WordNet

the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)h

PrepTutorEJDIC

(医療などで)高圧酸素を使った
hydrogenの化学記号
鉛筆の硬度 / 《俗》heroin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/17 15:37:50」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

「HBO」のその他の用法については「HBO (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

HBO（エイチビーオー、Home Box Office の略）は、アメリカ合衆国のケーブルテレビ放送局。

概要

タイム・ワーナー傘下のケーブルテレビ局でニューヨークに本部がある。HBOおよび映画専門チャンネル「Cinemax」を運営しており、契約世帯は2011年で約2800万世帯^[1]。ケーブルテレビの基本料金とは別に月額10ドル～15ドルの視聴料を支払うことで視聴可能となる。HBOは日本におけるWOWOW、Cinemaxはスター・チャンネルと同じような位置付けの局である。なお、視聴者からの視聴料を主要な財源としているため、放送中にコマーシャルが流れることはない。

1999年よりHDTV放送を開始。現在はHBO・CinemaxのすべてのチャンネルがHDTVで放送している。

日本では、 J:COM 子会社のジュピターVODと契約、2007年10月よりJ:COMのビデオ・オン・デマンドサービス「J:COMオンデマンド」で放送。

経歴

1972年 - Sterling Manhattan Cableにより放送開始。
1973年 - 契約者数が伸び悩み、Time Life（現タイム・ワーナー）が経営権を握る。
1975年 - 通信衛星による番組配信を行う。最初の番組はマニラで行われたモハメド・アリ対ジョー・フレージャー戦。
1980年 - 「The Movie Channel」に対抗して、映画専門チャンネル「Cinemax」放送開始。
1981年9月 - 週末のみ24時間放送開始(これまでは15時～24時までの9時間だけ放送していた)。
1981年12月28日 - 24時間放送を平日にも拡大、完全24時間放送となる。
1989年 - タイム・ワーナー発足により、その傘下となる。
1991年 - HBO2、Cinemax2（現在のMoreMAX）放送開始。既存のHBO、Cinemaxとのマルチプレックス放送開始。
1999年 - HBO HDの放送開始。
2003年 - Cinemax HDの放送開始。

番組内容

ドラマ、映画、スポーツ、ドキュメンタリーが柱となっている。

HBO製作の主なドラマ

ザ・ソプラノズ哀愁のマフィア
セックス・アンド・ザ・シティ
シックス・フィート・アンダー
OZ/オズ
ROME［ローマ］（BBCとの共同制作）
ラリーのミッドライフ★クライシス
THE WIRE/ザ・ワイヤー
バンド・オブ・ブラザース
ボードウォーク・エンパイア
ゲーム・オブ・スローンズ
GIRLS/ガールズ

映画

タイム・ワーナー傘下のワーナー・ブラザーズの他、ドリームワークス、20世紀フォックス、ユニバーサル映画、ニュー・ライン・シネマとペイテレビ独占契約を結んでいる。

スポーツ番組

ボクシング

ボクシングを中継するテレビ局としてはアメリカ国内最大手で、中継する試合のマッチメイクの最終決定権を持つほどの強い影響力を有している^[2]。2014年のボクシング中継番組の平均視聴者数は97万人^[3]。、ボクシングの年間予算は3500万ドルほどと伝えられている^[4]。ボクシング中継番組「ワールド・チャンピオンシップ・ボクシング」および「ボクシング・アフターダーク」をそれぞれ年間10回前後放送しており、価値が下がっているとされる主要団体の世界タイトルが懸かっているかどうかにはこだわらず、独自の基準で中継する試合を選別しているため^[5]、ノンタイトル戦がメインイベントで世界タイトル戦が前座となることも少なくない。ビッグマッチはPPVで年間5回前後放送(2014年3回、2015年3回)しており、ビッグマッチの前には試合までの過程を追ったドキュメンタリー番組 24/7 を放送することが多い。

2012年5月12日、ボクシング情報番組 The Fight Game with Jim Lampley 放送開始。同年、ボクサーの特定の2日間を追った15分間のミニ・ドキュメンタリー番組 2 Days も開始した^[6]。

2013年3月、ボクシング放送局としてライバル関係にあるショウタイムと繋がりが深いボクシングプロモーション「ゴールデンボーイプロモーションズ」と契約を結んでいる選手が出場する試合を今後は放送しないことを発表した^[7]。

NFL

1977年より2007年シーズンまでNFLの情報番組「Inside the NFL」が放送されていた。ケーブルテレビで放送されている番組としては最長寿番組であったが2008年シーズンからはShowtimeに移行した。

ドキュメンタリー

2007年8月6日、広島と長崎の原爆被害（→広島市への原子爆弾投下、長崎市への原子爆弾投下）の実像を描いた日系3世の監督・スティーブン・オカザキの「White Light, Black Rain: The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki」（邦題『ヒロシマナガサキ』）を放映し話題になった。このドキュメンタリーには、アメリカのテレビ番組に登場し、広島への原爆投下を後悔するエノラゲイ号の元搭乗員と握手する故谷本清牧師の貴重な映像なども含まれている。

チャンネル

HBO

HBO
HBO2（1991年放送開始。旧称はHBOPlus(1998年-2002年)。HBOのサブチャンネルで、映画やドラマ、ボクシング中継の再放送が中心。）
HBO Signature（1995年「HBO3」として放送開始、1998年チャンネル名変更）
HBO Family（1996年放送開始）
HBO Comedy（1999年放送開始）
HBO Zone（1999年放送開始）
HBO Latino（2000年放送開始。スペイン語チャンネル）
HBO HD（1999年放送開始。HDTV）

Cinemax

Cinemax
MoreMAX（1991年「Cinemax2」として放送開始、1998年チャンネル名変更）
ActionMAX（1996年「Cinemax3」として放送開始、1998年チャンネル名変更）
ThrillerMAX（1998年放送開始）
5starMAX（2001年放送開始）
WMAX（2001年放送開始）
OuterMAX（2001年放送開始）
@MAX（2001年放送開始）
Cinemax HD（2003年放送開始。HDTV）

脚注

^ “HBO sub growth stalls amid cable biz losses”. Variety.com (2011年9月6日). 2013年3月21日閲覧。
^ 三浦勝夫（MACC出版）「海外読物　世界の放送席から」、『アイアンマン』11月号増刊（『ボクシング・ビート』11月号）、フィットネススポーツ、2011年10月15日、 124頁。
^ “HBO Boxing Boss Ken Hershman Looks Back, Forward” (2014年12月19日). 2014年12月21日閲覧。
^ “Showtime sees a chance to take the fight to HBO in boxing”. Newsday.com (2013年12月18日). 2013年7月20日閲覧。
^ 杉浦大介 (2011年7月15日). “下田昭文が開きかけた扉”. スポーツコミュニケーションズ. 2012年6月22日閲覧。
^ David P. Greisman (2013年1月14日). “"Fighting Words" — Boxing Addicts Now More Ably Enabled” (英語). BoxingScene.com. 2013年1月14日閲覧。
^ “HBO severs ties with Golden Boy”. ESPN.com (2013年3月20日). 2013年6月26日閲覧。

外部リンク

HBO online（英語）
Cinemax（英語）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

HBO (Home Box Office) is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Home Box Office Inc., the cable flagship division of Time Warner. HBO's programming consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television series, along with made-for-cable movies and documentaries, boxing matches and occasional stand-up comedy and concert specials.

It is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service (basic or premium) in the United States, having been in operation since November 8, 1972. In 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013.^[1]

1 Overview
2 History
- 2.1 Development and launch
- 2.2 National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
- 2.3 Rising prominence of original programming (1993–present)
3 Channels
- 3.1 Background
- 3.2 List of channels
  - 3.2.1 Cinemax
- 3.3 Other services
  - 3.3.1 HBO HD
  - 3.3.2 HBO on Demand
  - 3.3.3 HBO Go
  - 3.3.4 HBO Now
4 Programming
- 4.1 Original programming
- 4.2 Movie library
  - 4.2.1 Former first-run contracts
- 4.3 Sports programming
- 4.4 Documentaries
5 Other ventures
- 5.1 Television channels
  - 5.1.1 Take 2
  - 5.1.2 Festival
  - 5.1.3 The Comedy Channel / Comedy Central
- 5.2 Television and film production
- 5.3 Home video
- 5.4 Merchandising
6 Branding
- 6.1 Network slogans
7 International versions
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
- 10.1 HBO

Overview

As of July 2015, HBO's programming is available to approximately 36,483,000 households with at least one television set (31.3% of all cable, satellite and telco customers) in the United States (36,013,000 subscribers or 30.9% of all households with pay television service receive at least HBO's primary channel),^[2] making it the second largest premium channel in the United States (Encore's programming reaches 40.54 million pay television households as of July 2015^[update]^[2]^[3]). In addition to its U.S. subscriber base, HBO broadcasts in at least 151 countries, covering approximately 122 million subscribers worldwide.^[4]

HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself (though HBO often prices all of its channels together in a single package). However, a law imposed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires that cable providers allow a person to get just "limited" basic cable (which includes local, and in some areas, out-of-market broadcast stations and public, educational, and government access channels) and premium services such as HBO, without subscribing to expanded service (Comcast is the only major provider to have purposefully offered the network in such a manner utilizing this law, as it offered a bundled cable/Internet package that included limited basic service and HBO from October 2013 to July 2014, or January of the latter year in some markets).^[5]^[6]^[7] Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO.

HBO also provides its content through digital media, maintaining HBO Go, a video on demand streaming service available as a website and slate of mobile apps exclusively to existing subscribers of the linear channel suite; a separate, but similar standalone service, HBO Now, launched in April 2015 as a subscription streaming platform that does not require a subscription to the HBO television service.^[8]^[9]

Many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations (usually after some editing), and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. Since HBO's more successful series (most notably shows such as Sex and the City, The Sopranos, The Wire, Entourage, Six Feet Under, Boardwalk Empire, Game of Thrones and True Blood) air on over-the-air broadcasters in other countries (such as in Canada, Australia and much of Europe – including the United Kingdom), HBO's programming has the potential of being exposed to a higher percentage of the population of those countries compared to the United States. Because of the cost of HBO (which is the most expensive of the U.S. premium services, costing a monthly fee as of 2015^[update] between $15 and $20 depending on the provider), many Americans only view HBO programs through DVDs or in basic cable or broadcast syndication – months or even years after these programs have first aired on the network – and with editing for both content and to allow advertising, although several series have filmed alternate "clean" scenes intended for syndication runs.^[10]

History

Development and launch

In 1965, Charles Dolan, who had already done pioneering work in the commercial use of cables and had developed a closed-circuit tourist information television system distributed to hotels in the New York metropolitan area called Teleguide, won a franchise to build a cable television system in the Lower Manhattan section of New York City.^[11] The new system, which Dolan named "Sterling Information Services" (later to be known as Sterling Manhattan Cable, and eventually becoming Time Warner Cable), became the first urban underground cable television system in the United States. Rather than stringing cable on telephone poles or using microwave antennas to receive the signals, Sterling laid underground cable beneath the streets of Manhattan – because the multitude of tall buildings in the city blocked television signals (besides that issue, the New York City Council had also required all electrical and telecommunication wires be laid underground to limit service disruptions during inclement weather conditions, resulting from a blizzard in the early 20th century that caused damage to telephone and telegraph lines in the area).^[12] That same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased 20% of Dolan's company.^[13]^[14]

Sterling Manhattan consistently lost revenue during its first six years due to the expense of running cable underground and into buildings throughout Manhattan (a cost that amounted as much as $300,000 per mile) and a limited subscriber base, with only 400 subscribers borough-wide by 1971. In the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a cable-originated television service called "The Green Channel". Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management; though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him.^[12]

To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, Time-Life sent out a direct mail research brochure to residents in six U.S. cities. An overwhelming majority of those surveyed (approximately 99%) opposed the idea; 4% of those polled in a second survey conducted through an independent consultant said they were "almost certain" to subscribe to such a service. Time-Life later conducted a test in Allentown, Pennsylvania in which salesmen presented the concept of a pay channel to residents by offering free service for the first month and a refundable installation fee; one out of every two residents surveyed in the test expressed interest in purchasing the conceptual service.^[12] In a meeting involving Dolan and some Time-Life executives that were working on the project, other names were discussed for the new service. They ultimately settled on calling it "Home Box Office", although the name was originally intended as a working title in order to meet deadlines to publish research brochures for the new service, believing that management would come up with a different name at a later date.^[12]

Originally, Home Box Office was to debut on a Service Electric cable television system in Allentown; in order to avoid blackouts for NBA games that it was set to televise (Allentown was within the NBA's designated blackout radius for the Philadelphia 76ers' market area, under rules that were in effect at the time to protect ticket sales), Time-Life agreed to an offer by Service Electric president John Walson to launch the channel on its system in Wilkes-Barre (outside of the 76ers' DMA, in northeastern Pennsylvania).^[12] Home Box Office launched on the evening of November 8, 1972.^{[citation needed]} However, HBO's launch came with no fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. In addition, the city manager of Wilkes-Barre declined an offer to attend the launch ceremony, while Time Inc. president and chief executive officer J. Richard Munro was unable to attend as he was stranded in traffic on the George Washington Bridge on his way to Wilkes-Barre.^[15]

The first program and film broadcast on the channel, the 1971 movie Sometimes a Great Notion, starring Paul Newman and Henry Fonda, was transmitted that evening to 325 Service Electric subscribers in Wilkes-Barre (a plaque commemorating this event is located at Public Square in downtown Wilkes-Barre). Home Box Office broadcast its first sports event immediately after the film: an NHL hockey game between the New York Rangers and the Vancouver Canucks from Madison Square Garden.^[16]^[17] Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival.^[18] Home Box Office would use a network of microwave relay towers to distribute its programming.^[16]^[19]^[20]

Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small subscriber base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Dolan's media partner, Time-Life, Inc., gained control of Sterling when it acquired an additional 60% interest in the company, increasing its interest to 80%; Time-Life then decided to pull the plug on the Sterling Manhattan operation. Time-Life dropped the "Sterling" name and the company became "Manhattan Cable Television" under Time-Life's control in March 1973.^[11] Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the company's president and chief executive officer.^[21] In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. At the time, Home Box Office's future looked dim: it only had 8,000 subscribers across 14 cable systems, all of which were located in Pennsylvania,^[15] and it was suffering from a significant subscriber churn rate. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years: by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, and had begun to turn a limited profit.^[15]

National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)

The RCA Satcom domestic communication satellite launched on December 13, 1975, spurred the cable television industry to unprecedented heights – with the assistance of HBO.

Time-Life executives realized the problems in trying to expand Home Box Office's distribution footprint using microwave towers because of the time and expense that would be incurred in developing such a vast relay infrastructure, and began looking for cost-efficient methods of transmitting the channel nationally. In 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States. Other television broadcasters at the time were hesitant about uplinking to satellite due to fears that the satellites may inadvertently shut down or go out of orbit, as well as due to the cost of purchasing downlink receiver dishes, which in 1974, were sold for as much as $75,000. Seeing satellite transmission as the only viable option, Gerald Levin allocated $6.5 million to lease transponder space on the Westar 1 satellite for a five-year term.^[15] The Time-Life board subsequently approved the plan to transmit HBO via satellite.^[21]

At 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time on September 30, 1975, HBO became the first television network to continuously deliver its signal via satellite when it broadcast the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier; it was beamed to cable providers in Fort Pierce and Vero Beach, Florida, and Jackson, Mississippi,^[22] as well as those already carrying HBO in the northeastern United States.^[15]^[19]^[23] Through the use of satellite, the channel began transmitting separate programming feeds for the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, allowing the same programs that air first in the eastern half of the United States to air at accordant times in the western part of the country.^[24] HBO switched its domestic satellite transmissions from Westar 1 to Satcom 1 in February 1976. By 1977, Ted Turner's Atlanta superstation WTCG-TV (soon to become WTBS) and Pat Robertson's CBN Satellite Service (later to become the present-day Freeform) had joined it, pioneering satellite delivery for the cable television industry.^[19]^[25] By 1980, HBO was carried on cable providers in all 50 U.S. states.^[15]

First version of HBO's current logo, used from 1975 to 1981; during 1980, HBO used this logo in tandem with the second incarnation of the logo (seen above, in the Infobox) that is still used to this day.

HBO broadcast its programming for only nine hours each day, from 3:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time, during its first nine years of operation. The network first began to operate a 24-hour schedule on weekends in September 1981, running from 3:00 p.m. on Friday afternoons until 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on Sunday nights/early Monday mornings; this round-the-clock schedule was expanded to weekdays three months later on December 28, 1981 (however, HBO was not the first pay television network to maintain an uninterrupted programming schedule as Showtime and The Movie Channel had both switched to 24-hour daily schedule months earlier). By this time, the full "Home Box Office" name was de-emphasized by the network, in favor of branding solely by the "HBO" initialism (although the full name is still used in copyright tags featured in the closing credits of its original programs and a legal disclaimer slide seen daily on its primary and multiplex channels).^{[citation needed]}

In 1983, HBO premiered its first original movie, The Terry Fox Story, a biopic that was also the first movie ever produced for pay television. That year also saw the premiere of the first children's program broadcast on the channel: Fraggle Rock (that series' creator, Jim Henson, had earlier produced the special Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas, which won an ACE Award in 1978^[18]). HBO continued to air various original programs aimed at children until 2001, when these programs almost completely moved over to HBO Family (which continued to occasionally broadcast its own slate of original children's programming until 2003).^[26]

HBO became involved in several lawsuits during the 1980s, involving legal statutes imposed by state and city laws that would have resulted in some programs on HBO and other pay television networks being censored by cable systems. In January 1986, HBO became the first satellite-delivered television network to encrypt its signal from unauthorized viewing by way of the Videocipher II system; this initially resulted in a mass lodge of complaints from television receive-only (TVRO) satellite users that previously received HBO's programming without a subscription.^[24] The objections by TVRO users over having to now pay for HBO as cable subscribers had long done (requiring dish subscribers to purchase an expensive descrambler to unencrypt the signal) came to a head four months later, as HBO became a victim of broadcast signal intrusion when satellite television dealer John R. MacDougall, a Florida man calling himself "Captain Midnight", redirected a receiver dish towards the network's transponder on Galaxy 1 and intercepted its signal during a movie presentation of The Falcon and the Snowman; MacDougall overrode the telecast of the film with a message placed over SMPTE color bars in protest of the channel's decision to scramble its signal for home satellite subscribers. The Federal Communications Commission subsequently prosecuted MacDougall.

In 1988, HBO's subscriber base expanded greatly as a result of the Writers Guild of America strike that year. HBO had new programming in its inventory, while the broadcast networks were only able to air reruns of their shows. In 1989, HBO compared its programming against rival pay television network Showtime, with the slogan "Simply the Best", using the Tina Turner single "The Best" as part of the network's on-air image campaign.^[27]

On January 2, 1989, HBO launched Selecciones en Español de HBO y Cinemax ("Spanish Selections from HBO and Cinemax") – an alternate Spanish-language feed of HBO and Cinemax. The service, which initially launched on 20 cable systems in markets with significant populations of Spanish speakers,^[28] originally only ran Spanish audio simulcasts of live boxing matches televised by HBO (except for certain events that were already broadcast in Spanish on networks such as Galavisión), dubbed versions of recent feature film releases from HBO's movie suppliers and first-run Spanish-language movies (mostly from Mexico, Argentina and Spain), but later added Spanish dubs of films and other programs broadcast by HBO. Selecciones – which was offered in tandem with HBO, although it operated as a separate service – utilized the second audio program auxiliary channel. Selecciones en Español de HBO y Cinemax became successful to the point that it added 35 additional cable systems to its list of carriers within a few weeks after its debut.^[28] Selecciones en Español became HBO en Español on September 27, 1993.^[29]

Taking advantage of HBO's successes, Warner Communications merged with HBO parent Time Inc. in 1989 to create Time Warner, which as of 2015^[update], remains the parent company of the network.^[30] In 1991, HBO and Cinemax became the first premium services to offer multiplexed channels to cable customers with the launches of HBO2, HBO3 and Cinemax 2 on three cable systems in Wisconsin, Kansas and Texas.^[31] In 1993, HBO became the world's first digitally transmitted television service.^[32] The move proved successful, eventually resulting in HBO and Cinemax starting up additional multiplex channels of both services – starting with the December 1996 launch of HBO Family and concluding with the launch of four Cinemax channels in 2001: WMax (now MovieMax), @Max (now MaxLatino), OuterMax and 5StarMax.

Rising prominence of original programming (1993–present)

During the 1990s, HBO began to experience increasing success with its original series such as Tales from the Crypt, Dream On, Tracey Takes On..., Mr. Show with Bob and David and Arliss. One such program, The Larry Sanders Show, arguably became HBO's flagship series during that decade and although it was not commercially as successful as programs that aired on the Big Three networks (ABC, NBC and CBS) and Fox, the show did enjoy a cult status and critical acclaim, and received nominations and wins for many major television awards (including Primetime Emmy Awards and Golden Globe Awards).^[33] The series ranked #38 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time (becoming the only HBO comedy series to make the list)^[34] and was also included in Time's list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time".^[35] The Larry Sanders Show was also ranked by various critics and fans as one of the best TV comedies of the 1990s.^[36]

The original programs that HBO has developed since the early 1990s have earned the channel numerous nominations for and wins of Emmy and Golden Globe Awards.^[37] One aspect as to the perceived higher quality of these shows is due to both the quality of the writing on the programs and the fact that as a subscription-only service, HBO does not carry "normal" commercials; instead the network runs promotions for upcoming HBO programs and behind-the-scenes featurettes between programs. This relieves HBO from some pressures to tone down controversial aspects of its programs, and allows for more explicit content to be incorporated into its shows that would not be allowed to air on broadcast television or basic cable, such as strong graphic violence, nudity, graphic sex scenes and profanity.

Beginning with the 1997 launch of its first one-hour dramatic narrative series Oz, HBO started a trend that became commonplace with premium cable services. Although critically acclaimed, it was not until The Sopranos premiered in 1999, that the network achieved both mass critical and Emmy success. The Sopranos received 111 Emmy nominations during its six-season run, resulting in 21 wins, two of them for Outstanding Drama Series.

1998 saw the debut of the 12-part miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, which was produced by Tom Hanks, Ron Howard and Brian Grazer and based on the Andrew Chaikin book A Man on the Moon; costing $68 million to produce, it traced the U.S. space program from the U.S./U.S.S.R. space race through the final moon landing, Apollo 17. From the Earth to the Moon won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries, and helped spur other HBO miniseries based on historical events such as 61*, Band of Brothers, John Adams and The Pacific. That year also saw the debut of the comedy series Sex and the City, which was based the book series of the same name by Candace Bushnell; over the course of its six-season run, the show centered on the friendship and romances of four New York City women.^[38] Over its six season run, it received 54 Emmy nominations, winning seven, including one win for Outstanding Comedy Series.

In 1999, HBO became the first U.S. cable channel to operate a high-definition simulcast feed.^[39] In July 2001, HBO launched HBO on Demand, the first premium subscription video-on-demand enhancement in the United States, to Time Warner Cable subscribers in Columbia, South Carolina.^[40]

In 2002, HBO debuted The Wire, which, although not surpassing The Sopranos in viewership success, did however match its critical acclaim over its five-season run^{[citation needed]} and further cemented HBO's reputation as being a network that produced quality programming. HBO experienced another success among viewers in 2008, with the debut of True Blood, a vampire drama based on a series of gothic novels by Charlaine Harris. The network saw three more hit series in the 2010s with Game of Thrones, based on George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, which earned both critical and viewer praise; Girls, a comedy series created by series star Lena Dunham; and True Detective, an anthology-style series – structured to feature a different cast and setting within each season's storyline – which initially saw established film actors Woody Harrelson and Matthew McConaughey in its lead roles.^[41]

On August 13, 2015, HBO announced its re-entry into children's programming, when it reached a five-year programming and development deal with Sesame Workshop. Through the agreement, HBO obtained first-run television rights to Sesame Street, beginning with season 46 in the fall of 2015 (with episodes being distributed to the program's longtime broadcaster, PBS, following a nine-month exclusivity window at no charge to its member stations); Sesame Workshop will also produce original children's programming content for the channel, which will also gain exclusive streaming rights to the Sesame Workshop programming library for HBO Go and HBO Now (assuming those rights from Amazon Video, Netflix and Sesame Workshop's in-house subscription streaming service, Sesame Go, the latter of which will cease to operate as a standalone offering). Although struck with the intent to having the show remain on PBS in some fashion, the nonprofit production company reached the deal due to cutbacks resulting from declines in public and private donations, distribution fees paid by PBS member stations and licensing for merchandise sales.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]

Channels

Background

HBO 2 logo, used from 2002 to 2014.

HBO Comedy logo, used from 1999 to 2014.

HBO Family logo, used from 1998 to 2014.

In 1991, HBO and Cinemax became the first premium services to offer multiplexed services to cable customers as companions to the main network, offering additional channels of HBO and Cinemax to three systems operated by TeleCable in Overland Park, Kansas, Racine, Wisconsin and the Dallas suburbs of Richardson and Plano, Texas.^[46] The first two multiplex channels – HBO2 and HBO3 – launched as part of this test by the TeleCable systems. The following year, research from ACNielsen revealed that multiplex delivery of HBO and Cinemax had a positive impact on subscriber usage and attitudes, including the retention of pay cable subscriptions by its subscribers.^[47]

HBO Latino logo, used from 2000 to 2014.

HBO Signature logo, used from 1998 to 2014.

HBO Zone logo, used from 1999 to 2014.

The HBO multiplex would later expand with the launch of HBO Family in December 1996, focusing on family-oriented feature films and television series aimed at younger children.^[48] The HBO multiplex channels became collectively marketed under the brand name "HBO The Works" in April 1998 (the Cinemax channels concurrently began to be marketed as "MultiMax"), coinciding with the name change of HBO2 as HBO Plus (the channel would ultimately restore the HBO2 name in 2002), and the rebranding and format change of HBO3 as HBO Signature (a network aimed at women). In May 1999, two more channels launched: HBO Comedy (featuring comedic films and series, along with stand-up comedy specials) and HBO Zone (a network aimed at young adults).^[49] Just over a year later in October 2000, HBO Latino debuted as a Spanish language channel featuring a mix of dubbed simulcasts of the main HBO channel's programming and Spanish programs that are exclusive to the channel.

"HBO The Works" continued in use as the brand for the HBO multiplex until 2004. Individually, the HBO multiplex has no "official" marketed name as of 2015^[update], although HBO and Cinemax's respective multiplex packages are marketed collectively as the "HBO/MAX Pak".^[50] HBO Family and HBO Latino had the distinction of being the only multiplex channels of HBO that have their own websites; all of the others were integrated within the main HBO site, and when the HBO Go service was introduced, the separate sites and sections were eliminated.

List of channels

Depending on the service provider, HBO provides up to thirteen multiplex channels – seven 24-hour multiplex channels, all of which are simulcast in both standard definition and high definition – as well as a subscription video-on-demand service (HBO On Demand).

HBO broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules. The respective coastal feeds of each channel are usually packaged together (though most cable providers only offer the east and west coast feeds of the main HBO channel, as well as HBO2 in some cases), resulting in the difference in local airtimes for a particular movie or program between two geographic locations being three hours at most. The premium film service Cinemax, which is also owned by Time Warner through Home Box Office Inc., operates as a separate service from HBO; although HBO is very frequently sold together in a package with Cinemax, subscribers to one of the services do not necessarily have to subscribe to the other.

Channel	Description and programming
HBO	The flagship service; HBO airs popular feature films; first-run films; original series and made-for-cable movies; boxing events; sports, stand-up comedy and occasional concert specials; and documentaries. The channel also typically debuts new movies on a weekly basis – with feature films debuting on HBO within a lag of between eight months to one year on average from their initial theatrical release – on Saturday nights (usually around 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time; the Pacific Time Zone broadcast of the premiered film airs later in the evening when a live special – most commonly, a telecast of HBO World Championship Boxing or HBO Boxing After Dark – is scheduled to air that particular Saturday, with the special being shown after the movie on the Eastern Time Zone feed). The main HBO channel mainly airs R-rated films only after 8:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific, but does air certain TV-MA rated programs during the daytime hours.
HBO2	A secondary channel that features a separate schedule of theatrical and original made-for-cable movies, series and specials, as well as same-week rebroadcasts of newer films, boxing events and episodes of HBO original series aired recently on the primary channel. Unlike the main HBO channel, HBO2 broadcasts R-rated films during the daytime hours. Launched on August 1, 1991, the channel was renamed HBO Plus on April 1, 1998, but reverted to the original "HBO2" name in September 2002. In Latin America, a local version of HBO2 rebroadcasts movies previously aired on the main HBO Latin America channel, and HBO Plus functions as a separate channel.
HBO Comedy	Launched on May 6, 1999,^[51] HBO Comedy features comedic films, as well as rebroadcasts of HBO's original comedy series and stand-up specials; the channel broadcasts R-rated films during the daytime hours, but only airs adult comedy specials at night.
HBO Family	Launched in December 1996,^[48] HBO Family features movies and series aimed at children, as well as feature films intended for a broader family audience. It airs a block of series aimed at preschoolers called "HBO Kids" each morning from 6:00 to 11:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time and every afternoon from 4:00 to 5:00 p.m. Easter and Pacific Time, with films and family-oriented original specials filling out the remainder of the channel's daily schedule.^[52]^[53] All films broadcast on HBO Family are rated G, PG or PG-13 (or the equivalent TV-G, TV-PG or TV-14); R-rated films and TV-MA rated programs are not broadcast on the channel. Children's programs formerly ran on the main HBO channel in the form of a daily morning block, with specials airing during the late afternoon/early evening hours; these programs migrated entirely to HBO Family by the early 2000s. HBO Family is HBO's third (and only successful) venture at a family-oriented pay service: two similarly formatted standalone mini-pay services that were launched by the network, Take 2 in 1979 and Festival in 1987, both ceased operations after short existences. Despite being a premium service, cable providers have occasionally used HBO Family to temporarily replace television stations that were dropped due to carriage disputes with providers such as during Hearst Television's 2012 dispute with Time Warner Cable that resulted in TWC's associated Bright House Networks system substituting independent station WMOR-TV with the channel in Tampa, Florida,^[54] and a dispute between Cox Communications and LIN TV in which HBO Family temporarily replaced Fox affiliate WVBT from Cox's Hampton Roads, Virginia system from January to February 2000.^[55]
HBO Latino	Launched on October 31, 2000 (although originally slated to debut on September 18 of that year),^[56] HBO Latino is a channel aimed at Hispanic and Latino American audiences that largely serves as a Spanish language simulcast of the primary HBO channel, with the exception of some limited program substitutions and different network promotions featured in-between programs (HBO and its other multiplex channels also utilize the second audio program function included on many television sets, and cable and satellite receivers to provide alternate Spanish language audio tracks of most programs). The channel's programming includes HBO original productions, Spanish and Portuguese series from HBO Latin America, dubbed versions of Hollywood blockbusters, Spanish-language films and boxing events (including the original boxing series Boxeo De Oro). The channel is the successor to HBO en Español (originally named Selecciones en Español de HBO y Cinemax), which launched in 1989.
HBO Signature	HBO Signature features high quality films, HBO original series and specials. Launched in 1991, the channel was originally known as "HBO 3" until October 1998, when its format was changed from a genericized format similar to HBO and HBO2 to focusing on movies, series and specials targeted at a female audience.^[49]
HBO Zone	Launched on May 6, 1999,^[51] HBO Zone airs movies and HBO original programs aimed at young adults between the ages of 18 to 34 years old. It is also the only HBO channel that broadcasts adult-oriented programming at night, featuring softcore pornographic movies similar to those seen on sister network Cinemax's Max After Dark block.

Cinemax

On August 1, 1980, HBO launched Cinemax, a companion movie-based premium channel^[57] created as HBO's answer to fellow movie-oriented pay service The Movie Channel (which operated as a standalone service at the time). Unlike HBO, Cinemax maintained a 24-hour schedule from its launch. The channel succeeded early on partly due to its reliance on movie classics from the 1950s to the 1970s – with some more recent films mixed in – that would be presented uncut and without commercial interruption, at a time when cable subscribers only received about three dozen channels due to limited headend channel capacity. In most cases, cable operators sold Cinemax and HBO as a single package, usually offered at a discount for customers that chose to subscribe to both channels.

In its early years, Cinemax carried music specials and some limited original programming such as Second City Television and Max Headroom in addition to movies, but the network subsequently become known among its subscribers for airing softcore adult films and series during the late night hours that contain strong sexual content and nudity (broadcasts of such programs are restricted from airing on the main Cinemax channel before 11:30 p.m. Eastern Time),^[58]^[59] and eventually began producing original action series in August 2011.^[59] Beginning with the launch of Cinemax 2 (now MoreMax) in 1991, Cinemax has gradually launched its own set of multiplex services; as of 2015^[update], in addition to its main feed and MoreMax, Cinemax operates five additional channels: ActionMax (which originally launched as Cinemax 3 in 1995); ThrillerMax (which launched in 1998);^[49] MovieMax (which originally launched as WMax in 2001); Max Latino (which originally launched as @Max in 2001) and 5StarMax (which originally launched in 2001).^[60]^[61]^[62]

Other services

HBO HD

HBO HD is a high definition simulcast feed of HBO that broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format. In addition to its main channel, HBO also operates high definition simulcast feeds of its six multiplex channels. HBO HD is available on several major cable providers including Cox Communications; DirecTV; Charter Communications; Time Warner Cable; Dish Network; Comcast; AT&T U-verse; Optimum; and Verizon FiOS, although few providers offer all seven multiplex channels in HD. The main channel first began broadcasting in high definition on March 6, 1999.^[39]

HBO on Demand

HBO on Demand is the channel's subscription video-on-demand service; launched on July 1, 2001 on Time Warner Cable's Columbia, South Carolina system, it was the first subscription VOD service offered by a premium channel in the United States.^[40] HBO on Demand offers a selection of movies, original series and specials previously seen on the network.^[63] The service is provided at no additional cost to HBO subscribers, who already regularly pay a premium fee to cable and satellite providers to receive access to the channel. HBO launched the VOD service in an effort to allow subscribers access to the channel's programming on their own schedules, thereby reducing the frequency in which viewers were unable to find a program they would like to watch as well as limiting cancellations to the service for that same reason. HBO on Demand features a rotating selection of films, specials and series, with select new titles added each Friday alongside existing program titles held over from the previous one to two weeks.

The standard definition and high definition versions of the HBO on Demand service are available on most cable and satellite providers, delivered to customers who subscribe to the linear HBO channels at no additional charge. On January 3, 2011, HBO became the first premium channel and the first cable network to offer a 3D-only VOD service as it launched a subscription video on demand service offering select feature films in 3D to Time Warner Cable, Comcast and Verizon FiOS customers who subscribe to the HBO service.^[64]

HBO OD launched on TalkTalk TV in the UK in 2015 featuring Box Sets. This is a buy & keep service only.

HBO Go

HBO Go logo

On February 18, 2010, HBO launched HBO Go, a service that carries 1,000 hours of program content available for streaming in standard or high definition, intended as a TV Everywhere service available only to existing subscribers of the linear HBO television channels (a requirement necessary to access its content via streaming devices such as Roku and Apple TV, and select video game consoles, as well as via its website and mobile apps). Content available on HBO Go includes theatrically released films as well as HBO original programs, movies, comedy specials, documentaries, sports and late night adult programming.^[65]

HBO Now

HBO Now logo

On October 15, 2014, HBO announced plans to launch an over-the-top subscription video on demand service in 2015, which would be distributed as a standalone offering that does not require an existing television subscription to use.^[66]^[67]^[68] The service, HBO Now, was unveiled on March 9, 2015 and officially launched on April 7, 2015.^[9]^[69]^[70]^[71] The service was initially available via Apple Inc. to Apple TV and iOS devices for a three-month exclusivity period following its formal launch, before becoming available for subscription through other participating Internet service providers.^[9]^[69] Available for $15 per month, HBO Now is identical to HBO Go in terms of content and features. New episodes of HBO series are made available for streaming the same day, and usually at the same time, as their original broadcast on the main linear HBO channel. Apple's App Store features promotions offering free one-month trials or other incentives to subscribe to HBO Now, as the program is in partnership with Apple Inc. and Apple TV.^[72]

Programming

HBO has long maintained a policy not to run R-rated films on its primary channel between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time;^[73]^[74] this policy (which may have once stemmed from HBO's availability on analog cable tiers, while its multiplex channels generally required a digital cable subscription or at least scrambling) remains in place as of 2015^[update], despite the existence of the V-chip and the fact that other premium services began incorporating R-rated films onto their daytime schedules starting in the mid-1980s. The policy was also applied to all TV-MA rated programs after the TV Parental Guidelines were implemented on January 1, 1997; however the main HBO channel began airing a limited amount of TV-MA rated original series, movies and documentaries that contain some strong profanity and violence, but are largely devoid of nudity, and graphic violent or sexual content on weekends before 8:00 p.m. Eastern in 2010.^[75] However, HBO does occasionally rebroadcast R-rated films as early as 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time as part of its Sunday rebroadcast of the prior Saturday's movie premiere telecast, depending on the length of the film and the scheduling of any HBO original series that air after it.

Outside of HBO Family, which does not run any programs with either a TV-MA or R rating,^[76] HBO's other multiplex channels will air TV-MA and R-rated programming during morning and afternoon time periods. HBO also does not typically allow most NC-17 rated films to be aired on the primary channel or its multiplex channels.

HBO pioneered the free preview concept – which has since become a standard in the pay television industry – in 1973 as part of a plan to increase subscribership of the channel.^[77] Cable providers were originally granted permission to carry HBO on a local origination channel in order for those who are not subscribers the ability to view the channel for a limited number of days; with the advent of digital cable and satellite, providers now unencrypt the designated slots of each HBO channel during preview periods. Until the mid-1990s, on-air promotions featured between programs were replaced (and later, merely interspersed) with interstitials featuring on-air hosts asking viewers to subscribe to the service. Although participation was voluntary,^[78] preview events are carried by most major and some smaller pay television providers (the number of providers and the providers that choose to offer the event varies depending on the given free preview period, and may not be carried on all systems owned by a multiple system operator unless at the provider's discretion); HBO currently offers between three and five preview events each year to participating providers (which are normally scheduled to coincide with the premiere of a new or returning original series, and in the past, a high-profile special or feature film).

Since 1992, the channel has produced HBO First Look, a series of documentary-style specials (usually running 15 to 20 minutes in length, with no set schedule) featuring a look behind-the-scenes at the making of an upcoming/recently released film (many of those that are profiled eventually air on HBO once they reach their pay cable release window), with interviews with the actors and principal crew.

Original programming

Since the 1990s, HBO has produced original programming, which include dramas and comedies in addition to its slate of theatrical films. Most of these shows are intended for adults (and, with limited exceptions, are typically assigned TV-MA ratings), often featuring high amounts of profanity, violence, sexual themes and/or nudity that would be much more difficult to get on basic cable or over-the-air broadcast channels, out of fear of losing sponsors. However some of its original programs, primarily those produced before 2001, have also been aimed at families or children; most of these type of programs have migrated to HBO Family, though HBO has produced very few newer family-oriented series for either channel since that point. In a notable example, HBO acquired the first-run and streaming rights to Sesame Street, a long-running children's television series that had previously aired on public television's PBS for the vast majority of its run, in a deal with Sesame Workshop that was announced in August 2015.^[79]

The network also produces short segments promoting new films with the cooperation of their filming studios, usually either behind the scenes and interview pieces or red carpet coverage, which are almost exclusively bound for HBO and Cinemax during their paid cable windows; depending on length or content they are either branded as HBO News for segments under five minutes, or HBO First Look for those fifteen minutes long. These segments are also often included as bonus features on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of the films profiled, but have begun to decline to only a few episodes a year as HBO has focused on high-profile original programming instead and studios have internally produced behind-the-scenes looks at their films for exclusive physical and digital media release.

In addition to maintaining rights to films from various distributors, HBO also produces its own made-for-cable movies through HBO Films; the film division, originally named HBO Pictures, began producing original movies for the network in 1983 with the debut of The Terry Fox Story. Unlike most television films produced for cable television, most of the original movies produced by HBO have featured major film actors over the years, ranging from James Stewart to Michael Douglas. The channel also produces stand-up comedy specials, which were formerly broadcast under the On Location, HBO Comedy Hour and HBO Comedy Half-Hour banners, which periodically premiere on certain Saturday nights when a boxing match or movie is not scheduled during the late primetime slots.

One of HBO's first successful specials was The Bette Midler Show in 1976, which launched the Standing Room Only concert series. For a time in the early 1980s, HBO produced a concert special almost every other month, featuring major music stars such as Boy George and The Who. After MTV's successful rollout in 1981, the Standing Room Only series began to produce fewer concerts, but focused more on "world class" music events featuring artists such as Elton John, Tina Turner and Barbra Streisand, as well as fundraisers such as Farm Aid.^[18] The On Location comedy specials, which presented a stand-up comedian's performance in its entirety and uncut, began in 1975 with a special starring Robert Klein. The first of twelve concert specials televised by the network featuring George Carlin aired on HBO in 1977 as part of On Location, featuring Carlin's first televised performance of his classic routine, "The Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television".^[18] As other cable channels incorporated comedy specials due to their inexpensive format, HBO began to model its strategy with its comedy specials after its music programming, focusing on a few specials each year featuring popular comedians.^[18]

During the "Executive Actions" symposium held by The Washington Post and George Washington University in April 2015 (shortly after the launch of the HBO Now streaming service), HBO CEO Richard Plepler said that he does not want HBO to be akin to Netflix in which users "binge watch" its television shows and film content, saying "I don't think it would have been a great thing for HBO or our brand if that had been gobbled up in the first week[...] I think it was very exciting for the viewer to have that mystery held out for an extended period of time." Pleper cited that he feels that binge watching does not correlate with the culture of HBO and HBO watchers.^[80]

Movie library

As of March 2015^[update], HBO – and its sister channel Cinemax – maintains exclusive first-run film licensing agreements with network sister company Warner Bros. Entertainment (including content from subsidiaries Warner Bros. Animation, New Line Cinema since 2005, and Castle Rock Entertainment),^[81] 20th Century Fox since 1979 (including content from subsidiaries 20th Century Fox Animation, Blue Sky Studios, New Regency Productions, and Fox Searchlight Pictures),^[82] Universal Studios since 2003 (including content from subsidiaries Universal Animation Studios, Working Title Films, Illumination Entertainment, and Focus Features),^[83]^[84] Summit Entertainment since 2013,^[85] and DreamWorks since 1996 (excluding films co-produced with Touchstone Pictures; Showtime holds rights to live action co-productions between DreamWorks and Touchstone).^[86]^[87]

The first-run film output agreement with Fox was renewed by HBO for ten years on August 15, 2012 (with a provision allowing the studio to release its films through digital platforms such as iTunes and Amazon during a film's term of license with the channel for the first time),^[88] and the Universal output deal was renewed for ten years on January 6, 2013 (with the exception of certain animated films that HBO can offer to pass over to the Netflix streaming service).^[89] Since 2008, HBO also has exclusive pay cable rights to its own in-house theatrical films made through HBO Films.

HBO also shows sub-runs – runs of films that have already received broadcast or syndicated television airings – of theatrical films from Paramount Pictures (including content from subsidiary Republic Pictures, both for films released prior to 1998), Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (including content from subsidiaries Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Hollywood Pictures, and former subsidiary and current independently operated studio Miramax Films), Sony Pictures Entertainment (including content from subsidiaries Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Classics, Screen Gems, and TriStar Pictures, all for films released prior to 2005), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (including content from subsidiaries United Artists, Orion Pictures and The Samuel Goldwyn Company), and Lions Gate Entertainment (for films released prior to 2004).^[90]

Films that HBO has pay cable rights to will usually also run on Cinemax during its licensing term, although some feature films from the aforementioned studios that the two channels have broadcast rights to will make their premium television debut on HBO several weeks before its premiere on Cinemax and vice versa.

Former first-run contracts

During the early years of premium cable, it was not uncommon for multiple pay television services, including HBO, Showtime and The Movie Channel (and later, Cinemax), to hold broadcast rights to the same feature films. HBO began purchasing exclusive rights to broadcast select individual films in the late 1970s; these gradually expanded to exclusive output deals (which are commonplace with North American premium channels to this day), in which a pay service enters into a licensing agreement to broadcast movies from a particular film studio over a period of years. HBO signed its first major exclusive film output deal with Columbia Pictures in the early 1980s.^[91] During the 1980s, HBO also held rights to films from TriStar Pictures (whose output deal with HBO, as well as that with Columbia Pictures, expired after 2004) and Orion Pictures;^[92]^[93] as of February 2013, rival premium channel Starz has an exclusive deal with Sony.^[94]

Films released by Paramount Pictures between mid-1988 and late 1997 were broadcast on HBO;^[95] rival premium channel Showtime assumed pay television rights between 1998 and 2008.^[96]^[97] HBO relinquished its deal with DreamWorks Pictures to broadcast its live-action films at the end of 2010, when the distribution rights shifted from Paramount Pictures to Touchstone Pictures (whose films are broadcast by Showtime through a distribution agreement with Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group).^[98] HBO's contract with DreamWorks Animation expired after 2012, at which time Netflix assumed pay television rights.^[99] Now, DreamWorks movies can be found on Netflix and the FX branded channels

Sports programming

HBO broadcasts a limited amount of sports programming as well as sports-related discussion and documentary series produced by the channel's HBO Sports division; HBO – through its parent holding company Home Box Office Inc. – also operates HBO PPV (formerly TVKO), which serves as a distributor of major boxing events for pay-per-view.

HBO's first sports broadcast was of a New York Rangers-Vancouver Canucks NHL game, transmitted to a Service Electric cable system in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on November 8, 1972; the channel continued to run select NHL hockey games through the mid-1970s. HBO has long been known for its telecasts of boxing matches (which usually air on Saturday nights every two to three weeks on average), including those shown on its flagship sports program HBO World Championship Boxing. In 1975, the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier aired on HBO and was the first program on the pay cable network to be broadcast via satellite. That same year, HBO began airing coverage of Wimbledon; it held rights to coverage of the tennis tournament through 1999, when it lost the rights to sister network TNT (owned by Time Warner's Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary).

In 1973, HBO aired a World Wide Wrestling Federation event from Madison Square Garden, headlined by a match between George Steele and Pedro Morales. During the mid-1970s, HBO aired several basketball games from the National Basketball Association and American Basketball Association (notably, the last ABA Finals game in 1976, between the New York Nets and the Denver Nuggets). HBO also aired Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) events during the 1970s; Dick Stockton was the play-by-play announcer and Skee Foremsky served as the color commentator for the bowling telecasts.^[100]

In 1977, HBO premiered the channel's longest-running program, and its first sports-related documentary and analysis series Inside the NFL; HBO canceled the program in February 2008 after 30 seasons (the program was later acquired by rival premium channel Showtime, which began airing the series in September 2008). HBO expanded its boxing slate with the launch of Boxing After Dark in 1996, a program which showcases fights from up-and-coming boxing talents.

The network would build upon Inside the NFL with debut of additional sports talk and documentary programs: Race for the Pennant (concerning the Major League Baseball season, running from 1978 to 1992), Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (which debuted in 1998), On the Record with Bob Costas (which debuted in 2001, and was revamped as Costas Now in 2005, ending in 2009), and Joe Buck Live (which ran for one season in 2009). In 2001, HBO and NFL Films began to jointly produce the documentary series Hard Knocks, which follows an individual NFL team each season during training camp and their preparations for the upcoming football season.^[18]^[101]

HBO Sports has been headed by several well-known television executives over the years, including its founder Steve Powell (later head of programming at ESPN), Dave Meister (later head of the Tennis Channel), Seth Abraham (later head of MSG Network),^[18] and Ross Greenburg.

Documentaries

Filmmaker Alexandra Pelosi and former New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey at the New York City premiere of Pelosi's HBO documentary about McGreevey, Fall to Grace, in March 2013.

Many of HBO's documentary series appear under the America Undercover brand, the regular features of which have been Real Sex (a late night magazine-formatted series of specials that ran from 1992 to 2009, which frankly explored a variety of mainstream and non-mainstream sexual matters^[18]) and Autopsy. One of the most notable America Undercover specials was 1985's Soldiers in Hiding, focusing on homeless veterans of the Vietnam War living in the wilderness, which won the first Academy Award for a cable television service in the Best Documentary category (although HBO has had some of its documentaries enter limited theatrical release to qualify for Oscar nominations in later years).^[18] HBO is also noted for its Sports of the 20th Century documentary brand. One of its most recent documentaries was Dare to Dream, about the U.S. Women's Soccer Team and their effort to make a difference, and featured Mia Hamm, Kristine Lilly, Brandi Chastain, Joy Fawcett and Julie Foudy.

HBO's first successful documentary aired in 1979, the six-part series Time Was, which featured host Dick Cavett being inserted into seminal events occurring between the 1920s and the 1970s. 1981's She's Nobody's Baby, produced by Ms. magazine, was another well-known documentary tracing the evolution in the societal role of American women during the 20th Century; the special earned HBO the first Peabody Award won by a pay television service.^[102] Since then, it has brought home numerous Peabody Awards.^[103] HBO had also broadcast informational documentaries produced in partnership with Consumer Reports starting in 1980, focusing on subjects from product safety to finance to health.^[18] One such documentary, AIDS: Everything You and Your Family Need to Know…But Were Afraid to Ask, which aired in 1987 at the height of the AIDS epidemic in the U.S., provided factual information on AIDS and HIV and was hosted by then-surgeon general C. Everett Koop.^[18]

In 2004, guided by human rights activist Ansar Burney, an HBO team for Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel used a hidden camera to document slavery and torture in secret desert camps where boys under the age of five were trained to race camels, a national sport in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This half-hour investigative report exposed a carefully hidden child slavery ring that bought or kidnapped hundreds of young boys in Pakistan and Bangladesh, who were then forced to become camel jockeys in the UAE. The report also questioned the sincerity of U.S. diplomacy in pressuring the UAE, an ally to the United States, to comply with its own stated policy of banning the use of children under 15 from camel racing. The documentary won a Sports Emmy Award in 2004 for "Outstanding Sports Journalism" and the 2006 Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award for "Outstanding Broadcast Journalism". It also brought worldwide attention to the plight of child camel jockeys in the Middle East and helped the Ansar Burney Trust to convince the governments of Qatar and the UAE to end the use of children in the sport.

In 2006, film director Spike Lee made a two-part four-hour documentary on Hurricane Katrina called When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts. Also in 2006, documentary artist Lauren Greenfield directed a feature-length film about four young women struggling with eating disorders seeking treatment at the Renfrew Clinic in Florida, called Thin. 2008 saw the U.S. television premiere of Baghdad High, a documentary that depicted the lives of four boys attending a high school in Baghdad, Iraq, over the course of one year in the form of a video diary that was filmed by the boys themselves, who were given video cameras for the project.^[104]

In November 2008, HBO paid low seven figures for U.S. television rights to Amy Rice and Alicia Sams's documentary, By the People: The Election of Barack Obama. The film covers Obama's 2006 trip to Africa, his presidential primary campaign, the 2008 general election and his inauguration. The documentary received theatrical release in New York City and Los Angeles, and aired on HBO in November 2009.^[105]

In November 2012, HBO aired a four-part documentary titled Witness, each part of which is devoted to covering photojournalists in four conflict regions: Juarez, Libya, South Sudan, and Rio de Janeiro.^[106] On March 28, 2013, the channel premiered the Alexandra Pelosi-directed documentary about former New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey, Fall to Grace.^[107]^[108] On April 10, 2013, HBO aired 50 Children: The Rescue Mission of Mr. and Mrs. Kraus, a documentary about the story of Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus, a Jewish couple from Philadelphia who traveled to Nazi Germany in 1939 and, with the help of the B'rith Sholom fraternal organization, saved Jewish children in Vienna from likely death in the Holocaust by finding them new homes in Philadelphia. In April 2013, the channel aired a documentary about the purported abuse and brutal treatment of elephants titled An Apology to Elephants.

Other ventures

In addition to its linear television channels, HBO has entered into other ventures:

Television channels

Take 2

In April 1979, HBO launched its first attempt at a spin-off service, Take 2. Designed as a family-oriented mini-pay service, Take 2 was essentially formatted as an alternative to HBO, without any R-rated program content. The channel was ultimately deemed a major failure due to low subscribership and limited carriage by cable providers, and ceased operations late that summer.^[91] HBO management analysized the mistakes that led to Take 2's downfall, which would result in the development of the network's second and more successful attempt at a secondary pay service, the movie-focused Cinemax, which launched on August 1, 1980.

Festival

Logo of HBO's early family-friendly service Festival.

Example of Festival's monthly guide provided to subscribers (January 1988).

In 1987, HBO launched Festival,^[109] a separate premium channel that was distinctively programmed to provide family-friendly fare, which featured classic and recent hit movies, as well as HBO's original specials (which were branded when broadcast on the channel under the banner "Centerstage", which featured stand-up comedy, concert specials and ice skating shows) and documentaries.

Festival, whose on-air slogan was Quality Entertainment You Welcome Home,^[110] had also broadcast collections of feature films featuring a particular movie star (known as "Star Salutes"). What differed Festival from HBO was that the former channel was programmed as a family-oriented service. Atypical for a premium service, Festival featured edited versions of R-rated movies that were recut in order to fit a PG rating and allowed only high-quality series, specials and movies to be broadcast on the channel's schedule.^[111]

As Festival was designed as a mini-pay premium service (formatted similarly to Take 2 before it), the cost of a monthly subscription of the channel was also priced lower than that of HBO and Cinemax. Festival provided its subscribers with a color 20-page monthly program guide. Like HBO, Festival also ran occasional free preview periods, such as the October 30 to November 2, 1987 preview hosted by Tony Randall. However, the channel suffered from insufficient cable carriage as only a few providers carried Festival; as such, it could not compete with then-fellow premium service the Disney Channel, which also maintained a family-oriented programming format but as of 1997 is now a basic cable and satellite television service. Festival would eventually shut down in late 1988.^[28]^[109]

The Comedy Channel / Comedy Central

In 1989, HBO created The Comedy Channel, a cable channel that featured clips excerpted from stand-up comedy sets, comedic feature films and television series (using a programming model similar to the original format of MTV),^[28] which launched on November 15 of that year. The channel competed with another startup comedy-oriented cable channel that debuted the following year, Viacom-owned Ha!: The TV Comedy Network, which focused on reruns of older network sitcoms. Both channels suffered from insufficient cable carriage (both Ha! and The Comedy Channel each had fewer than 10 million subscribers). This resulted in Viacom and HBO reaching an agreement to merge Ha! and The Comedy Channel into a single channel called CTV: The Comedy Network, which debuted on April 1, 1991;^[112] the channel subsequently changed its name three months later to Comedy Central due to confusion and potential legal issues with Canadian broadcaster, the CTV Television Network. Time Warner/HBO exited the venture when Viacom bought out its 50% stake in Comedy Central for $1.23 billion in April 2003.^[113]

Television and film production

HBO formed the production company HBO Independent Productions in 1990, which mainly served to produce sitcoms for broadcast television and basic cable (which included series such as Martin, Roc, The Ben Stiller Show and Everybody Loves Raymond). HBO Downtown Productions was formed one year later, producing comedy specials for HBO, as well as program content for Comedy Central (such as Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher and Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist).

HBO also operates HBO Films, which was established in 1999 as a reconfiguration and consolidation of two separate movie divisions operated by Home Box Office Inc., HBO NYC Productions and HBO Pictures. HBO also operated another film division called HBO Showcase, which began operations in 1986; it was shut down in 1996 and was relaunched as HBO NYC Productions.

HBO also participated in a number of joint ventures in film production:

In 1982, HBO entered into a joint venture with Columbia Pictures and CBS Theatrical Films to form Tri-Star Pictures (the hyphen was dropped from the name in 1991), in order to pool resources to split the ever-growing costs of making feature films. Tri-Star's first production, The Natural, was released in 1984. CBS sold its ownership stake in the studio in 1985.^[114] In April 1987, Tri-Star entered into the television production business with the formation of Tri-Star Television. HBO relinquished its stake in Tri-Star that December, with Columbia Pictures buying its venture shares and merging Columbia and Tri-Star into Columbia Pictures Entertainment. As of 2015, TriStar operates as a production arm of Sony Pictures Entertainment.
In 1983, HBO entered into a limited partnership with Thorn EMI to create Silver Screen Partners, which was the first LP of its kind that was developed for the purpose of financing the production of feature films. The studio only released seven films between 1983 and 1986, most of which were not commercial or critical successes, with the minor exception of the 1985 film Volunteers.^[91]
In 1993, HBO invested in upstart film production company Savoy Pictures (co-founded by Victor A. Kaufman and Lewis J. Korman). The studio held investments in other properties including Savoy Broadcasting, a minority-owned communications firm, that evolved into SF Broadcasting (which was operated in a joint venture with the Fox Broadcasting Company, and affiliated its four stations with that network between September 1995 and January 1996). Savoy Pictures was unable to experience success with any of its feature film releases, and eventually folded in 1997.^[91]
In 2005, HBO Films and New Line Cinema formed Picturehouse, a worldwide theatrical distribution company for high-quality independent films. The company was shut down in 2008 as part of the consolidation of New Line with its sister studio Warner Bros. Entertainment (Picturehouse CEO Bob Berney would later resurrect the studio as an independent entity from Time Warner).^[91]

Home video

As objections to the advent of home video from factions of the entertainment industry began to die down, in November 1984, HBO partnered with independent film distributor Thorn EMI to form Thorn EMI/HBO Video.^[115] Thorn EMI cut various distribution agreements with smaller film production companies that did not have their own home video units, such as Orion Pictures and New Line Cinema.^[28] In 1986, Cannon Films bought out Thorn EMI's interest in the unit, which was accordingly renamed HBO/Cannon Video. Cannon dropped out of the venture by 1987 after the studio took a financial hit following its attempt at a series of larger budget films that did not experience box office success; the unit was then renamed HBO Video.^[28] Over time, HBO Video (which eventually became HBO Home Entertainment by the early 2010s) shifted away from releasing films from independent studios to releasing HBO's catalog of original programs and films on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.^[28]

Merchandising

Various products have been marketed that have used the HBO trademark and/or are based around the channel's programming. In 2005, HBO entered into an agreement with Cingular Wireless to establish HBO Mobile in the pre-smartphone era.^[116] Operating as a pay service (a model similar to that used by the channel itself), HBO Mobile featured information on HBO's original programming (including episode guides), mobile wallpapers and ringtones voiced by cast members of the channel's series (HBO Mobile also operated a similar service, HBO Family Mobile, which offered full-length episodes of the channel's children's programming). That same year, Mattel and Screenlife released a version of the DVD interactive game Scene It?, featuring trivia relating to HBO's original series.

Branding

When HBO launched in 1972, its original logo was merely the channel's full name "Home Box Office" and a ticket stub surrounded by a lighted marquee. The original version of its current logo (designed by Bemis Balkind) was introduced in 1975, using an uppercase bold 'HBO' text with a circle inside the 'O', which in turn cuts into the 'B'. The logo was modified in 1980 (although it did not completely replace the original version until 1981), with the 'B' and the 'O' becoming full letterforms, albeit continuing to be attached to each other. The simplicity of the logo makes it fairly easy to duplicate, something HBO has taken advantage of many times over the years.

The logo became iconic due to a program opening sequence produced in 1981 by New York City production firm Liberty Studios, nicknamed "HBO in Space", which was used from September 20, 1982 to September 30, 1997.^[117] The original full version begins with a window shot of a family (or alternately, a married couple) in an apartment sitting down to watch HBO on their television set (which was replaced by a cloudscape that faded into the city sequence in late 1983), which transitions to a fly-through over a constructed model cityscape and countryside. A starburst – or "stargate effect" – then occurs following a pan towards a star-filled sky (which begins a shorter version of the sequence), unveiling a chrome-plated HBO logo that flies and rotates into view; colored light beams encircle the side of the "O," then flash to a partially animated sequence featuring more lights racing counter-clockwise in its interior on a silver axis, revealing "HBO Feature Presentation" or another program type (such as "Standing Room Only", "HBO Special" or "On Location") in block text, before additional beams sweep across the text and shine, with more flashing into a fade to black. Most variants of this sequence were discontinued in 1986, except for the feature presentation (which was relegated to the main primetime film), "Saturday Night Movie" and "Sunday Night Movie" variants. The "Saturday Night Movie" and "Sunday Night Movie" variants were discontinued in 1993. Many versions of the intro are available on YouTube, including one uploaded to HBO's official YouTube channel.^[118] The accompanying fanfare – originally composed for Score Productions by Ferdinand Jay Smith III of Jay Advertising and adapted by Smith from the Scherzo movement of Antonín Dvořák's Ninth Symphony – has become a musical signature for HBO, and has been used in feature presentation, upcoming program and evening schedule bumpers, and network IDs since 1998 with various arrangements from horns to piano being used over the years.

Another well-known HBO program opener, "Neon Lights", began movies airing outside of primetime from November 1, 1986, to September 30, 1997. The sequence, set to a synth and electric guitar theme, begins with a purple HBO logo on a film strip with blue, green and pink light rays shooting through it as the strip rotates out of view; the lights shoot through several glowing CG slots until a flash of light hits a field of spheres in varying colors, which zoom out to form a light purple HBO logo overlaid by a cursive magenta "Movie" script against a black background with rows of light purple spheres.^[119] From 1997 to 1999, HBO used several feature presentation bumpers designed by Pittard Sullivan featuring the network logo in different situations (such as a fish in water, a celebrity in a limousine, a large HBO logo chasing a man and a neon HBO logo on the rooftop of a building); these sequences were also used by the network as IDs from 1997 to 2002, and in upcoming program and evening schedule bumpers until 2000.

From fall 1999 to April 1, 2011, HBO used a Pittard Sullivan-designed CGI feature presentation bumper sequence that features a flyover similar to the 1982 sequence, starting with the front of a movie theater featuring a marquee that reads "HBO Feature Presentation," and trekking through a country road, a snowy mountain road near a cliff and a desert road (respectively passing under a tower, tunnel and tanker truck shaped in the individual letters of the HBO logotype); this leads into a road in an urban neighborhood (with skyscrapers visible in the background) that becomes a bridge upon the city's downtown area, and lead to a slowing flyover toward and pan over an HBO logo-shaped lake that starts with several spotlights rapidly turning on and ends with a 3D animation of the "Feature Presentation" text. The closing animation that is seen both in the full version as well as a shorter version of the sequence (seen outside of weekend primetime films and Saturday film premieres, when the longer sequence was used).^[120]

The sequence was replaced on April 2, 2011 – as part of a new graphics package implemented on that date across the HBO multiplex channels – by a much shorter opening sequence designed by Jesse Vartanian (who also designed CGI teaser commercials for HBO's premiere telecast of the 2010 film Avatar), consisting only of a dark background with faint light auroras around the HBO logo and a simple "Feature Presentation" text animation, accompanied by soft orchestral music.^[121]

Unlike other pay television networks (including the multiplex channels of sister channel Cinemax), HBO does not brand its programming with on-screen logo bugs of the main network and each respective multiplex channel – although its multiplex channels do display logo bugs during promotional breaks between programs.^[122]

Network slogans

Source:^[123]

November 1972–August 1975: "This is HBO, the Home Box Office. Premium Subscription Television from Time-Life."
August 1975–June 1976: "Different and First"
June 1976–May 1978: "The Great Entertainment Alternative"
May 1978–October 1979: "The Home Box"
October 1979–March 1984: "HBO People Don't Miss Out"^[124]
March 1984–May 1985: "There's No Place Like HBO"^[125]
May 1985–July 1988: "Nobody Brings It Home Like HBO"^[126]
July 1988–February 1989: "Watch Us Here on HBO"
November 1988–November 1991: "The Best Time on TV" (general slogan) and "The Best Movies" (promotional slogan for movies)
February 1989–July 1990: "Let's All Get Together"
October 1989–November 1990: "Simply The Best" ("The Best" by Tina Turner was used as the image theme)

November 1991–October 1993: "We're HBO"
October 1993–September 1995: "Just You Wait"^[127]
September 1995–October 1996: "Something Special's On"^[128]
October 1996–April 2009: "It's Not TV. It's HBO."^[129]
2006–2009: "Get More" (slogan for the HBO website)
April 2009–present: "It's More Than You Imagined. It's HBO."
2010–2011: "This is HBO." (only used for IDs)
2011–present: "It's HBO."
2014–present: "So Original"

International versions

Since 1991, HBO has overseen a number of partnerships that operate HBO-branded television networks around the world. As HBO was launched in new markets, the brand has been used in several countries. HBO has established channels in various countries worldwide including Brazil, Canada, Eastern Europe, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, the Caribbean, Scandinavia and Southeast Asia. HBO also licenses its programming to air on certain other broadcast and cable channels outside the United States (such as Sky Atlantic which is available within the Republic of Ireland, Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy and in Germany). Coming 1 September to Portugal.

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External links

HBO

HBO.com

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1. 高圧酸素療法 hyperbaric oxygen therapy
2. 糖尿病性足病変のマネージメント management of diabetic foot lesions
3. 創傷マネージメントの基本原則 basic principles of wound management
4. 頭頚部癌の後期合併症のマネージメントおよびその治療 management of late complications of head and neck cancer and its treatment
5. 慢性放射線性腸炎の診断およびマネージメント diagnosis and management of chronic radiation enteritis

English Journal

Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on a murine squamous cell carcinoma model.

Paniello RC1, Fraley PL, O'Bert R.
Head & neck.Head Neck.2014 Dec;36(12):1743-6. doi: 10.1002/hed.23528. Epub 2014 May 2.
BACKGROUND: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is sometimes used to assist in wound healing after major head and neck cancer surgery. However, there is concern that HBO treatments might enhance the growth of any residual microscopic disease. This was studied in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma
PMID 24166929

Comparison of complications in free flap reconstruction for osteoradionecrosis in patients with or without hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Nolen D1, Cannady SB, Wax MK, Scharpf J, Puscas L, Esclamado RM, Fritz M, Freiberger J, Lee WT.
Head & neck.Head Neck.2014 Dec;36(12):1701-4. doi: 10.1002/hed.23520. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
BACKGROUND: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy induces native tissue oxygenation. The hypothesis was patients with mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) and a history of HBO therapy would have less free flap reconstruction complications than patients without HBO therapy.METHODS: We conducted a multisite
PMID 24123657

Hyperbaric oxygenation treatment alleviates CCI-induced neuropathic pain and decreases spinal apoptosis.

Hu Q1, Fang L, Li F, Thomas S, Yang Z.
European journal of pain (London, England).Eur J Pain.2014 Nov 20. doi: 10.1002/ejp.618. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Increased apoptotic changes in the spinal cord may be responsible for the development of chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain. We previously reported the beneficial effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in the treatment of CCI-induced neuropathic pain. In this study, we
PMID 25410300

Japanese Journal

The Excitement of Multiple Noradrenergic Cell Groups in the Rat Brain Related to Hyperbaric Oxygen Seizure

Arai Minako,Takata Ken,Takeda Yoshimasa,Mizobuchi Satoshi,Morita Kiyoshi
Acta Medica Okayama 65(3), 163-168, 2011-06
… The mechanism of oxygen toxicity for central nervous system and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) seizure has not been clarified. … Noradrenergic cells in the brain may contribute to HBO seizure. … In this study, we defined the activation of noradrenergic cells during HBO exposure by c-fos immunohistochemistry. … In HBO seizure animals, HBO was induced with 5 atm of 100% oxygen until manifestation of general tonic convulsion. …
NAID 80021815239

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「一酸化炭素中毒」「高圧酸素療法」「hyperbaric」「hybaroxia」「hyperbaric oxygenation」
関連記事	「H」

「一酸化炭素中毒」

HBO
Launched	November 8, 1972; 43 years ago
Owned by	Home Box Office Inc.; (Division of Time Warner)
Picture format	1080i (HDTV); Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed
Slogan	It's HBO.
Country	United States
Language	English; Spanish (HBO Latino only and via SAP audio track; some films may be broadcast in their native language and subtitled into English)
Broadcast area	Nationwide
Headquarters	New York City, New York
Formerly called	The Green Channel; (proposed name)
Sister channel(s)	Cinemax
Timeshift service	HBO East, HBO West,; HBO2 East, HBO2 West,; HBO Comedy East,; HBO Comedy West,; HBO Family East,; HBO Family West,; HBO Latino East,; HBO Latino West,; HBO Signature East,; HBO Signature West,; HBO Zone East,; HBO Zone West
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV	HBO:; East: 501 (HD/SD); West: 504 (HD/SD); HBO2:; East: 502 (HD/SD); West: 505 (HD/SD); HBO Signature: 503 (HD/SD); HBO Comedy: 506 (HD); HBO Family:; East: 507 (HD/SD); West: 508 (SD); HBO Zone: 509 (HD); HBO Latino: 511 (HD); HBO On Demand: 1501
Dish Network	HBO:; East: 300 (HD/SD); West: 303 (HD/SD); HBO2:; East: 301 (HD/SD); West: 304 (SD); HBO Signature:; 302 (HD/SD); HBO Family: 305 (HD/SD); HBO Comedy: 307 (HD/SD); HBO Zone: 308 (HD Only); HBO Latino:; 309 (HD/SD)
Cable
Verizon FiOS	899–913; 400-413 (SD)
Time Warner	510–521; 700-760 (SD)
IPTV
AT&T U-verse	1802–1815; 802–815 (SD)
CenturyLink Prism	1802–1815; 802–815 (SD)
TalkTalk TV (UK)	On Demand - Buy & Keep
Zazeen (Canada)	172-173
Streaming media
HBO Go	www.hbogo.com; (U.S. cable Internet subscribers only; requires login from pay television provider to access content)
HBO Now	www.hbonow.com; (requires subscription through a participating retailer to access content)
Sling TV	Internet Protocol television

Home Box Office (HBO)
開局日	1972年11月8日
所有者	Home Box Office Inc.; （タイム・ワーナー）
映像方式	480i (SDTV); 1080i (HDTV)
スローガン	It's More Than You Imagined. It's HBO.
国	アメリカ合衆国
放送エリア	国内
本社	ニューヨーク
関連チャンネル	Cinemax
ウェブサイト	HBO.com; HBO Latino; HBO Family

　　[★]

英: carbon monoxide poisoning CO poisoning
同: CO中毒
関: 一酸化炭素 carbon monoxide CO

概念

一酸化炭素を吸入による中毒

疫学

わが国では中毒死の原因物質として頻度が高い(60%で最多 (YN.K-33))。自殺が半数以上。
COの発生源としては、火災、都市ガス、自動車の排気ガス、瞬間湯沸かし器などの各種燃焼器具、練炭などの炭製品などが挙げられる。
季節性で、特に冬に多い。

病因 HIM.1142

1. 一酸化炭素ヘモグロビンの生成により末梢への酸素運搬が阻害される(COのHbに対する親和性はO2のそれの250倍)　→　組織低酸素
2. 酸素解離曲線の左方移動。
3. CO とミオグロビンの結合　→　(心臓)心筋虚血、不整脈
4. チトクロム酸化酵素との結合による細胞呼吸障害。
5. 再灌流障害、酸素ラジカル生成・脂質過酸化による中枢神経障害。

病理

中枢神経：大脳基底核、レンズ核の虚血性変化が特徴的

法医

剖検所見では、死斑・血液の鮮紅色調が特徴。
血中COHbが50-60%以上であれば死因としうる。
焼死体では、煤の吸引とともに、火災時に生存していたことの根拠として重要。

症候

IMD.1143, NEL.355

症状はCOHbの血中濃度に依存する。
初期症状は頭痛、悪心・嘔吐で、非特異的でありインフルエンザ、胃腸炎と誤診されやすい。さらにCOHb濃度が上がると、激しい頭痛、めまい、視野の変化、脱力が生じる。高濃度では昏睡、てんかん発作、呼吸不安定、死が起こる。
血中COHb＞10%；頭痛。＞30%；激しい頭痛、悪心、嘔吐。＞60-70%；死亡

眼症状：網膜出血(NEL.355)、乳頭浮腫(CASES.192)
皮膚・粘膜：(急性のCO中毒)generalized chery-red color of the skin and mucous membranes.
中枢神経症状：
循環器症状：胸痛、心電図上の虚血性変化、不整脈
呼吸器症状：息切れ、頻呼吸
消化器症状：悪心・嘔吐
泌尿器症状：失禁
慢性期：遅発性精神系精神症状群 delayed neuro-psychiatric syndrome：10-30%に認める。50-75%は1年以内に回復
回復した意識が1-3週後に再び低下することがある。

重症例では中枢神経系、腎臓、肺、心臓等が冒される

病型による症状

急性一酸化炭素中毒
慢性一酸化炭素中毒、間歇型一酸化炭素中毒：知覚障害、運動障害(錐体路症状、錐体外路症状)

IMD.1142

COHb(%)	症状
≦10	ほとんどなし
10～20	前頭部頭重感、皮膚血管拡張
20～30	拍動性頭痛、体動時の息切れ
30～40	悪心、めまい、視力障害、疲労感、判断力低下
40～50	頻脈、昏迷、脱力、虚脱
50～60	昏睡、痙攣
60～70	低血圧、呼吸微弱
≧70	呼吸停止、死亡

WMM.757

20-40% : めまい、頭痛、脱力、判断力の低下、悪心・嘔吐、視力の低下。網膜の出血が見られることがある。
40-60% : 頻呼吸、頻拍、失行、失神、てんかん。ECGではST部位の変化、伝導障害、心房・心室性不整脈が分かるかもしれない。
60%以上: 昏睡、死

BPT.282

20-30%：全身性の低酸素血症
60-70%：死亡

NEL. 355

>15%：症状が出現
>20%：中毒症状が出現
>40%：重度の神経症状が出現

身体所見

古典的所見のcherry-red lips(さくらんぼ色の唇)、チアノーゼ、眼底出血の頻度は高くない。　→　むしろですねCO-Hbの吸光度特性はO2-Hbに似てるからチアノーゼは見いだされないよ。

検査

HIM.1142

1. 血液ガス検査

COHb濃度の上昇(基準値：1-3%、ヘビースモーカー：15%)
pulse-oximetry gap：パルスオキシメーターでは COHb と酸化 Hb の区別が不可能なため、酸素飽和度の実測値より高値となる。
動脈酸素分圧は正常だから(そうなの？)、動脈酸素飽和度や一酸化炭素ヘモグロビンを測定する必要がある(WMM.757)

2. 血液生化学

CK、LDH　→　心筋障害を示唆

3. 心電図

心筋虚血、不整脈(頻脈、各種ブロックなど)

4. 頭部CT・MRI検査

CT：意識障害を来す疾患の除外診断

大脳基底核：萎縮、限局性低吸収
大脳白質　：広範な低吸収

MRI：白質の脱髄所見、淡蒼球(globus pallidus)の壊死

治療

100%酸素投与

COHbが10%未満になるまで継続(WMM.757)
4-6時間の治療後にも症状が持続する場合には、高気圧酸素療法を考慮する。

高圧酸素療法 hyperbaric oxygen HBO

高圧酸素療法(3 atm)は以下の患者に推奨される；意識がない、神経症状、ECG所見で虚血、重度の代謝性アシドーシス、横紋筋融解症、肺浮腫、あるいはショックが認められる患者(WMM.757)
RCTによる有効性に関する根拠はないが、昏睡、意識消失、痙攣などの重度中枢神経症状、肺浮腫、心筋虚血、重症代謝性アシドーシスを呈する場合、COHb ＞ 40%、妊娠時、高齢患者には適応(IMD.1142)。
高酸素療法は長期的な神経学的転帰を改善する(WMM.757)

血液中のCOの半減期 NEL.355

健常人：平均5-6時間
100%酸素の投与下：40-60分
高圧酸素(2.5-3気圧)：15-30分　適応：CO中毒に適合した神経症状が出現/子供や妊婦でCOHbレベルが25%より大きいこと

診断

発症した患者をとりまく状況(居合わせた他の人、COを発生しうる環境か)を聴く
除外診断：CO中毒様の症状を来す疾患を鑑別。特に中枢神経疾患

後遺症

精神神経症状：健忘症、自発性低下、感情障害、パーキンソン症候群など

予後

速やかに意識が回復する場合は予後良好
意思疎通の回復は4日以内に限られ、昏睡が遷延する場合には回復を期待できない。

「高圧酸素療法」

　　[★]

英: hyperbaric oxygen therapy HBOT、hyperbaric oxygenation、hybaroxia、HBO、hyperbaric、oxygen under high pressure OHP
関: 高圧、高気圧酸素治療、高気圧酸素療法

「hyperbaric」

　　[★]

adj.

高比重の(液)。与圧された、高圧の、高圧酸素の

関: HBO、high pressure、hybaroxia、hyperbaric oxygen therapy、hyperbaric oxygenation

「hybaroxia」

　　[★]

高圧酸素療法

関: HBO、hyperbaric、hyperbaric oxygen therapy、hyperbaric oxygenation

「hyperbaric oxygenation」

　　[★]

高圧酸素療法

関: HBO、hybaroxia、hyperbaric、hyperbaric oxygen therapy

「H」

　　[★]

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[73] Michele Greppi (August 22, 2005). "The Insider; HBO's bleeping little secret; bleeped profanity in an airing of the retrospective "Six Feet Under: 2001–2005: In Memoriam". TelevisionWeek. Retrieved February 25, 2011 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required)

[74] Bill Mesce (September 16, 2013). "It's Not TV: HBO, The Company That Changed Television: The Wall". Sound on Sight. Retrieved February 1, 2014.

[75] "HBO Schedule: Primary HBO channel". Home Box Office Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2012.

[76] "HBO Family schedule website". Home Box Office Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2012.

[77] Marc Leverette; Brian L. Ott and Cara Louise Buckley (March 23, 2009). It's Not TV: Watching HBO in the Post-Television Era. Routledge. p. 3. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

[78] Bill Mesce (August 29, 2013). "It's Not TV: HBO, The Company That Changed Television: Title Fights: The King of Pay-TV". Sound on Sight. Retrieved April 15, 2014.

[79] 'Sesame Street' is heading to HBO Retrieved 13 August 2015

[80] Chris Morran (April 28, 2015). "Here's Why HBO's CEO Doesn't Want You To Binge-Watch Shows". The Huffington Post. Huffington Post Media Group.

[81] John Dempsey (January 30, 2001). "HBO eclipses Starz in 8-year U pact". Variety (Reed Business Information).

[82] Scott Hettrick (December 15, 1999). "HBO restocks Fox flicks with 6-year, $1 bil deal.". The Hollywood Reporter – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required)

[83] Mike Reynolds (February 5, 2001). "HBO bid bests Starz". Cable World – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required)

[84] Brett Sporich; Nellie Andreeva (February 6, 2001). "HBO, Uni ink licensing deal". The Hollywood Reporter – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required)

[85] "HBO and Summit Entertainment Enter Into Exclusive Output Agreement". The Futon Critic. May 26, 2011.

[86] Geraldine Fabrikant (March 9, 1995). "HBO Buys Rights to New Studio's Films". The New York Times (The New York Times Company).

[87] Lee Winfrey (March 14, 1995). "March Gladness For Hbo: A Billion-dollar Deal And Costner, Too". The Philadelphia Inquirer – via New York Daily News and Knight-Ridder News Service.

[HBO_Fox-88] Joe Flint (August 15, 2012). "HBO and 20th Century Fox renew output deal". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Publishing).

[89] "HBO extends Universal deal, keeping films from Netflix". Yahoo! Movies. January 6, 2013.

[90] John Dempsey (August 8, 2002). "HBO reups Lions Gate deal after a bid war; Deal attributed to 'Monster's Ball,' 'O' success". Variety (Reed Business Information).

[Movie_Duels-91] Bill Mesce (September 2, 2013). "It's Not TV: HBO, The Company That Changed Television: The Movie Duels". Sound on Sight. Retrieved February 1, 2014.

[92] David Crook (June 3, 1986). "HBO, Warner May Sign Deal". Los Angeles Times (Times Mirror Company).

[93] "H.B.O. Signs Studios' Deal". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). June 29, 1995.

[94] "Starz renews deal to get Sony movies through 2021; deal seen as must-win for channel". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). February 11, 2013.

[95] Geraldine Fabrikant (July 15, 1987). "HBO Buying Rights To Paramount Films". The New York Times. The New York Times Company.

[96] "Showtime Networks (SNI) and Paramount Pictures announce exclusive output deal; most exclusive titles ever in single pact for the Premium Network". Showtime Networks. Business Wire. May 18, 1995 – via The Free Library.

[97] Paige Albiniak (January 27, 2009). "NATPE 2009: Studio 3's New Net Will Be epix Premium channel to launch Q4 2009". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved March 23, 2015.

[98] "Showtime signs deal to air DreamWorks films". Reuters. March 12, 2010.

[99] Brooks Barnes; Brian Stelter (September 26, 2011). "Netflix, DreamWorks Announce Content Deal". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved September 27, 2011.

[100] 1974 PBA New Jersey Open Introduction on YouTube

[101] "HBO Hard Knocks". Home Box Office Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2012.

[102] "41st Annual Peabody Awards". Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication. May 1982.

[103] "HBO Shows that Brought Home Peabodys". Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication.

[NYT-104] Mike Hale (August 4, 2008). "Girls, Gunfire and Despair: Senior Year for 4 Iraqi Boys". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved August 22, 2008.

[105] Michael Jones (November 6, 2008). "HBO inaugurates Obama doc". Variety (Reed Business Information).

[106] Jakob Schiller (November 21, 2012). "HBO's Witness Goes Inside the Pulse-Pounding World of Conflict Photographers". Wired.

[107] "Fall to Grace". HBO. Retrieved March 22, 2013.

[108] Carl Swanson (March 22, 2013). "Jim McGreevey Needs Your Approval". New York. Retrieved March 22, 2013.

[Festival_program_guide_1987-109] "Festival program guide". Home Box Office Inc. 1987.

[110] "Festival program guide". Home Box Office Inc. January 1988: Front cover.

[111] Thomas Morgan (February 17, 1986). "HBO Launching Service To Attract Older Audience". Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel (Tribune Publishing) – via The New York Times.

[112] Bill Carter (December 19, 1990). "2 Comedy Channels Will Merge". The New York Times (The New York Times Company).

[cnn03-113] "Viacom buys Comedy Central". CNN Money. Reuters. April 22, 2003. Retrieved August 3, 2007.

[114] "CBS Sells Stake In Tri-Star Inc". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Associated Press. November 16, 1985. Retrieved October 5, 2012.

[115] Billboard (December 1, 1984, page 6)

[116] "HBO, Cingular pact for exclusive mobile deal". TV.com. Reuters. December 16, 2005.

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[119] HBO 1987 Movie Intro on YouTube

[120] YouTube-HBO Feature Presentation: 1999 version on YouTube

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[122] HBO on-air programming

[123] Youtube clip of HBO slogans on YouTube

[124] Various publications from 1980 including People, TV Guide as well as YouTube, Retrieved December 12, 2008.

[125] Home Box Office - No Place Like HBO (1983) on YouTube

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[127] January 26, 1993 HBO Free Preview promos on YouTube

[128] HBO Something Special's On Falling TV Commercial (1996) on YouTube

[129] HBO 2002 Bumper It's not TV, It's HBO on YouTube^{[dead link]}

HBO

Launched	November 8, 1972; 43 years ago (1972-11-08)
Owned by	Home Box Office Inc. (Division of Time Warner)
Picture format	1080i (HDTV) Downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feed
Slogan	It's HBO.
Country	United States
Language	English Spanish (HBO Latino only and via SAP audio track; some films may be broadcast in their native language and subtitled into English)
Broadcast area	Nationwide
Headquarters	New York City, New York
Formerly called	The Green Channel (proposed name)
Sister channel(s)	Cinemax
Timeshift service	HBO East, HBO West, HBO2 East, HBO2 West, HBO Comedy East, HBO Comedy West, HBO Family East, HBO Family West, HBO Latino East, HBO Latino West, HBO Signature East, HBO Signature West, HBO Zone East, HBO Zone West
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV	HBO: East: 501 (HD/SD) West: 504 (HD/SD) HBO2: East: 502 (HD/SD) West: 505 (HD/SD) HBO Signature: 503 (HD/SD) HBO Comedy: 506 (HD) HBO Family: East: 507 (HD/SD) West: 508 (SD) HBO Zone: 509 (HD) HBO Latino: 511 (HD) HBO On Demand: 1501
Dish Network	HBO: East: 300 (HD/SD) West: 303 (HD/SD) HBO2: East: 301 (HD/SD) West: 304 (SD) HBO Signature: 302 (HD/SD) HBO Family: 305 (HD/SD) HBO Comedy: 307 (HD/SD) HBO Zone: 308 (HD Only) HBO Latino: 309 (HD/SD)
Cable
Verizon FiOS	899–913 400-413 (SD)
Time Warner	510–521 700-760 (SD)
IPTV
AT&T U-verse	1802–1815 802–815 (SD)
CenturyLink Prism	1802–1815 802–815 (SD)
TalkTalk TV (UK)	On Demand - Buy & Keep
Zazeen (Canada)	172-173
Streaming media
HBO Go	www.hbogo.com (U.S. cable Internet subscribers only; requires login from pay television provider to access content)
HBO Now	www.hbonow.com (requires subscription through a participating retailer to access content)
Sling TV	Internet Protocol television

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