"Snowdrop" redirects here. For other uses, see Snowdrop (disambiguation).
| Galanthus |
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| Common snowdrop |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| Clade: |
Angiosperms |
| Clade: |
Monocots |
| Order: |
Asparagales |
| Family: |
Amaryllidaceae |
| Subfamily: |
Amaryllidoideae |
| Genus: |
Galanthus
L. |
| Species |
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See text
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Galanthus (Snowdrop; Greek gála "milk", ánthos "flower") is a small genus of about 20 species of bulbous herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.[1] Most flower in winter, before the vernal equinox (20 or 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere), but certain species flower in early spring and late autumn.
Snowdrops are sometimes confused with their relatives, snowflakes, which are Leucojum and Acis species.
Contents
- 1 Ecology
- 1.1 Distribution
- 1.2 Conservation
- 2 Description
- 3 Cultivation
- 3.1 Snowdrop gardens
- 3.2 Cultivars
- 3.3 Propagation
- 4 Active substances
- 5 Subdivisions
- 6 Similar genera
- 7 Media
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 9.1 Notes
- 9.2 Bibliography
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
Ecology
Distribution
Galanthus nivalis is the best-known and most widespread representative of the genus Galanthus. It is native to a large area of Europe, stretching from the Pyrenees in the west, through France and Germany to Poland in the north, Italy, Northern Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and European Turkey. It has been introduced and is widely naturalised elsewhere.[2] Although it is often thought of as a British native wild flower, or to have been brought to the British Isles by the Romans, it was probably introduced around the early sixteenth century and is currently not a protected species in the UK.[3]
Most other Galanthus species are from the eastern Mediterranean, though several are found in southern Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.[4] Galanthus fosteri comes from Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and maybe Israel.[5]
Conservation
Some snowdrop species are threatened in their wild habitats, and in most countries it is now illegal to collect bulbs from the wild. Under CITES regulations, international trade in any quantity of Galanthus, whether bulbs, live plants or even dead ones, is illegal without a CITES permit. This applies to hybrids and named cultivars as well as species. CITES does, however, allow a limited trade in wild-collected bulbs of just three species (G. nivalis, G, elwesii and G. woronowii) from Turkey and Georgia.[6]
Description
Drawing of the full habitus of the common snowdrop
All species of Galanthus are perennial, herbaceous plants which grow from bulbs. Each bulb generally produces just two or three linear leaves and an erect, leafless scape (flowering stalk), which bears at the top a pair of bract-like spathe valves joined by a papery membrane. From between them emerges a solitary, pendulous, bell-shaped white flower, held on a slender pedicel. The flower has no petals: it consists of six tepals, the outer three being larger and more convex than the inner series. The six anthers open by pores or short slits. The ovary is three-celled, ripening into a three-celled capsule. Each whitish seed has a small, fleshy tail (elaiosome) containing substances attractive to ants which distribute the seeds.[7] The leaves die back a few weeks after the flowers have faded.
The inner flower segments are usually marked with a green, or greenish-yellow, bridge-shaped mark over the small "sinus" (notch) at the tip of each tepal.
An important feature which helps to distinguish between species (and to help to determine the parentage of hybrids) is their "vernation" (the arrangement of the emerging leaves relative to each other). This can be "applanate", "supervolute" or "explicative". In applanate vernation the two leaf blades are pressed flat to each other within the bud and as they emerge; explicative leaves are also pressed flat against each other, but the edges of the leaves are folded back or sometimes rolled; in supervolute plants one leaf is tightly clasped around the other within the bud and generally remains at the point where the leaves emerge from the soil.[8]
Cultivation
Snowdrop gardens
A snowdrop carpet at Bank Hall, Bretheton in February 2009
Main article: List of Snowdrop Gardens
Celebrated as a sign of spring, snowdrops can form impressive carpets of white in areas where they are native or have been naturalised. These displays may attract large numbers of sightseers. Several gardens open specially in February for visitors to admire the flowers. Sixty gardens took part in Scotland's first Snowdrop Festival (1 Feb–11 March 2007).[9] Several gardens in England open during snowdrop season for the National Gardens Scheme (NGS).
There are a number of snowdrop gardens in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.[10]
Cultivars
Snowdrop with six petals, mutation
There are numerous single- and double-flowered cultivars of Galanthus nivalis, and also of several other Galanthus species, particularly G. plicatus and G. elwesii. There are also many hybrids between these and other species (there are more than 500 cultivars described in Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw's book, plus lists of many cultivars that have now been lost, and others not seen by the authors). They differ particularly in the size, shape and markings of the flower, the period of flowering, and other characteristics, mainly of interest to the keen (even fanatical) snowdrop collectors, known as "galanthophiles", who hold meetings where the scarcer cultivars change hands.[11] Double-flowered cultivars and forms, such as the extremely common Galanthus nivalis f. pleniflorus 'Flore Pleno', may be less attractive to some people but they can have greater visual impact in a garden setting.
The following species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
- G. 'Atkinsii'[12]
- G. elwesii[13]
- G. elwesii var. monostictus[14]
- G. 'Magnet'[15]
- G. nivalis[16]
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- G. nivalis f. pleniflorus 'Flore Pleno'[17]
- G. plicatus[18]
- G. 'S. Arnott'[19]
- G. woronowii[20]
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A list of Irish cultivars can be found here [1]
Propagation
Propagation is by offset bulbs, either by careful division of clumps in full growth ("in the green"), or removed when the plants are dormant, immediately after the leaves have withered; or by seeds sown either when ripe, or in spring. Professional growers and keen amateurs also use such methods as "twin-scaling" to increase the stock of choice cultivars quickly.
Active substances
It was suggested by Andreas Plaitakis and Roger Duvoisin in 1983 that the mysterious magical herb moly that appears in Homer's Odyssey is actually snowdrop. An active substance in snowdrop is called galantamine, which, as anticholinesterase, could have acted as an antidote to Circe's poisons.[21] Galantamine (or galanthamine) can be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, though it is not a cure;[citation needed] the substance also occurs naturally in daffodils and other narcissi.[citation needed]
Snowdrops contain also an active lectin or agglutinin named GNA for Galanthus nivalis agglutinin.[22]
In 1995 Árpád Pusztai genetically modified potatoes with the GNA gene, which work he discussed on a radio interview in 1998[23] and published in the Lancet in 1999.[24] In 1998 said in an interview on a World in Action programme that his group had observed damage to the intestines and immune systems of rats fed the genetically modified potatoes. He also said "If I had the choice I would certainly not eat it", and that "I find it's very unfair to use our fellow citizens as guinea pigs".[23] These remarks started the so-called Pusztai affair.
Subdivisions
Species
Galanthus nivalis 'Viridapice'
As of February 2012[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognises 19 species:[25]A 20th species, Galanthus panjutinii (Panjutin's snowdrop), was recognised during 2012. Discovered in five locations in a small area (estimated at 20km2) of the northern Colchis area (western Transcaucasus) of Georgia and Russia, it is classed as Endangered. One of its five known sites, at Sochi, has been destroyed by preparations for the 2014 Winter Olympics.[26]
- Galanthus alpinus Sosn.
- Galanthus angustifolius Koss
- Galanthus cilicicus Baker
- Galanthus elwesii Hook.f.
- Galanthus fosteri Baker
- Galanthus gracilis Celak.
- Galanthus ikariae Baker
- Galanthus koenenianus Lobin
- Galanthus krasnovii Khokhr.
- Galanthus lagodechianus Kem.-Nath.
- Galanthus nivalis L.
- Galanthus panjutinii Zubov & A.P.Davis
- Galanthus peshmenii A.P.Davis & C.D.Brickell
- Galanthus platyphyllus Traub & Moldenke
- Galanthus plicatus M.Bieb.
- Galanthus reginae-olgae Orph.
- Galanthus rizehensis Stern
- Galanthus transcaucasicus Fomin
- Galanthus trojanus A.P.Davis & Özhatay
- Galanthus woronowii Losinsk.
Notable species include:
- Common snowdrop, Galanthus nivalis, grows to around 7–15 cm tall, flowering between January and April in the northern temperate zone (January–May in the wild). Applanate vernation[3]
- Crimean snowdrop, Galanthus plicatus, 30 cm tall, flowering January/March, white flowers, with broad leaves folded back at the edges (explicative vernation)
- Giant snowdrop, Galanthus elwesii, a native of the Levant, 23 cm tall, flowering January/February, with large flowers, the three inner segments of which often have a much larger and more conspicuous green blotch (or blotches) than the more common kinds; supervolute vernation
- Galanthus reginae-olgae, from Greece and Sicily, is quite similar in appearance to G. nivalis, but flowers in autumn before the leaves appear. The leaves, which appear in the spring, have a characteristic white stripe on their upper side; applanate vernation
- subsp. vernalis, from Sicily, northern Greece and the south of former Yugoslavia, blooms at the end of the winter with developed young leaves and is thus easily confused with G. nivalis.
Similar genera
Snowdrops are sometimes confused with their relatives, snowflakes, Leucojum and Acis species. Leucojums are much larger and flower in spring (or early summer, depending on the species), with all six tepals in the flower being the same size, though some "poculiform" (goblet- or cup-shaped) Galanthus can have inner segments similar in shape and length to the outer ones.
Media
- William Wordsworth, the Two-Part Ballad: "I began / My story early, feeling, as I fear, / The weakness of a human love for days / Disowned by memory, ere the birth of spring / Planting my snowdrops among winter snows" (ll. 445-59).
- Snowdrops feature in Seamus Heaney's poem Mid-term Break in the context of mourning a dead infant[27]
- Snowdrops are frequently referenced throughout Patrick McCabes novel, "The Butcher Boy" as signifying the people in the main character's life who were able to break away from their childhoods and move on with their lives, unlike the main character himself.
- In the anime film Twelve Months (Sekai meisaku dowa mori wa ikiteiru in Japan), a greedy queen decrees that a basket of gold coins shall be rewarded to anyone who can bring her galanthus flowers in the dead of winter. A young girl named Anya is sent out during a snow storm by her cruel stepmother and find the spirits of the 12 months of the year, who take pity on her and not only save her from freezing to death, but make it possible for her to gather the flowers even in winter
- "Snowdrops" was the nickname that the British people gave during the Second World War to the military police of the United States Army (who were stationed in the UK preparatory to the invasion of the continent) because they wore a white helmet, gloves, gaiters, and Sam Browne belt against their olive drab uniform
- In Jacqueline Carey's series of novels set in Terre d'Ange, snowdrops are distilled to create a beverage called joie that is drunk on the Longest Night (Winter Solstice). In Naamah's Kiss, one of the characters makes a tonic from snowdrops that acts as an aphrodisiac, and the protagonist Moirin takes snowdrops from Terre d'Ange (based on France) and plants them in a mountain in Ch'in (based on China).
- The short story The Snowdrop by Hans Christian Andersen follows the fate of a snowdrop from a bulb striving towards the light to a picked flower placed in a book of poetry.
- The poet, Ambrosius Stub, is compared to the flower—as a summer gauk (fool), born before his time.
- In Stardust, a glass snowdrop is given to Dunstan for a kiss by Una. It's later used to protect Tristan from the magic of Lamia.
- Louise Glück wrote a poem called "Snowdrops" in her book, The Wild Iris.
- In the anime Natsume Yuujinchou: Itsuka Yuki no Hi ni (夏目友人帳 いつかゆきのひに), the main character meets a myterious snowman shaped spirit, which later revealed to be a snowdrop spirit.
See also
- List of early spring flowers
- Galantamine
References
Notes
- ^ P. F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae".
- ^ Davis (1999), pp. 95–96.
- ^ a b Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), p. 17.
- ^ Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), pp. 17–57.
- ^ Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), p. 40.
- ^ Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), p. 341–343.
- ^ Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), p. 7.
- ^ Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), pp. 1–2.
- ^ "VisitScotland.com: Snowdrop Festival". Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ "Great British Gardens: Snowdrops and Snowdrop Gardens 2007". Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ Bishop, Davis & Grimshaw (2002), p. 329
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus 'Atkinsii'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus elwesii". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus elwesii var. monostictus". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus 'Magnet'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus nivalis". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus nivalis f. pleniflorus 'Flore Pleno'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus plicatus". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus 'S. Arnott'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Galanthus woronowii". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Andreas Plaitakis & Roger C. Duvoisin (1983). "Homer's moly identified as Galanthus nivalis L.: physiologic antidote to stramonium poisoning". Clinical Neuropharmacology 6 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1097/00002826-198303000-00001. PMID 6342763.
- ^ Hester G et al. (1995) Structure of mannose-specific snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) lectin is representative of a new plant lectin family Nature Structural Biology 2, 472 - 479
- ^ a b "Árpád Pusztai: Biological Divide – James Randerson interviews biologist Árpád Pusztai". London: The Guardian. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Ewen SW, Pusztai A (October 1999). "Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine". Lancet 354 (9187): 1353–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05860-7. PMID 10533866.
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2012-02-03. , search for "Galanthus"
- ^ "Kew website: Galanthus panjutinii (Panjutin's snowdrop)". Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- ^ Text of, and brief commentary on, Seamus Heaney's Mid-term Break
Bibliography
- Matt Bishop, Aaron Davis, John Grimshaw (2002). Snowdrops: a Monograph of Cultivated Galanthus. Griffin Press. ISBN 0-9541916-0-9.
- Aaron Davis (1999). The genus Galanthus. A Botanical Magazine monograph. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-431-8.
Further reading
- F. C. Stern (1956). Snowdrops and Snowflakes – a study of the genera Galanthus and Leucojum. Royal Horticultural Society.
External links
- Denise Winterman (February 2, 2012). "Snowdrop fanciers and their mania". BBC News.
- National Gardens Scheme website
