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The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD),^[1] also called the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), abbreviated HAM-D, is a multiple item questionnaire used to provide an indication of depression, and as a guide to evaluate recovery.^[2] Max Hamilton originally published the scale in 1960^[3] and revised it in 1966,^[4] 1967,^[5] 1969,^[6] and 1980.^[7] The questionnaire is designed for adults and is used to rate the severity of their depression by probing mood, feelings of guilt, suicide ideation, insomnia, agitation or retardation, anxiety, weight loss, and somatic symptoms.

The HRSD has been criticized for use in clinical practice as it places more emphasis on insomnia than on feelings of hopelessness, self-destructive thoughts, suicidal cognitions and actions.^[8] An antidepressant may show statistical efficacy even when thoughts of suicide increase but sleep is improved, or for that matter, an antidepressant that as a side effect increase sexual and gastrointestinal symptom ratings may register as being less effective in treating the depression itself than it actually is.^[9] Hamilton maintained that his scale should not be used as a diagnostic instrument.^[10]

The original 1960 version contained 17 items (HDRS-17), but four other questions not added to the total score were used to provide additional clinical information. Each item on the questionnaire is scored on a 3 or 5 point scale, depending on the item, and the total score is compared to the corresponding descriptor. Assessment time is about 20 minutes.

Methodology

The patient is rated by a clinician on 17 to 29 items (depending on version) scored either on a 3-point or 5-point Likert-type scale. For the 17-item version, a score of 0–7 is considered to be normal while a score of 20 or higher (indicating at least moderate severity) is usually required for entry into a clinical trial.^[11] Questions 18–20 may be recorded to give further information about the depression (such as whether diurnal variation or paranoid symptoms are present), but are not part of the scale. A structured interview guide for the questionnaire is available.^[12]

Although Hamilton's original scale had 17 items, other versions included up to 29 items (HRSD-29).^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Other scales

Other scales include the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Wechsler Depression Rating Scale,^[17] the Raskin Depression Rating Scale,^[18] the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS), the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS),^[19] and other questionnaires.^[20]^[21]

Notes

^ "the ham-d scale" (PDF). Retrieved 29 November 2012.
^ Hedlund JL, Viewig BW (1979) The Hamilton rating scale for depression: a comprehensive review. Journal of Operational Psychiatry 10:149–165
^ Hamilton, M (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 23: 56–62 doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 PMID 14399272
^ Hamilton M (1966) Assessment of change in psychiatric state by means of rating scales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 59 (Suppl. 1): 10–13 PMID 5922401
^ Hamilton, M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 6: 278–96 PMID 6080235
^ Hamilton, M (1969) Standardised assessment and recording of depressive symptoms. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia. 72:201–205 PMID 5792061
^ Hamilton, M (1980) Rating depressive patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 41: 21–24 PMID 7440521
^ Firestone, R.W., & Firestone, L.A. (1996). Firestone Assessment of Self-Destructive Thoughts Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
^ Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Schuller DR, Marshall MB (2004). "The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight?". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (12): 2163–77. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2163. PMID 15569884.
^ Berrios, G.E., & Bulbena, A. (1990). The Hamilton Depression Scale and the Numerical Description of the Symptoms of Depression. In Bech, P., & Coppen, A. (Eds.), The Hamilton Scales, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 80–92
^ HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at University of Florida, College of Medicine. Additional Questions Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ Williams JBW (1989) A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 45: 742–747. PMID 3395203
^ HRSD-7: 7-ITEM HAMILTON RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION: HAMD-7 Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine in Official website of CANMAT: Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments Archived 2008-06-24 at the Wayback Machine Accessed June 30, 2008, and McIntyre R, Kennedy S, Bagby RM, Bakish DJ (2002) Assessing full remission. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 27: 235–239 PMID 12174732
^ HRSD-21: The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (to be administered by a health care professional) (presented as a service by GlaxoWellcome, February 1997) in UMass HealthNet: Consumer Health Resources for Massachusetts Residents: Official website of the Lamar Soutter Library, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655 USA. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
^ HRSD-24: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 24 item (to be completed by a trained clinician) in FOCUS ON ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: MEDAFILE; Site constructed and maintained by J. Wesson Ashford, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford / VA Alzheimer's Center, Palo Alto VA Hospital, 3801 Miranda Way, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
^ HRSD-29: Williams JBW, Link MJ, Rosenthal NE, Terman M, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Seasonal Affective Disorders Version (SIGHSAD). New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, 1988
^ Wechsler H, Grosser GH, Busfield BL Jr (1963) The depression rating scale: a quantitative approach to the assessment of depressive symptomatology. Archives of General Psychiatry. 9: 334–343 PMID 14045262
^ Raskin A, Schulterbrandt J, Reatig N, McKeon JJ (1969) Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward behavior and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 148: 87–98 doi:10.1097/00005053-196901000-00010 PMID 5768895
^ Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) & Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) in IDS/QIDS: Instruments in English and Multiple Translations by the University of Pittsburgh Epidemiology Data Center, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
^ Psychiatric Rating Scales for Depression in www.neurotransmitter.net website by Shawn M. Thomas. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
^ Boyle, G.J. (1985). Self report measures of depression: Some psychometric considerations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 45–59.

External links

HRSD online calculator
"The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression" (PDF). (49.0 KB)
Clinically Useful Psychiatric Scales: HAM-D (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale). Accessed March 6, 2009.
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - Original scientific paper published in 1960 in Psychiatry out of Print website. Accessed June 27, 2008.
Commentary on the HRSD by Max Hamilton, July 10, 1981, in "This Week's Citation Classic", Current Contents 33: 325 (August 17, 1981), in website of Eugene Garfield, Ph.D.. Accessed June 27, 2008.
Side-by-side comparison of the MADRS and the HDRS-24 in "Description of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2007. Accessed June 27, 2008.

UpToDate Contents

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…meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depression, 46 percent had a Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) anxiety/somatization subscale score ≥7. Compared with depressed patients without high levels of anxiety …
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…cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . A group in Japan called the condition HAM in 1986 , but it was soon realized that TSP and HAM were the same entities. HAM/TSP is more common in females than males, in keeping with …
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…reported to occur in up to 10 percent of patients in older series where the diagnosis was based on Ham and sugar water assays. With more modern assays (eg, flow cytometry), the incidence of spontaneous…
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…as hypoattenuating leaflet thickening (HALT) and the more severe hypoattenuation affecting motion (HAM), respectively. Of interest, these states of subclinical valve thrombosis appear to be dynamic (progressing…
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…proviral loads (up to 30 percent of PBMCs) are associated with HAM/TSP. Asymptomatic carriers with high proviral loads are more likely to progress to HAM/TSP . Proviral load is independent of age or sex , but …

English Journal

Pharmacological prophylaxis of postpartum exacerbation in depressive and anxiety symptoms: a retrospective study.

Uguz F, Subasi E, Dalboy F, Ak M.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians. 2019 Aug;32(16)2774-2776.
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of prophylactic treatment with antidepressants for the prevention of postpartum exacerbation in depressive or anxiety symptoms. The study included data on 33 patients who were followed from pregnancy to the postpartum period at the Department of
PMID 29495902

Comparison of cytokine expression and ultrastructural alterations in fresh-frozen and dried electron beam-irradiated human amniotic membrane and chorion.

Kim TG, Do Ki K, Lee MK, So JW, Chung SK, Kang J.
Cell and tissue banking. 2019 Jun;20(2)163-172.
The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of drying and fresh-freezing on human amniotic membrane (HAM) and amnion/chorion membrane (HACM) in terms of histological and structural characteristics and cytokine levels. HAM and HACM samples, obtained from six placentae, were investigat
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression: outcomes in a United Kingdom (UK) clinical practice.

Griffiths C, O'Neill-Kerr A, Millward T, da Silva K.
International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice. 2019 Jun;23(2)122-127.
Array
PMID 30931656

Japanese Journal

双極スペクトラムをもつうつ病患者の表情認知に関する検討

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心身医学 59(2), 155-163, 2019
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近年の抗うつ薬の国内臨床試験におけるプラセボ反応性 : そこからみる臨床試験の課題と将来展望

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臨床精神薬理 20(5), 565-579, 2017-05
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Clinical Characteristics of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Achieving Functional Remission with Six Months of Biological DMARDs Treatment

Miwa Yusuke,Yanai Ryo,Kasama Tsuyoshi,Toyoshima Yoichi,Inagaki Katsunori,Sanada Kenji,Takahashi Ryo,Ikari Yuzo,Maeoka Airi,Nishimi Shinichiro,Oguro Nao,Hayashi Tomoki,Hatano Mika,Isojima Sakiko
Internal Medicine 56(8), 903-906, 2017
… In our evaluation, we used the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) for RA disease activity, health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI) for activity of daily living, Short Form (SF)-36 for quality of life, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) or Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) to determine the patients' …
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