| HELLP syndrome |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
O14.2 |
| ICD-9 |
Not assigned |
| DiseasesDB |
30805 |
| MedlinePlus |
000890 |
| eMedicine |
ped/1885 |
| MeSH |
D017359 |
HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening obstetric complication usually considered to be a variant or complication of pre-eclampsia.[1] Both conditions usually occur during the later stages of pregnancy, or sometimes after childbirth. "HELLP" is an abbreviation of the three main features of the syndrome:[2]
- Hemolysis
- Elevated Liver enzymes
- Low Platelet count
Contents
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Pathophysiology
- 3 Diagnosis and classification
- 4 Treatment
- 5 Prognosis
- 6 Epidemiology
- 7 History
- 8 See also
- 9 References
Signs and symptoms
HELLP usually begins during the third trimester; rare cases have been reported as early as 21 weeks gestation. Often, a woman who develops HELLP syndrome has already been followed up for pregnancy-induced hypertension (gestational hypertension), or is suspected to develop pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure and proteinuria). Up to 8% of all cases occur after delivery.
Women with HELLP syndrome often "do not look very sick."[3] Early symptoms can include:
- In 90% of cases, either epigastric pain described as "heartburn" or right upper quadrant pain.[3][4]
- In 90% of cases, malaise.[4]
- In 50% of cases, nausea or vomiting.[4]
There can be gradual but marked onset of headaches (30%), blurred vision, and paresthesia (tingling in the extremities). Edema may occur but its absence does not exclude HELLP syndrome. Arterial hypertension is a diagnostic requirement, but may be mild. Rupture of the liver capsule and a resultant hematoma may occur. If a woman has a seizure or coma, the condition has progressed into full-blown eclampsia.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation is also seen in about 20% of all women with HELLP syndrome,[5] and in 84% when HELLP is complicated by acute renal failure.[6] Pulmonary edema is found in 6% of all women with HELLP syndrome,[5] and in 44% when HELLP is complicated by acute renal failure.[6]
A woman with symptoms of HELLP can be misdiagnosed in the early stages, increasing the risk of liver failure and morbidity.[7] Rarely, after a caesarean section surgery a woman may have signs and symptoms of a shock condition mimicking either pulmonary embolism or reactionary haemorrhage.
Pathophysiology
The exact cause of HELLP is unknown, but general activation of the coagulation cascade is considered the main underlying problem. Fibrin forms crosslinked networks in the small blood vessels. This leads to a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: the mesh causes destruction of red blood cells as if they were being forced through a strainer. Additionally, platelets are consumed. As the liver appears to be the main site of this process, downstream liver cells suffer ischemia, leading to periportal necrosis. Other organs can be similarly affected. HELLP syndrome leads to a variant form of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), leading to paradoxical bleeding, which can make emergency surgery a challenge.
An association has been demonstrated between long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD deficiency) of the child and maternal HELLP and AFLP (acute fatty liver of pregnancy). This inherited, autosomal recessive abnormality of fatty-acid oxidation can result in significant morbidity and mortality in infants, if untreated. Treatment with dietary manipulation is possible. Approximately 80% of infants with LCHAD deficiency have been born after pregnancies complicated by AFLP or HELLP. However, what is not known is how many pregnancies complicated by AFLP or HELLP result in infants with LCHAD deficiency.[8]
Diagnosis and classification
HELLP syndrome can be difficult to diagnose due to the variability of symptoms among pregnant women (frequently a woman will have no symptoms other than general abdominal pain), and early diagnosis is key in reducing morbidity. If not treated in a timely manner, a woman can become critically ill or die due to liver rupture/hemorrhage or cerebral edema.
In a woman with possible HELLP syndrome, a batch of blood tests is performed: a full blood count, a coagulation panel, liver enzymes, electrolytes, and renal function studies. Often, fibrin degradation product (FDP) levels are determined, which can be elevated. Lactate dehydrogenase is a marker of hemolysis and is elevated (> 600 U/liter). Proteinuria is present but can be mild.
In one 1995 study, a positive D-dimer test in the presence of preeclampsia was reported to be predictive of woman who will develop HELLP syndrome.[7][9]
The diagnostic criteria for and subtypes of HELLP vary across studies, which "makes comparison of published data difficult."[1] The classifications include:
- Criteria developed at the University of Tennessee:[4][10]
- HELLP is characterized by hemolysis on peripheral blood smear with serum lactate dehydrogenase >600 IU/L; serum aspartate aminotransferase >70 IU/L; and platelet count <100,000/μL.
- Partial HELLP syndrome is characterized by 1-2 features of HELLP.
- Criteria developed at the University of Mississippi, as of 1999:[11]
- "The diagnosis of HELLP syndrome required the presence of thrombocytopenia (perinatal platelet nadir ≤150,000 cells/μL), evidence of hepatic dysfunction (increased aspartate aminotransferase level of ≥40 IU/L, increased alanine aminotransferase level of ≥40 IU/L, or both, with increased lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] level of ≥600 IU/L), and evidence of hemolysis (increased LDH level, progressive anemia)...."
- "Class 1 HELLP syndrome featured severe thrombocytopenia with a platelet nadir of ≤50,000 cells/μL, class 2 HELLP syndrome featured moderate thrombocytopenia with a platelet nadir between >50,000 and ≤100,000 cells/μL, and class 3 HELLP syndrome featured mild thrombocytopenia with a platelet nadir between >100,000 and ≤150,000 cells/μL."
- Criteria developed at the University of Mississippi, as of 2006: "For a patient to merit a diagnosis of HELLP syndrome, class 1 requires severe thrombocytopenia (platelets ≤50,000/μL), evidence of hepatic dysfunction (AST [aspartate aminotransferase] and/or ALT [alanine aminotransferase] ≥70 IU/L), and evidence suggestive of hemolysis (total serum LDH ≥600 IU/L); class 2 requires similar criteria except thrombocytopenia is moderate (>50,000 to ≤100,000/μL); and class 3 includes patients with mild thrombocytopenia (platelets >100,000 but ≤150,000/μL), mild hepatic dysfunction (AST and/or ALT ≥40 IU/L), and hemolysis (total serum LDH ≥600 IU/L)."[12]
Treatment
The only effective treatment is prompt delivery of the baby. Several medications have been investigated for the treatment of HELLP syndrome, but evidence is conflicting as to whether magnesium sulfate decreases the risk of seizures and progress to eclampsia. The DIC is treated with fresh frozen plasma to replenish the coagulation proteins, and the anemia may require blood transfusion. In mild cases, corticosteroids and antihypertensives (labetalol, hydralazine, nifedipine) may be sufficient. Intravenous fluids are generally required. Hepatic hemorrhage can be treated with embolization as well if life-threatening bleeding ensues.
The University of Mississippi standard protocol for HELLP includes corticosteroids.[13] However, a 2009 review found "no conclusive evidence" supporting corticosteroid therapy,[1] and a 2010 systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration also found "no clear evidence of any effect of corticosteroids on substantive clinical outcomes" either for the mothers or for the newborns,[14]
Prognosis
With treatment, maternal mortality is about 1 percent, although complications such as placental abruption, acute renal failure, subcapsular liver hematoma, permanent liver damage, and retinal detachment occur in about 25% of women.[5] Perinatal mortality (stillbirths plus death in infancy) is between 73 and 119 per 1000 babies of woman with HELLP, while up to 40% are small for gestational age.[15] In general, however, factors such as gestational age are more important than the severity of HELLP in determining the outcome in the baby.[16]
Epidemiology
Its incidence is reported as 0.5-0.9% of all pregnancies, and 10-20% of women with severe preeclampsia.[1] HELLP usually occurs in Caucasian women over the age of 25.[7]
History
HELLP syndrome was identified as a distinct clinical entity (as opposed to severe pre-eclampsia) by Dr. Louis Weinstein in 1982.[2] In a 2005 article, Weinstein wrote that the unexplained postpartum death of a woman who had hemolysis, abnormal liver function, thrombocytopenia, and hypoglycemia motivated him to review the medical literature and to compile information on similar woman.[3] He noted that cases with features of HELLP had been reported as early as 1954.[3][17]
See also
- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy
References
- ^ a b c d Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U (Feb 2009). "The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A review". BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 9: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8. PMC 2654858. PMID 19245695.
- ^ a b Weinstein L (1982). "Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy". Am J Obstet Gynecol 142 (2): 159–67. PMID 7055180.
- ^ a b c d Weinstein L (Sep 2005). "It has been a great ride: the history of HELLP syndrome". Am J Obstet Gynecol 193 (3 Pt 1): 860–3. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.058. PMID 16150288.
- ^ a b c d Sibai BM (Feb 1990). "The HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): much ado about nothing?". Am J Obstet Gynecol 162 (2): 311–6. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(90)90376-i. PMID 2309811.
- ^ a b c Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta I, Salama M, Mercer BM, Friedman SA (October 1993). "Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome)". Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 (4): 1000–6. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90043-i. PMID 8238109.
- ^ a b Sibai BM, Ramadan MK (Jun 1993). "Acute renal failure in pregnancies complicated by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets". Am J Obstet Gynecol 168 (6 Pt 1): 1682–7; discussion 1687–90. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(93)90678-c. PMID 8317509.
- ^ a b c Padden MO (Sep 1999). "HELLP syndrome: recognition and perinatal management". Am Fam Physician 60 (3): 829–36, 839. PMID 10498110.
- ^ Template:Http://www.adhb.govt.nz/newborn/Guidelines/Maternal/MaternalHELLPAndAFLP.htm
- ^ Neiger R, Trofatter MO, Trofatter KF Jr (Apr 1995). "D-dimer test for early detection of HELLP syndrome". South Med J 88 (4): 416–9. doi:10.1097/00007611-199504000-00006. PMID 7716593.
- ^ Audibert F, Friedman SA, Frangieh AY, Sibai BM (Aug 1996). "Clinical utility of strict diagnostic criteria for the HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome". Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 (2): 460–4. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70162-x. PMID 8765269.
- ^ Martin JN Jr, Rinehart BK, May WL, Magann EF, Terrone DA, Blake PG (Jun 1999). "The spectrum of severe preeclampsia: comparative analysis by HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count) syndrome classification". Am J Obstet Gynecol 180 (6 Pt 1): 1373–84. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70022-0. PMID 10368474.
- ^ Martin JN Jr, Rose CH, Briery CM (Oct 2006). "Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child". Am J Obstet Gynecol 195 (4): 914–34. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.044. PMID 16631593.
- ^ Martin JN, Owens MY, Keiser SD, Parrish MR, Tam Tam KB, Brewer JM, Cushman JL, May WL (2012). "Standardized Mississippi Protocol treatment of 190 patients with HELLP syndrome: slowing disease progression and preventing new major maternal morbidity". Hypertens Pregnancy 31 (1): 79–90. doi:10.3109/10641955.2010.525277. PMID 21219123.
- ^ Woudstra DM, Chandra S, Hofmeyr GJ, Dowswell T (2010). "Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9): CD008148. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008148.pub2. PMID 20824872.
- ^ Belfort, Michael A.; Steven Thornton; George R. Saade (2002). Hypertension in Pregnancy. CRC Press. pp. 159–60. ISBN 9780824708276. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
- ^ Stevenson, David Kendal; William E. Benītz (2003). Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 9780521806916. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
- ^ Pritchard JA, Weisman R Jr, Ratnoff OD, Vosburgh GJ (Jan 1954). "Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and other hematologic abnormalities associated with severe toxemia of pregnancy". N Engl J Med 250 (3): 89–98. doi:10.1056/NEJM195401212500301. PMID 13119851.
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Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O, 630–679)
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| Pregnancy |
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Pregnancy with
abortive outcome
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- Ectopic pregnancy
- Abdominal pregnancy
- Cervical pregnancy
- Interstitial pregnancy
- Ovarian pregnancy
- Molar pregnancy
- Miscarriage
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Oedema, proteinuria and
hypertensive disorders
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- Gestational diabetes
- Gestational hypertension
- Pre-eclampsia
- Eclampsia
- HELLP syndrome
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Other, predominantly
related to pregnancy
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Digestive system
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- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
- Hepatitis E
- Hyperemesis gravidarum
- Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
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Integumentary system /
dermatoses of pregnancy
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- Gestational pemphigoid
- Impetigo herpetiformis
- Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
- Linea nigra
- Prurigo gestationis
- Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
- Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
- Striae gravidarum
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Nervous system
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Blood
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- Gestational thrombocytopenia
- Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
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Maternal care related to the
fetus and amniotic cavity
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- amniotic fluid
- Oligohydramnios
- Polyhydramnios
- Braxton Hicks contractions
- chorion / amnion
- Amniotic band syndrome
- Chorioamnionitis
- Chorionic hematoma
- Monoamniotic twins
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Obstetrical hemorrhage
- placenta
- Circumvallate placenta
- Monochorionic twins
- Placenta praevia
- Placental abruption
- Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
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| Labor |
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Cephalopelvic disproportion
- Dystocia
- Fetal distress
- Locked twins
- Obstetrical hemorrhage
- placenta
- Preterm birth
- Postmature birth
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Uterine rupture
- Vasa praevia
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| Puerperal |
- Breastfeeding difficulties
- Agalactia
- Fissure of the nipple
- Galactorrhea
- Breast engorgement
- Diastasis symphysis pubis
- Peripartum cardiomyopathy
- Postpartum depression
- Postpartum thyroiditis
- Puerperal fever
- Puerperal mastitis
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| Other |
- Concomitant conditions
- Diabetes mellitus
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Thyroid disorders
- Maternal death
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