ジムノトス属、Gymnotus属
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Banded knifefishes |
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G. inaequilabiatus |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Animalia |
Phylum: |
Chordata |
Class: |
Actinopterygii |
Order: |
Gymnotiformes |
Family: |
Gymnotidae |
Genus: |
Gymnotus
Linnaeus, 1758 |
Species |
See text.
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Gymnotus is among the most species-rich group of electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes) found widely in the Neotropics, including the Amazon. Some Gymnotus species live in the leaf litter and root tangles of river banks. Other species are specialized to live on floodplains within the rootmats of floating meadows. Several species are broadly adapted to live in both of these habitats. Gymnotus are nocturnal predators feeding on insects, crustaceans, and other fish. They generate weak electric fields used in locating objects, and also for communication in which the males court females using stereotyped electrical "songs".[citation needed]
Small scales are always present on this fish. The mouth is superior, meaning it is turned upwards. The anal fin terminates at a point near the tip of the tail. Species of Gymnotus reach up to about 100 cm in length. This is the most widespread genus of the order Gymnotiformes, extending from southern Mexico to Argentina. They also occur in Trinidad.[1]
Michael Faraday extensively tested the electrical properties of a Gymnotus specimen, imported from Suriname. For a span of four months, Faraday carefully and humanely measured the electrical impulses produced by the animal by pressing shaped copper paddles and saddles against the specimen. Through this method, Faraday determined and quantified the direction and magnitude of electric current, and proved the animal's impulses were in fact electrical by observing sparks and deflections on a galvanometer.[2]
Species
The 39 currently recognized species in this genus are:
- Gymnotus anguillaris Hoedeman, 1962
- Gymnotus arapaima Albert & Crampton, 2001
- Gymnotus ardilai Maldenado-Ocampo & Albert, 2004
- Gymnotus bahianus Campos-da-Paz & W. J. E. M. Costa, 1996
- Gymnotus capanema Milhomem, Crampton, Pieczarka, Shetka, D. S. Silva & Nagamachi, 2012 [3]
- Gymnotus capitimaculatus Rangel-Pereira, 2014 [4]
- Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 (Banded knifefish)
- Gymnotus cataniapo Mago-Leccia, 1994
- Gymnotus chaviro Maxime & Albert, 2009
- Gymnotus chimarrao Cognato, Richer-de-Forges, Albert & Crampton, 2008 [5]
- Gymnotus choco Albert, Crampton & Maldenado-Ocampo, 2003
- Gymnotus coatesi La Monte, 1935
- Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman, 1962
- Gymnotus curupira Crampton, Thorsen & Albert, 2005
- Gymnotus cylindricus La Monte, 1935
- Gymnotus diamantinensis Campos-da-Paz, 2002
- Gymnotus esmeraldas Albert & Crampton, 2003
- Gymnotus henni Albert, Crampton & Maldenado-Ocampo, 2003
- Gymnotus inaequilabiatus Valenciennes, 1842
- Gymnotus interruptus Rangel-Pereira, 2012 [6]
- Gymnotus javari Albert, Crampton & Hagedorn, 2003
- Gymnotus jonasi Albert & Crampton, 2001
- Gymnotus maculosus Albert & R. R. Miller, 1995 (Spotted knifefish)
- Gymnotus mamiraua Albert & Crampton, 2001
- Gymnotus melanopleura Albert & Crampton, 2001
- Gymnotus obscurus Crampton, Thorsen & Albert, 2005
- Gymnotus omarorum Richer-de-Forges, Crampton & Albert, 2009
- Gymnotus onca Albert & Crampton, 2001
- Gymnotus panamensis Albert & Crampton, 2003
- Gymnotus pantanal Fernandes-Matioli, Albert, Daniel-Silva, C. E. Lopes, Crampton & Almeida-Toledo, 2005
- Gymnotus pantherinus Steindachner, 1908
- Gymnotus paraguensis Albert & Crampton, 2003
- Gymnotus pedanopterus Mago-Leccia, 1994
- Gymnotus stenoleucus Mago-Leccia, 1994
- Gymnotus sylvius Albert & Fernandes-Matioli, 1999
- Gymnotus tigre Albert & Crampton, 2003
- Gymnotus tiquie Maxime, F. C. T. Lima & Albert, 2011
- Gymnotus ucamara Crampton, Lovejoy & Albert, 2003
- Gymnotus varzea Crampton, Thorsen & Albert, 2005
References
- ^ Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
- ^ Fifteenth Series, Experimental Researches in Electricity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 1838.
- ^ Milhomem, S.S.R., Crampton, W.G.R., Pieczarka, J.C., Shetka, G.H., Silva, D.S. & Nagamachi, C.Y. (2012): Gymnotus capanema, a new species of electric knife fish (Gymnotiformes, Gymnotidae) from eastern Amazonia, with comments on an unusual karyotype. Journal of Fish Biology, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03219.x
- ^ Rangel-Pereira, F.S. (2014): Gymnotus capitimaculatus, a new species of electric fish from rio Jucuruçu basin, northeastern Brazil (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae). Vertebrate Zoology, 64 (2): 169–175.
- ^ Cognato et al. "Gymnotus chimarrao, a new species of electric fish (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from Southern Brazil.". Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 18: 375–382.
- ^ Rangel-Pereira, F.d.S. (2012): Gymnotus interruptus, a new species of electric fish from the Rio de Contas basin, Bahia, Brazil (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae). Vertebrate Zoology, 62 (3): 363–370.
7. Twenty thousand leagues under the sea; Chapter 6: " "Perhaps," added I, "one can only approach it with a gymnotus or a torpedo." "
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/20,000_Leagues_Under_the_Sea_(disambiguation)
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Wikispecies has information related to: Gymnotus |
English Journal
- Integrative taxonomy detects cryptic and overlooked fish species in a neotropical river basin.
- Gomes LC1, Pessali TC, Sales NG, Pompeu PS, Carvalho DC.
- Genetica.Genetica.2015 Oct;143(5):581-8. doi: 10.1007/s10709-015-9856-z. Epub 2015 Jul 4.
- The great freshwater fish diversity found in the neotropical region makes management and conservation actions challenging. Due to shortage of taxonomists and insufficient infrastructure to deal with such great biodiversity (i.e. taxonomic impediment), proposed remedies to accelerate species identifi
- PMID 26142058
- Morphological evidence for a permeability barrier in the testis and spermatic duct of Gymnotus carapo (Teleostei: Gymnotidae).
- Meneguelli De Souza LC1, Retamal CA, Rocha GM2, Lopez ML1.
- Molecular reproduction and development.Mol Reprod Dev.2015 Sep;82(9):663-78. doi: 10.1002/mrd.22503. Epub 2015 Jun 14.
- Cell-cell interactions play essential roles in the regulation of gametogenesis. The involvement of junctional complexes in permeability barriers, for example, provides structural and physiological support for male germ-cell development. This study describes morphological characteristics of the repro
- PMID 26073744
- Extra-gonadal steroids modulate non-breeding territorial aggression in weakly electric fish.
- Jalabert C1, Quintana L1, Pessina P2, Silva A3.
- Hormones and behavior.Horm Behav.2015 Jun;72:60-7. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.003. Epub 2015 May 16.
- The neuroendocrine control of intraspecific aggression is a matter of current debate. Although aggression in a reproductive context has been associated with high levels of circulating androgens in a broad range of species, it has also been shown to occur during the non-breeding season when gonads ar
- PMID 25989595
Japanese Journal
- Cytogenetic Analysis of Three Sympatric Gymnotus Species (Teleostei : Gymnotidae) from the Fundo Stream, MG, Brazil
- Cytologia : international journal of cytology 72(1), 89-93, 2007-03-25
- NAID 10018416373
- Cytogenetic Analysis of Three Sympatric Gymnotus Species (Teleostei: Gymnotidae) from the Fundo Stream, MG, Brazil
- An X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y multiple sex chromosome system in a new species of the genus Gymnotus (Pisces, Gymnotiformes)
Related Links
- Gym`no´tus (jĭm`nō´tŭs) n. 1. (Zool.) A genus of South American fresh-water fishes, including the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel. It has a greenish, eel-like body, and is possessed of electric power. One fearful shock, fearful ...
- Learn and talk about Gymnotus , and check out Gymnotus on Wikipedia, Youtube, Google News, Google Books, and Twitter on Digplanet.
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