Egyptian chlorosis

エジプト萎黄病

WordNet

1. of or relating to or characteristic of Egypt or its people or their language
2. a native or inhabitant of Egypt
3. the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs; written records date back to 3000 BC
4. iron deficiency anemia in young women; characterized by weakness and menstrual disturbances and a green color to the skin (同)greensickness

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. エジプトの;エジプト人(語)の / 〈C〉エジプト人 / 〈U〉(古代の)エジプト語

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/10 20:27:27」(JST)

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Ancylostomiasis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	B76.0
ICD-9-CM	126.9
eMedicine	ped/96
MeSH	D000724

Infective larva of Necator americanus.

Ancylostomiasis (also anchylostomiasis or ankylostomiasis) is a hookworm disease caused by infection with Ancylostoma hookworms. The name is derived from Greek ancylos αγκύλος "crooked, bent" and stoma στόμα "mouth".

Ancylostomiasis is also known as miner's anaemia, tunnel disease, brickmaker's anaemia and Egyptian chlorosis. Helminthiasis may also refer to ancylostomiasis, but this term also refers to all other parasitic worm diseases as well. In the United Kingdom, if acquired in the context of working in a mine, the condition is eligible for Industrial Injuries Disability Benefit. It is a prescribed disease (B4) under the relevant legislation.§

Ancylostomiasis is caused when hookworms, present in large numbers, produce an iron deficiency anemia by sucking blood from the host's intestinal walls.

Signs and symptoms

Because the larvae are in an abnormal host, they do not mature to adults but instead migrate through the skin until killed by the host's inflammatory response. This migration causes local intense itching and a red serpiginous lesion. Treatment with a single dose of oral ivermectin results in cure rates of 94–100%.

Causes

The infection is usually contracted by persons walking barefoot over contaminated soil. In penetrating the skin, the larvae may cause an allergic reaction. It is from the itchy patch at the site of entry that the early infection gets its nickname "ground itch". Once larvae have broken through the skin, they enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs (unlike ascarids, however, hookworms do not usually cause pneumonia). The larvae migrate from the lungs up the windpipe to be swallowed and carried back down to the intestine. If humans come into contact with larvae of the dog hookworm or the cat hookworm, or of certain other hookworms that do not infect humans, the larvae may penetrate the skin. Sometimes, the larvae are unable to complete their migratory cycle in humans. Instead, the larvae migrate just below the skin producing snake-like markings. This is referred to as a creeping eruption or cutaneous larva migrans.

Diagnosis

They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in humans.

• Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans.
• Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans.

Prevention

Control of this parasite should be directed against reducing the level of environmental contamination. Treatment of heavily infected individuals is one way to reduce the source of contamination (one study has estimated that 60% of the total worm burden resides in less than 10% of the population). Other obvious methods are to improve access to sanitation, e.g. toilets, but also convincing people to maintaining them in a clean, functional state, thereby making them conducive to use.

Epidemiology

An epidemic of "miner's anaemia" caused by Ancylostoma duodenale among workers constructing the Gotthard Tunnel contributed to the understanding of ancylostomiasis.

The clinical aspects of ancylostomiasis were first described in Europe as "miner's anaemia". During the construction of the Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland (1871–1881), a large number of miners suffered from severe anaemia of unknown cause. Medical investigations let to the understanding that it was caused by Ancylostoma duodenale (favoured by high temperatures and humidity) and to "major advances in parasitology, by way of research into the aetiology, epidemiology and treatment of ancylostomiasis".

Hookworms still account for high proportion of debilitating disease in the tropics and 50-60,000 deaths per year can be attributed to this disease.

Treatment

The drug of choice for the treatment of hookworm disease is mebendazole which is effective against both species, and in addition, will remove the intestinal worm Ascaris also, if present. The drug is very efficient, requiring only a single dose and is inexpensive. However, treatment requires more than giving the anthelmintic, the patient should also receive dietary supplements to improve their general level of health, in particular iron supplementation is very important. Iron is an important constituent of a multitude of enzyme systems involved in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis and drug detoxification.

An infection of N. americanus parasites can be treated by using benzimidazoles, albendazole, and mebendazole. A blood transfusion may be necessary in severe cases of anemia. Light infections are usually left untreated in areas where reinfection is common. Iron supplements and a diet high in protein will speed the recovery process. In a case study involving 56–60 men with Trichuris trichiura and/or N. americanus infections, both albendazole and mebendazole were 90% effective in curing T. trichiura. However, albendazole had a 95% cure rate for N. americanus, while mebendazole only had a 21% cure rate. This suggests albendazole is most effective for treating both T. trichiura and N. americanus.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Serological and molecular diagnostic surveys combined with examining hematological profiles suggests increased levels of infection and hematological response of cattle to babesiosis infections compared to native buffaloes in Egypt.

• Mahmoud MS1, Kandil OM2, Nasr SM3, Hendawy SH4, Habeeb SM5, Mabrouk DM6, Silva MG7, Suarez CE8,9.
• Parasites & vectors.Parasit Vectors.2015 Jun 12;8:319. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0928-9.
• BACKGROUND: Babesiosis threatens the development of the cattle and buffaloes industries in Egypt and improved control is needed. The main objectives of this study are surveying the presence of bovine babesiosis in distinct selected bovine and buffalo populations in Egypt using novel molecular and pr
• PMID 26062684

• Iron deficiency anemia in an Egyptian pediatric population: a cross-sectional study.

• Al Ghwass MM, Halawa EF1, Sabry SM, Ahmed D.
• Annals of African medicine.Ann Afr Med.2015 Jan-Mar;14(1):25-31. doi: 10.4103/1596-3519.148725.
• OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and associated sociodemographic factors among children between 6 months and 12 years of age.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 300 children from June 2011 to June 2012 visiting the ped
• PMID 25567692

• Fortifying baladi bread in Egypt: reaching more than 50 million people through the subsidy program.

• Elhakim N1, Laillou A, El Nakeeb A, Yacoub R, Shehata M.
• Food and nutrition bulletin.Food Nutr Bull.2012 Dec;33(4 Suppl):S260-71.
• BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies, especially iron-deficiency anemia, are a public health problem in Egypt, where anemia rates almost doubled in the years from 2000 to 2005. In 2008, the Government of Egypt began implementation of a 5-year national program to fortify with iron and folic acid th
• PMID 23444707

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「エジプト萎黄病」
関連記事	「chlorosis」

「エジプト萎黄病」

　　[★]

英

Egyptian chlorosis

関

鉤虫性貧血、鉤虫感染、エジプト萎黄病、坑夫貧血、坂の下病

「chlorosis」

　　[★]

• 白化

関

albinism、hypochromic anemia