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Fibrobacteres is a small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose in ruminant animals. Members of this phylum were categorized in other phyla. The genus Fibrobacter (the only genus of Fibrobacteres) was removed from the genus Bacteroides in 1988.^[1]

Phylogeny and Comparative Genomic Studies

Although Fibrobacteres, which consists of a single genus Fibrobacter containing two species, is currently recognized as a distinct phylum, phylogenetic studies based RpoC and Gyrase B protein sequences, indicate that Fibrobacter succinogenes is closely related to the species from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi.^[2] The species from these three phyla also branch in the same position based upon conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins.^[3] Lastly and most importantly, comparative genomic studies have identified two conserved signature indels (a 5-7 amino acid insert in the RpoC protein and a 13-16 amino acid insertion in serine hydroxymethyltransferase) and one signature protein (PG00081) that are uniquely shared by all of the species from these three phyla.^[4] All of these results provide compelling evidence that the species from these three phyla shared a common ancestor exclusive of all other bacteria and it has been proposed that they should all recognized as part of a single “FCB”superphylum.^[2]^[4]

Taxonomy

Class Fibrobacteres^[5]
- Order Fibrobacterales
  - Family Fibrobacteraceae
    - Genus Fibrobacter Montgomery et al. 1988
      - F. intestinalis Montgomery et al. 1988
      - F. succinogenes (Hungate 1950) Montgomery et al. 1988
        
        F. s. elongatus Montgomery et al. 1988
        
        F. s. succinogenes (Hungate 1950) Montgomery et al. 1988

phylum Fibrobacteres and some of its phylogenetic neighbours

Distribution

The phylum Fibrobacteres is considered to be closely related to the CFB [Cytophaga-Flavibacterium-Bacteroides].^[4] The only genus in this phylum is Fibrobacter that contains strains from the guts of many mammals including cattle and pigs.^[6] The two described species in this genus namely, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Fibrobacter intestinalis are important members of fibrolytic communities in mammalian guts and have received a lot of attention in recent decades due to the long-standing interest microbes capable of degrading plant fiber.

Molecular evidence based on the amplification of 16rRNA genes from various environments suggest that the phylum is much more widespread than previously thought.^[7]^[8] Most of the clones from mammalian environments group along with the known isolates in what has been called Fibrobacteres subphylum 1.^[8] Members of Fibrobacteres subphylum 2 however, have so far been found only in the gut of termites.^[8] Due to the lack of cultured representatives from subphylum 2, it is so far unclear as to the role they might play in termite guts.

References

^ Montgomery L; Flesher B; Stahl D. (1988). "Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as Fibrobacter succinogenes comb. nov. and description of Fibrobacter intestinalis sp. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 (4): 430–435. doi:10.1099/00207713-38-4-430.
^ ^a ^b Gupta, R. S. (2004). The phylogeny and signature sequences characteristics of Fibrobacteres, Chlorobi, and Bacteroidetes. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 30:123-140. doi: 10.1080/10408410490435133.
^ Griffiths E, Gupta RS. (2001) The use of signature sequences in different proteins to determine the relative branching order of bacterial divisions: evidence that Fibrobacter diverged at a similar time to Chlamydia and the Cytophaga- Flavobacterium-Bacteroides division. Microbiology,147:2611-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gupta, R. S. and Lorenzini, E. (2007). Phylogeny and molecular signatures (conserved proteins and indels) that are specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi species. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7:71. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-71.
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Fibrobacteres". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
^ Qi, M. and Nelson, K.E. and Daugherty, S.C. and Nelson, W.C. and Hance, I.R. and Morrison, M. and Forsberg, C.W. (2005). "Novel molecular features of the fibrolytic intestinal bacterium Fibrobacter intestinalis not shared with Fibrobacter succinogenes as determined by suppressive subtractive hybridization". Journal of bacteriology 187 (11): 3739. doi:10.1128/jb.187.11.3739-3751.2005.
^ McDonald, J.E. and Lockhart, R.J. and Cox, M.J. and Allison, H.E. and McCarthy, A.J. (2008). "Detection of novel Fibrobacter populations in landfill sites and determination of their relative abundance via quantitative PCR". Environmental microbiology (Wiley Online Library) 10 (5): 1310–1319. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01544.x.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hongoh, Y. and Deevong, P. and Hattori, S. and Inoue, T. and Noda, S. and Noparatnaraporn, N. and Kudo, T. and Ohkuma, M. (2006). "Phylogenetic diversity, localization, and cell morphologies of members of the candidate phylum TG3 and a subphylum in the phylum Fibrobacteres, recently discovered bacterial groups dominant in termite guts". Applied and environmental microbiology (Am Soc Microbiol) 72 (10): 6780–6788. doi:10.1128/aem.00891-06.

Holt JG (editor) (1994). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.). Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-00603-7.

External links

List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Fibrobacter
Systema Naturae 2000 Classification: Phylum Fibrobacteres

English Journal

Effects of Nitrate Addition on Rumen Fermentation, Bacterial Biodiversity and Abundance.

Zhao L1, Meng Q1, Ren L1, Liu W1, Zhang X1, Huo Y1, Zhou Z1.
Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences.Asian-Australas J Anim Sci.2015 Oct;28(10):1433-41. doi: 10.5713/ajas.15.0091.
This study examined changes of rumen fermentation, ruminal bacteria biodiversity and abundance caused by nitrate addition with Ion Torrent sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Three rumen-fistulated steers were fed diets supplemented with 0%, 1%, and 2% nitrate (dry matter %) in succe
PMID 26194220

Effects of different sources of physically effective fiber on rumen microbial populations.

Shaw CN1, Kim M1, Eastridge ML1, Yu Z1.
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience.Animal.2015 Sep 14:1-8. [Epub ahead of print]
Physically effective fiber is needed by dairy cattle to prevent ruminal acidosis. This study aimed to examine the effects of different sources of physically effective fiber on the populations of fibrolytic bacteria and methanogens. Five ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were each fed five diets dif
PMID 26365790

Extruded soybean meal increased feed intake and milk production in dairy cows.

Giallongo F1, Oh J1, Frederick T1, Isenberg B1, Kniffen DM1, Fabin RA2, Hristov AN3.
Journal of dairy science.J Dairy Sci.2015 Sep;98(9):6471-85. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9786. Epub 2015 Jul 15.
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of 2 extruded soybean meals (ESBM) processed at 2 extruder temperatures, 149°C (LTM) and 171°C (HTM), on performance, nutrient digestibility, milk fatty acid and plasma amino acid profiles, and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows. Nine m
PMID 26188569

Japanese Journal

1Dp04 ルーメン細菌Fibrobacter succinogenes S85株由来ヘミセルロース分解酵素群の生化学的解析(酵素学・酵素工学,一般講演)

日本生物工学会大会講演要旨集 63, 35, 2011-08-25
NAID 110008911025

Fibrobacter succinogenesを中心とするルーメン内繊維分解コンソーシャム構成細菌の検出および同定

Animal science journal 81(1), 72-79, 2010-02-01
NAID 10027888601

Ecological characterization of three different phylogenetic groups belonging to the cellulolytic bacterial species Fibrobacter succinogenes in the rumen