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a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans) (同)genus Francisella

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/08 15:36:45」(JST)

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Francisella is a genus of pathogenic, Gram-negative bacteria. They are small coccobacillary or rod-shaped, non-motile organisms, which are also facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages.^[1] Strict aerobes, Francisella colonies bear a morphological resemblance to those of the genus Brucella.^[2]

The genus was named in honor of American bacteriologist Edward Francis, who, in 1922, first recognized F. tularensis (then named Bacterium tularensis) as the causative agent of tularemia.^[3]

Pathogenesis [edit]

The type species, F. tularensis, causes the disease tularemia or rabbit fever.^[4] F. novicida and F. philomiragia (previously Yersinia philomiragia) are associated with septicemia and invasive systemic infections. The taxonomy of the genus is somewhat uncertain, especially in the case of F. novicida (may be a subspecies of F. tularensis). In general, identification of species is accomplished by biochemical profiling or 16S rRNA sequencing. An updated phylogeny based on whole genome sequencing has recently been published showing that the genus Francisella could be divided into two main genetic clades: one included F. tularensis, F. novicida, F. hispaniensis and Wolbachia persica, and another included F. philomiragia and F. noatunensis.^[5]

Laboratory characteristics [edit]

Francisella can survive for several weeks in the environment; paradoxically, they can be difficult to culture and maintain in the lab.^[6] Growth is slow (though increased by CO₂ supplementation) and the organisms are fastidious, with most Francisella strains requiring cystine and cysteine media supplementation for growth. Growth has been successful on several media types, including chocolate agar and Thayer-Martin media with appropriate additives as noted above. Attempted isolation on MacConkey agar is not reliable or generally successful.^[4]

After 24 hours of incubation on appropriate solid media, Francisella colonies are generally small (1 to 2 mm), opaque, and white-gray to bluish-gray in color. Colonies are smooth, with clean edges and, after a 48 hours of growth, tend to have a shiny surface.

References [edit]

^ Allen LA (2003). "Mechanisms of pathogenesis: evasion of killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes". Microbes Infect 5 (14): 1329–35. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2003.09.011. PMID 14613776.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 488–90. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Francis E (1921). "Tularemia. I. The occurrence of tularemia in nature as a disease of man". Public Health Rep (36): 1731–53.
^ ^a ^b Collins FM (1996). Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
^ Sjödin A, Svensson K, Öhrman C, Ahlinder J, Lindgren P, Duodu S, Johansson A, Colquhoun DJ, Larsson P, Forsman M (2012). "Genome characterisation of the genus Francisella reveals insight into similar evolutionary paths in pathogens of mammals and fish". BMC genomics 13 (268). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-268. PMID 22727144.
^ Ellis J, Oyston P, Green M, Titball R (2002). "Tularemia". Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 631–46. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.631-646.2002. PMC 126859. PMID 12364373.

External links [edit]

Francisella genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
Francisella in Cod

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English Journal

Consequences of Delayed Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline Treatment Regimens against Francisella tularensis Airway Infection.

Rotem S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Ber R, Shafferman A, Cohen O.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2012 Oct;56(10):5406-8. Epub 2012 Jul 30.
This study examines the efficacy, bacterial load, and humoral response of extensively delayed ciprofloxacin or doxycycline treatments following airway exposure of mice to Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica (strain LVS) or to the highly virulent F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (strain SchuS4).
PMID 22850512

TetR-Based Gene Regulation Systems for Francisella tularensis.

Lovullo ED, Miller CN, Pavelka MS Jr, Kawula TH.SourceDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2012 Oct;78(19):6883-9. Epub 2012 Jul 20.
There are a number of genetic tools available for studying Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia; however, there is no effective inducible or repressible gene expression system. Here, we describe inducible and repressible gene expression systems for F. tularensis based on the Te
PMID 22820330

Japanese Journal

Structural Modifications of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide that Facilitate Gram-Negative Bacteria Evasion of Host Innate Immunity.

Matsuura Motohiro
Frontiers in immunology 4, 2013-05-24
… A similar role for less-acylated lipid A forms has been indicated in some other bacterial species, such as Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and further studies to explore this concept are expected. …
NAID 120005333787

A novel approach, based on BLSOMs (Batch Learning Self-Organizing Maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks

Nakao Ryo,Abe Takashi,Nijhof Ard M,Yamamoto Seigo,Jongejan Frans,Ikemura Toshimichi,Sugimoto Chihiro
The ISME Journal 7(5), 1003-1015, 2013-03
… In addition to bacteria previously associated with human/animal diseases, such as Anaplasma, Bartonella, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, Francisella and Rickettsia, BLSOM analysis detected microorganisms belonging to the phylum Chlamydiae in some tick species. …
NAID 120005323598

Identification of the Source of Francisella tularensis Infection by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Fujita Osamu,Hotta Akitoyo,Uda Akihiko [他],Yamamoto Yoshie,Fujita Hiromi,Shinya Fumiaki,Asano Shigeyuki,Morikawa Shigeru,Tanabayashi Kiyoshi,Yamada Akio
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 66(6), 543-545, 2013
… Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. …
NAID 130003390339

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リンク元	「フランシセラ」「フランシセラ属」
拡張検索	「Francisella tularensis」

「フランシセラ」

Francisella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Thiotrichales
Family:	Francisellaceae
Genus:	Francisella; Dorofe'ev 1947
Species
	F. hispaniensis; F. novicida; F. noatunensis; F. philomiragia; F. piscicida; F. tularensis