関: dinoflagellate、Dinoflagellida、Gambierdiscus toxicus、Gymnodinium、red tide

WordNet

chiefly marine protozoa having two flagella; a chief constituent of plankton

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/03 06:15:01」(JST)

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Red tide off the coast of La Jolla, California.

Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides.^[4]

Structure

Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates that are aquatic organisms that with two separate flagella, each having characteristics of both a plant and animal organism. These algae have two separate flagella: one flagella extends backward, and the other wraps around the cell in a lateral groove helping to keep the organism afloat by creating rotational swimming.^[5] The plate formula in the genus Gonyaulax Diesing was redefined as Po, 3', 2a, 6", 6c, 4-8s, 5'", 1p, 1"".^[6]

Classification

All species are marine, except for one freshwater species Gonyaulax apiculata.^[6]

It previously included several species, which are now considered to belong to a separate genus, e.g.:^[6]

Gonyaulax tamarensis (now: Alexandrium tamarense)
Gonyaulax grindleyi (now: Protoceratium reticulatum)
Gonyaulax polyedra (now: Lingulodinium polyedrum)

Adaptations

Gonyaulax dinoflagellates has evolved a type of resting spore, a resting cyst, to enable it to survive harsh weather conditions. Resting cysts can be formed when temperature or salinity changes in the surrounding water. These cysts are round mucous covered bodies that gain a reddish color. This color helps to form the Red Tide as further described. Gonyaulax catenella has been recorded forming vegetative cysts in response to cold water.^[7]

Reproduction

Gonyaulax species will reproduce in long chains of protists, especially when faced with turbulent water conditions. These chains allow for clustering of organisms for increased mating, and protection of weak swimming organisms that could otherwise be washed away.^[7]

Effect on Humans

Although Gonyaulax is predominantly found in seawater, it can also have a detrimental effect on humans. Filter feeding organisms e.g. mussels, clams etc. can accumulate these dinoflagellates in their bodies. When humans eat these shellfish after dinoflagellate accumulation during Red Tide season, usually during the warmer months of the year, it can poison the person who eats it.^[5]

Red Tide

Red tide is a discoloration of the sea water that the Gonyaulax species inhabit. These are typically caused by the dinoflagellate species. Red tide is a toxic event that can kill any type of underwater creature that comes in contact with it. The Red Tide effect that is caused by the reproduction of many dinoflagellates contains some of the most toxic poisons known to date. For example, Gonyaulax spinifera has been related to production of yessotoxins (YTXs), a group of structurally related polyether toxins, which can accumulate in shellfish and can produce symptoms similar to those produced by paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins.^[8] Red Tide and PSP are both caused by ingestion of dinoflagellates and their toxins.

References

^ syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma
^ syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis
^ Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K (2015). "Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization". J. Phycol. 51 (3): 560–73. PMID 26986670. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.
^ Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina (1995-04-28). "Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions" (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9: 55. doi:10.3354/ame009055. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
^ ^a ^b "Gonyaulax | dinoflagellate genus". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dodge, J.D. (1989). "Some revisions of the family Gonyaulacaceae (Dinophyceae) based on scanning electron microscope study". Bot. Mar. 32: 275–298. doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.4.275.
^ ^a ^b "Gonyaulax Adaptations". bioweb.uwlax.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
^ Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Fleming, Lora E.; Squicciarini, Dominick; Backer, Lorrie C.; Clark, Richard; Abraham, William; Benson, Janet; Cheng, Yung Sung; Johnson, David (2004-04-01). "Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects". Harmful Algae. 3 (2): 99–115. PMC 2856946 . PMID 20411030. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005.

English Journal

Immune response and gene expression in hemocytes of Portunus trituberculatus inoculated with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium.

Li M1, Li C2, Wang J3, Song S4.
Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2015 May;65(1):113-22. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.002. Epub 2015 Feb 4.
The parasitic dinoflagellates in the genus of Hematodinium infect broad range of crustaceans around the world, causing fatal diseases in multiple species of wild and cultured crabs and subsequent economic loss. In order to explore this host-parasite interaction in the early development stage of infe
PMID 25659082

Characterization of ovatoxin-h, a new ovatoxin analog, and evaluation of chromatographic columns for ovatoxin analysis and purification.

Brissard C1, Hervé F1, Sibat M1, Séchet V1, Hess P1, Amzil Z1, Herrenknecht C2.
Journal of chromatography. A.J Chromatogr A.2015 Apr 3;1388:87-101. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.015. Epub 2015 Feb 14.
The presence of Ostreopsis cf. ovata on the Mediterranean coast represents a serious concern to human health due to production of toxins - putative palytoxin and ovatoxins (ovatoxin-a, -b, -c, -d, -e, -f and -g). However, purified ovatoxins are not widely available and their toxicities are still unk
PMID 25731824

MALDI-MS and NanoSIMS imaging techniques to study cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses.

Kopp C1, Wisztorski M2, Revel J3, Mehiri M4, Dani V3, Capron L4, Carette D5, Fournier I2, Massi L4, Mouajjah D2, Pagnotta S5, Priouzeau F3, Salzet M2, Meibom A6, Sabourault C7.
Zoology (Jena, Germany).Zoology (Jena).2015 Apr;118(2):125-31. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.006. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate photosynthetic symbioses are fundamental to biologically diverse and productive coral reef ecosystems. The hallmark of this symbiotic relationship is the ability of dinoflagellate symbionts to supply their cnidarian host with a wide range of nutrients. Many aspects of this a
PMID 25447219

Japanese Journal

The first recorded bloom of <i>Protoperidinium quinquecorne</i> and its link to a massive fish kill in Yemeni coastal waters, Southern Red Sea

日本ベントス研究会連絡誌 11(2), 75-78, 2016
NAID 130005152487

Diversity and community dynamics of protistan microplankton in Sagami Bay revealed by 18S rRNA gene clone analysis

Plankton & benthos research 7(2), 75-86, 2012-05-01
NAID 10030312417

Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the surface sediment of the coastal areas in Chonburi Province, Thailand (Proceedings of the Horiba International Conference "New Direction of Ocean Research in the Western Pacific" : Past, Present and Future of UNESCO/IOC/WESTPAC Activity for 50 Years and the JSPS Project "Coastal Marine Science")

Coastal marine science 35(1), 11-19, 2012
NAID 40019321716

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Gymnodinium」「ゴニオウラクス属」「Gambierdiscus toxicus」「dinoflagellate」「Dinoflagellida」
拡張検索	「Gonyaulax属」

「Gymnodinium」

Gonyaulax
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Alveolata
Phylum:	Dinoflagellata
Order:	Gonyaulacales
Suborder:	Gonyaulacaceae
Genus:	Gonyaulax
Species
	Gonyaulax polyedra; Gonyaulax spinifera; Gonyaulax apiculata; Gonyaulax polygramma Stein 1833; Gonyaulax fragilis (Schütt) Kofoid 1911; Gonyaulax ellegaardiae Mertens 2015 ;