移植片対白血病 graft versus-leukemia

関: 移植片対白血病効果

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the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/08 10:02:08」(JST)

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γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is an organic compound with the formula C₅H₈O₂. This colourless liquid is one of the more common lactones. GVL is chiral but is usually used as the racemate. It is readily obtained from cellulosic biomass and is a potential fuel and green solvent.

GVL behaves as a prodrug to γ-hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV), a drug with similar effects to those of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), albeit with less potentcy in comparison.^[2] Because GHB is controlled in many parts of the world, while GVL is not, GVL has gained popularity as a legal substitute for GHB.^[2]^[3]

Synthesis

GVL is produced from levulinic acid, which is obtained from hexoses. In a typical process, cellulosic biomasses, such as corn stover, sawgrass, or wood, is hydrolysed into glucose and other sugars using acid catalysts. The resulting glucose can then be dehydrated via hydroxymethylfurfural to yield formic acid and levulinic acid, which can then be hydrogenated to gamma-hydroxypentanoic acid, which readily cyclises to gamma-valerolactone, which has potential applications as a liquid fuel.^[4]

Potential applications

GVL has been identified as a potential green solvent. Because of its herbal odor, it is used in the perfume and flavor industries.^[5] It is a structural isomer of δ-valerolactone.

Potential fuel

Since it is readily obtained from glucose, GVL has long been identified as a potential "green fuel."^[6] GVL retains 97% of the energy of glucose and can be blended by itself in gasoline where it performs comparably to ethanol/gasoline mixtures.^[7]^[8] However, due to blending limits for use in conventional combustion engines, it may be more efficient to convert GVL into liquid alkenes (or alkanes). The first step in this process is the ring-opening of GVL to yield a mixture of pentenoic acids. These acids can then be decarboxylated to produce butene and CO₂. These conversions can be performed with zeolite catalysts.^[9] After this stream is dehydrated, the products can be oligomerized at elevated pressures in the presence of a common acid-catalyst to yield alkenes with higher molecular weights, targeted for gasoline and other fuel applications.^[10]

One of the main advantages that allows GVL to be a practical biofuel is that it is relatively inexpensive to produce. Using a cheap feedstock, this biofuel can be produced at prices between 2-3 US$/gallon.^[7] The conversion of GVL to transportation fuel capable alkenes only requires a system containing two flow reactors, two phase separators, and a simple pumping arrangement for the delivery of an aqueous GVL feed. Since the use of precious metal catalysts is not required, this also decreases the total price of fuel production.^[9]

Potential production of biomass-derived fuels

Apart from its value as a potential fuel in its own right, gamma-valerolactone has shown promise in laboratory-scale thermocatalytic production of soluble carbohydrates from corn stover and wood at high yields. The biomass reacts in a solvent mixture of water, dilute sulfuric acid, and gamma-valerolactone, itself derived from biomass. The gamma-valerolactone promotes thermocatalytic hydrolysis into monosaccharides by complete solubilization of the raw material, including lignins. The saccharide products can be recovered from the lactone into water solution by antisolvent addition of salt or liquid carbon dioxide. The product can be used as feedstock for producing furans or ethanol at high yield, while the gamma-valerolactone is returned to the catalytic cycle.^[11]

References

^ NIH National Toxicology Program
^ ^a ^b Andresen-Streichert H, Jungen H, Gehl A, Müller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S (2013). "Uptake of gamma-valerolactone--detection of gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid in human urine samples". J Anal Toxicol 37 (4): 250–4. doi:10.1093/jat/bkt013. PMID 23486087.
^ Fred Smith (31 December 2004). Handbook of Forensic Drug Analysis. Academic Press. pp. 462–. ISBN 978-0-08-047289-8.
^ Huber, George W.; Iborra, Sara; Corma, Avelino (2006). "Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering". Chemical Reviews 106 (9): 4044–4098. doi:10.1021/cr068360d. PMID 16967928.
^ GoodScentsCompany.com
^ Huber, G. W.; Corma, Avelino (2007). "Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 (38): 7184. doi:10.1002/anie.200604504.
^ ^a ^b Savage, Neil (2011). "Fuel Options: The Ideal Biofuel". Nature 474 (7352): S11. doi:10.1038/474S09a.
^ Horváth, I. T.; Mehdi, H.; Fábos, V.; Boda, L.; Mika, L. T. (2008). "γ-Valerolactone—a sustainable liquid for energy and carbon-based chemicals". Green Chemistry 10 (2): 238. doi:10.1039/b712863k.
^ ^a ^b Bond, Jesse Q.; Alonso, David Martin; Wang, Dong; West, Ryan M.; Dumesic, James A. (2010). "Integrated Catalytic Conversion of γ-Valerolactone to Liquid Alkenes for Transportation Fuels". Science 357 (5969): 1110–1114. doi:10.1126/science.1184362.
^ Mantilla, A.; et al. (2005). "Oligomerization of isobutene on sulfated titania: Effect of reaction conditions on selectivity". Catalysis Today. 107-108: 707. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.153.
^ Luterbacher, Jeremy S.; Rand, Jacqueline M.; David; Alonso, Martin; Han, Jeehoon; Youngquist, J. Tyler; Maravelias, Christos T.; Pfleger, Brian F.; Dumesic, James A. et al. (2014). "Nonenzymatic Sugar Production from Biomass Using Biomass-Derived gamma-Valerolactone". Science 343 (6168): 277–280. doi:10.1126/science.1246748. PMID 24436415.

External links

General Safety Information

gamma-Valerolactone MSDS by Sciencelab.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 造血細胞移植後の移植片対腫瘍効果の生物学 biology of the graft versus tumor effect following hematopoietic cell transplantation
2. 成人における急性リンパ芽球性白血病に対する造血細胞移植の一般原則 general principles of hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults
3. 急性移植片対宿主病の臨床症状、診断、および重症度分類 clinical manifestations diagnosis and grading of acute graft versus host disease
4. 急性移植片対宿主病の予防 prevention of acute graft versus host disease
5. 造血細胞移植後の再発の予防および治療のための免疫療法 immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of relapse following hematopoietic cell transplantation

English Journal

GlideScope vs. C-MAC for Awake Upright Laryngoscopy.

Drenguis AS1, Carlson JN2.
The Journal of emergency medicine.J Emerg Med.2015 Sep;49(3):361-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.014. Epub 2015 May 16.
BACKGROUND: Combining video laryngoscopy with awake upright intubation may provide an alternative modality of endotracheal intubation (ETI) that avoids pitfalls associated with traditional ETI.OBJECTIVE: We compared laryngoscopic views and time intervals between the GlideScope (GVL) and C-MAC video
PMID 25989968

Is there a stronger graft-versus-leukemia effect using HLA-haploidentical donors than with HLA-identical siblings?

Ringdén O1, Labopin M2, Ciceri F3, Velardi A4, Bacigalupo A5, Arcese W6, Ghavamzadeh A7, Hamladji RM8, Schmid C9, Nagler A2,10, Mohty M2.
Leukemia.Leukemia.2015 Aug 21. doi: 10.1038/leu.2015.232. [Epub ahead of print]
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplants are increasingly used, but it is unknown whether they have a stronger graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. We analyzed 10 679 acute leukemia patients who underwent HSCT from an HLA-matched sibling donor (MSD, n=9815) or a haploidentical donor (⩾
PMID 26293645

Valproic Acid Ameliorates Graft-versus-Host Disease by Downregulating Th1 and Th17 Cells.

Long J1, Chang L1, Shen Y2, Gao WH1, Wu YN1, Dou HB1, Huang MM1, Wang Y1, Fang WY1, Shan JH1, Wang YY3, Zhu J3, Chen Z3, Hu J4.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2015 Aug 15;195(4):1849-57. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500578. Epub 2015 Jul 15.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Valproic acid (VPA) was described as a histone deacetylase inhibitor that had anti-inflammatory effects and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in experimental autoimmune disease
PMID 26179902

Japanese Journal

小児白血病と造血細胞移植 : T細胞未処理HLA半合致移植(ハプロ移植) (特集小児血液・腫瘍性疾患の診断と治療のトピックス)

小児科診療 78(12), 1805-1811, 2015-12
NAID 40020656777

造血幹細胞移植 (特集 2015年の白血病診療 : 一般外来での初発症状から長期フォローアップまで) -- (白血病に対する通常の化学療法以外の治療方法)

内科 116(2), 243-247, 2015-08
NAID 40020544991

白血病に対するWT1ペプチドワクチン療法 : 同種造血細胞移植後のGVL強化のツールとして (特集新規ターゲットおよび医薬品による血液がん治療の新たな展開)

血液内科 70(2), 154-158, 2015-02
NAID 40020384854

Related Pictures

Volwassenen > Gezangen voor liturgie (GVL кошелек Giudi 6802/GM/GVL-08 Prima Pagină > Gatelock Van GVL - Lacat GVL GVL-icon-for-website ak gvl 04 w model ak gvl 04 w condition garden gvl 001 code gvl 001 style vintage GlideScope GVL video laryngoscope offers

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「移植片対白血病効果」「graft versus leukemia effect」
拡張検索	「GVL effect」「GVL効果」
関連記事	「G」

「移植片対白血病効果」

*gamma*-Valerolactone^[1]
Names
	IUPAC name 5-Methyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
	Other names 4-Pentanolide,; 4-Valerolactone,; 4-Pentalactone,; 4-Hydroxypentanoic acid lactone
Identifiers
CAS Registry Number	108-29-2
ChEBI	CHEBI:48569
ChEMBL	ChEMBL195593
ChemSpider	7633
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H8O2/c1-4-2-3-5(6)7-4/h4H,2-3H2,1H3 ; Key: GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C5H8O2/c1-4-2-3-5(6)7-4/h4H,2-3H2,1H3; Key: GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYAX ;
Jmol-3D images	Image
PubChem	7921
	SMILES CC1CCC(=O)O1 ;
UNII	O7056XK37X
Properties
Chemical formula	C5H8O2
Molar mass	100.116
Appearance	colorless liquid
Density	1.0465 g/mL
Melting point	−31 °C (−24 °F; 242 K)
Boiling point	207 to 208 °C (405 to 406 °F; 480 to 481 K)
Solubility in water	>=100 mg/mL
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	-461.3 kJ·mol−1
Std enthalpy of; combustion (ΔcHo298)	-2649.6 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
R-phrases	R36, R37, R38
S-phrases	(S2), S46
NFPA 704	2 2 0
Flash point	81 °C (178 °F; 354 K)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is: /?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: graft-versus-leukemia effect
同: GVL効果 GVL effect
関: GVL

「graft versus leukemia effect」

　　[★] 移植片対白血病効果 GVL

「GVL effect」

　　[★] 移植片対白血病効果。GVL効果

「GVL効果」

　　[★] 移植片対白血病効果

「G」

　　[★]

[1] NIH National Toxicology Program

[pmid23486087-2] Andresen-Streichert H, Jungen H, Gehl A, Müller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S (2013). "Uptake of gamma-valerolactone--detection of gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid in human urine samples". J Anal Toxicol 37 (4): 250–4. doi:10.1093/jat/bkt013. PMID 23486087.

[Smith2004-3] Fred Smith (31 December 2004). Handbook of Forensic Drug Analysis. Academic Press. pp. 462–. ISBN 978-0-08-047289-8.

[4] Huber, George W.; Iborra, Sara; Corma, Avelino (2006). "Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering". Chemical Reviews 106 (9): 4044–4098. doi:10.1021/cr068360d. PMID 16967928.

[5] GoodScentsCompany.com

[6] Huber, G. W.; Corma, Avelino (2007). "Synergies between Bio- and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 (38): 7184. doi:10.1002/anie.200604504.

[Savage-7] Savage, Neil (2011). "Fuel Options: The Ideal Biofuel". Nature 474 (7352): S11. doi:10.1038/474S09a.

[8] Horváth, I. T.; Mehdi, H.; Fábos, V.; Boda, L.; Mika, L. T. (2008). "γ-Valerolactone—a sustainable liquid for energy and carbon-based chemicals". Green Chemistry 10 (2): 238. doi:10.1039/b712863k.

[Bond-9] Bond, Jesse Q.; Alonso, David Martin; Wang, Dong; West, Ryan M.; Dumesic, James A. (2010). "Integrated Catalytic Conversion of γ-Valerolactone to Liquid Alkenes for Transportation Fuels". Science 357 (5969): 1110–1114. doi:10.1126/science.1184362.

[10] Mantilla, A.; et al. (2005). "Oligomerization of isobutene on sulfated titania: Effect of reaction conditions on selectivity". Catalysis Today. 107-108: 707. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.153.

[11] Luterbacher, Jeremy S.; Rand, Jacqueline M.; David; Alonso, Martin; Han, Jeehoon; Youngquist, J. Tyler; Maravelias, Christos T.; Pfleger, Brian F.; Dumesic, James A. et al. (2014). "Nonenzymatic Sugar Production from Biomass Using Biomass-Derived gamma-Valerolactone". Science 343 (6168): 277–280. doi:10.1126/science.1246748. PMID 24436415.

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GVL