WordNet

reckoned in a direction opposite to that regarded as positive; "negative interest rates"
a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed
a reply of denial; "he answered in the negative"
not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition; "the HIV test was negative" (同)disconfirming
having a negative charge; "electrons are negative" (同)electronegative, negatively charged
characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features; "a negative outlook on life"; "a colorless negative personality"; "a negative evaluation"; "a negative reaction to an advertising campaign"
expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial
having the quality of something harmful or unpleasant; "ran a negative campaign"; "delinquents retarded by their negative outlook on life"
less than zero; "a negative number"
not aerobic; "isometric exercises are anaerobic"
living or active in the absence of free oxygen; "anaerobic bacteria" (同)anaerobiotic
Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938) (同)Hans C. J. Gram
a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram (同)gramme, gm, g

PrepTutorEJDIC

『否定の』,反対の / 『消極的な』,控えめの / 陰電気の;(数値が)負の,マイナスの(minus);(写真が)陰画の,ネガの;(医学検査結果が)陰性の / 『否定』,拒否,「いやだ」と言うこと / 否定語[句] / 《the~》(特に討論会の)反対者側,反対派 / (電気分解に用いる)陰極板 / (数値の)負数 / (写真の)陰画,ネガ / 《しばしば受動態に用いて》…‘に'反対投票をする / =negate
嫌気性の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/08 12:49:30」(JST)

wiki en

Staphylococcus bacteria

A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.^[1] It is one of the three distinct bacterial shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral-shaped cells.

Coccus is an English loanword of a Neolatin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος) meaning "berry".^[2]

Arrangements

Cocci may occur as single cells or remain attached following cell division. Those that remain attached can be classified based on cellular arrangement:^[1]

Diplococci are pairs of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Streptococci are chains of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes).
Staphylococci are irregular (grape-like) clusters of cocci (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus).
Tetrads are clusters of four cocci arranged within the same plane (e.g. Micrococcus sp.).
Sarcina is a genus of bacteria that are found in cuboidal arrangements of eight cocci.

References

^ ^a ^b Pommerville, J.C. (2013). Fundamentals of Microbiology (10th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. p. 106. ISBN 9781449647964.
^ κόκκος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project

This bacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎：治療 gram negative bacillary meningitis treatment
2. 細菌検査室におけるグラム染色および培養結果に対するアプローチ approach to gram stain and culture results in the microbiology laboratory
3. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
4. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理、臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
5. 肺膿瘍 lung abscess

English Journal

Bacterial profiles and proteolytic activity in peri-implantitis versus healthy sites.

Neilands J1, Wickström C2, Kinnby B2, Davies JR2, Hall J3, Friberg B4, Svensäter G2.
Anaerobe.Anaerobe.2015 Apr 10. pii: S1075-9964(15)30005-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.04.004. [Epub ahead of print]
Peri-implantitis is a biofilm-induced destructive inflammatory process that, over time, results in loss of supporting bone around an osseointegrated dental implant. Biofilms at peri-implantitis sites have been reported to be dominated by Gram-negative anaerobic rods with a proteolytic metabolism suc
PMID 25870134

Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically isolated anaerobic bacteria in a University Hospital Centre Split, Croatia in 2013.

Novak A1, Rubic Z2, Dogas V3, Goic-Barisic I2, Radic M2, Tonkic M2.
Anaerobe.Anaerobe.2015 Feb;31:31-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.10.010. Epub 2014 Dec 3.
Anaerobic bacteria play a significant role in many endogenous polymicrobial infections. Since antimicrobial resistance among anaerobes has increased worldwide, it is useful to provide local susceptibility data to guide empirical therapy. The present study reports recent data on the susceptibility of
PMID 25479237

Evaluation of the in vitro activity of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against clinical anaerobic bacteria.

Hu J1, Zhang J2, Wu S1, Zhu D1, Huang H1, Chen Y1, Yang Y1, Zhang Y1.
International journal of antimicrobial agents.Int J Antimicrob Agents.2014 Dec;44(6):514-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.027. Epub 2014 Sep 24.
This study evaluated the in vitro anti-anaerobic activity and spectrum of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against 375 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria, including Gram-negative bacilli (181 strains), Gram-negative cocci (11 strains), Gram-positive bacilli (139 strains) and Gram-
PMID 25301712

Japanese Journal

Identification and Characterization of Lactococcal and Acetobacter Strains Isolated from Traditional Caucasusian Fermented Milk

ISHIDA Tatsuya,YOKOTA Akira,UMEZAWA Yuka,TODA Toshiya,YAMADA Kazuhiko
Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 51(3), 187-193, 2005-06
… Strain FC was Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic cocci and strain FA was Gram-negative, aerobic rods. …
NAID 10016465414

膿を形成した歯性感染症の細菌学的検討

金川昭啓,上村俊介
日本口腔外科学会雑誌 44(2), 133-139, 1998-02-20
… A total of 152 (54.5%) anaerobic gram-negative rods were isolated. … Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 49 (96.1%) of 51 specimens. … (12.5%), blackpigmented anaerobic gram-negative rods (15.8%), <I>Peptostreptococcus micros</I> …
NAID 10011662585

顎口腔領域感染症起炎菌の検討 : 第3報:臨床症状と分離菌との関連について

栗山智有,中川清昌,山本悦秀,斎木康正,室木俊美,松本成雄
日本口腔外科学会雑誌 44(2), 126-132, 1998-02-20
… Mixtures of grampositive cocci and anaerobic gram-negative rods were most frequent in severe cases. …
NAID 10011662556