prescribing in children and adolescents in Germany: results from a large population-based cohort study". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 22 (8): 511–8. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0395-9. PMID 23455627.

[pmid18843608-57] Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston L (2008). Linde K (ed.). "St John's wort for major depression". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD000448. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000448.pub3. PMID 18843608.

[58] "Information for Consumers - Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know". FDA.gov. May 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

[59] O'Connor, Anahad (19 January 2016). "'Supplements and Safety' Explores What's in Your Supplements". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

[60] "Questions and Answers on Current Good Manufacturing Practices—Production and Process Controls". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2018. Do CGMPs require [...] successful process validation batches [...]? No. Neither the CGMP regulations nor FDA policy specifies a minimum number of batches to validate a manufacturing process.

[pmid27589952-61] Apaydin EA, Maher AR, Shanman R, Booth MS, Miles JN, Sorbero ME, Hempel S (2016). "A systematic review of St. John's wort for major depressive disorder". Syst Rev. 5 (1): 148. doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2. PMC 5010734. PMID 27589952.

[62] Kumar V, Mdzinarishvili A, Kiewert C, Abbruscato T, Bickel U, van der Schyf CJ, Klein J (2006). "NMDA receptor-antagonistic properties of hyperforin, a constituent of St. John's Wort" (PDF). J. Pharmacol. Sci. 102 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1254/jphs.FP0060378. PMID 16936454.

[Reutera-63] Reuter J, Huyke C, Scheuvens H, Ploch M, Neumann K, Jakob T, Schempp CM (2008). "Skin tolerance of a new bath oil containing St. John's wort extract". Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 21 (6): 306–311. doi:10.1159/000148223. PMID 18667843.

[64] Cecchini C, Cresci A, Coman MM, Ricciutelli M, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Lucarini D, Maggi F (2007). "Antimicrobial activity of seven hypericum entities from central Italy". Planta Med. 73 (6): 564–6. doi:10.1055/s-2007-967198. PMID 17516331.

v t e Dietary supplements
Types	Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics (Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium) Protein bar Vitamins
Vitamins and chemical elements ("minerals")	Retinol (Vitamin A) B vitamins: Thiamine (B₁) Riboflavin (B₂) Niacin (B₃) Pantothenic acid (B₅) Pyridoxine (B₆) Biotin (B₇) Folic acid (B₉) Cyanocobalamin (B₁₂) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc
Other common ingredients	AAKG β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate
Related articles	Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition

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Hypericum perforatum