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Entomopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses, in the family Poxviridae. Insects, human, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 31 species in this subfamily, divided among 3 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include: impairment of motility and development.^[1]^[2]

Structure

The virions are generally enveloped though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains a different envelope, is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because they are wrapped by the endoplasmic reticulum. The virion is exceptionally large, around 250-380kb in length and the diameter is around 350 nm.^[1] It carries its genome in a single, linear, double-stranded segment of DNA.^[3]

Genus	Structure	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Alphaentomopoxvirus	Ovoid	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Betaentomopoxvirus	Ovoid	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite
Gammaentomopoxvirus	Ovoid	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life Cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core into the host cytoplasm. Early phase: early genes are transcribed in the cytoplasm by viral RNA polymerase. Early expression begins at 30 minutes post-infection. Core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, viral genome is now free in the cytoplasm. Intermediate phase: Intermediate genes are expressed, triggering genomic DNA replication at approximately 100 minutes post-infection. Late phase: Late genes are expressed from 140 min to 48 hours post-infection, producing all structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions starts in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing an spherical immature particle. This virus particle matures into brick-shaped intracellular mature virion (IMV). IMV virion can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second double membrane from trans-Golgi and bud as external enveloped virion (EEV). Mature virion can be occluded in spheroids composed of spheroidin proteinhost receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. Dna templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by existing in occlusion bodies after cell death and remaining infectious until finding another host. Insects, human, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as the natural host.^[1]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Alphaentomopoxvirus	Monkeys; baboons	None	Glycosaminoglycans	Lysis; budding; occlusion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Contact; insects
Betaentomopoxvirus	Lepidoptera insects; orthoptera insects	Hemocytes; fat bodies	Glycosaminoglycans	Lysis; budding; occlusion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Unknown
Gammaentomopoxvirus	Insects	Hemocytes; fat bodies	Glycosaminoglycans	Lysis; budding; occlusion	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Unknown

Taxonomy

The classification in this subfamily is based on the morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms and the type of disease caused. Three genera in this subfamily are recognized. There are also a number of species that have not yet been assigned to a genus.

The species of the genus Alphaentomopoxvirus infect beetles.
The species of the genus Betaentomopoxvirus infect butterflies, moths, grasshoppers and locusts.
The species of the genus Gammaentomopoxvirus infect flies and mosquitoes.

Group: dsDNA

Order: Unassigned

Family: Poxviridae
- Sub-Family: Entomopoxvirinae
  - Genus: Alphaentomopoxvirus
    
    Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus
    
    Aphodius tasmaniae entomopoxvirus
    
    Demodema bonariensis entomopoxvirus
    
    Dermolepida albohirtum entomopoxvirus
    
    Figulus sublaevis entomopoxvirus
    
    Geotrupes sylvaticus entomopoxvirus
    
    Melolontha melolontha entomopoxvirus
  - Genus: Betaentomopoxvirus
    
    Acrobasis zelleri entomopoxvirus
    
    Adoxophyes honmai entomopoxvirus
    
    Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus
    
    Arphia conspersa entomopoxvirus
    
    Choristoneura biennis entomopoxvirus
    
    Choristoneura conflicta entomopoxvirus
    
    Choristoneura diversuma entomopoxvirus
    
    Choristoneura fumiferana entomopoxvirus
    
    Choristoneura rosaceana entomopoxvirus
    
    Chorizagrotis auxiliaris entomopoxvirus
    
    Heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus
    
    Locusta migratoria entomopoxvirus
    
    Mythimna separata entomopoxvirus
    
    Oedaleus senegalensis entomopoxvirus
    
    Operophtera brumata entomopoxvirus
    
    Schistocerca gregaria entomopoxvirus
  - Genus: Gammaentomopoxvirus
    
    Aedes aegypti entomopoxvirus
    
    Camptochironomus tentans entomopoxvirus
    
    Chironomus attenuatus entomopoxvirus
    
    Chironomus luridus entomopoxvirus
    
    Chironomus plumosus entomopoxvirus
    
    Goeldichironomus holoprasinus entomopoxvirus
  - Genus: Unassigned
    
    Diachasmimorpha entomopoxvirus
    
    Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus 'O'

^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2004-06-15). "ICTVdb Descriptions: 58. Poxviridae". Retrieved 2005-02-26.

External Links

Viralzone: Entomopoxvirinae
ICTV
Electron micrographs - [1]

English Journal

Gene acquisition convergence between entomopoxviruses and baculoviruses.

Thézé J1,2, Takatsuka J3, Nakai M4, Arif B5, Herniou EA6.
Viruses.Viruses.2015 Apr 13;7(4):1960-74. doi: 10.3390/v7041960.
Organisms from diverse phylogenetic origins can thrive within the same ecological niches. They might be induced to evolve convergent adaptations in response to a similar landscape of selective pressures. Their genomes should bear the signature of this process. The study of unrelated virus lineages i
PMID 25871928

Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus encodes a functional esterase (amv133) with protease activity.

Özşahin E1, Sezen K, Demirbağ Z.
Intervirology.Intervirology.2015;58(1):41-8. doi: 10.1159/000369018. Epub 2015 Jan 15.
OBJECTIVES: Lipolytic genes have been investigated in several viral genomes, and some of them show enzyme activity which can be used for various functions including the production of DNA replication metabolites, rescue from endosomes, and membrane fusion. Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV) replica
PMID 25591507

Transcriptional analysis of ORF amv133 of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus.

Ozsahin E1, Sezen K, Demirbag Z.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2014 Oct;159(10):2541-7. doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2096-1. Epub 2014 May 6.
The open reading frame (ORF) amv133 of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus, encodes a putative lipase gene. Its temporal expression pattern was characterized by RT-PCR and found to start at 6 h postinfection (h p.i.) and reach a maximum level at 48 h p.i. While the ORF has a late promoter motif, the inhib
PMID 24796553

Japanese Journal

Entomopoxvirinae.

GOODWIN R. H.
Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses, 259-285, 1991
NAID 10004763605

「エントモポックスウイルス亜科」

Entomopoxvirinae
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Family:	Poxviridae
Subfamily:	Entomopoxvirinae
Genera
	Alphaentomopoxvirus; Betaentomopoxvirus; Gammaentomopoxvirus;