Drosophilidae

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WordNet

1. fruit flies (同)family Drosophilidae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/20 08:30:50」(JST)

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Drosophilidae
Drosophila sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Brachycera
Section:	Schizophora
Subsection:	Acalyptratae
Superfamily:	Ephydroidea
Family:	Drosophilidae Róndani, 1856
Subfamily
Drosophilinae Steganinae

Drosophilidae is a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes fruit flies. Another family of flies called Tephritidae also includes fruit flies. The best known species of Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, within the genus Drosophila, and this species is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. This fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects.

Economic significance

Generally, drosophilids are considered to be nuisance flies rather than pests, since most species breed in rotting material. Zaprionus indianus Gupta is unusual among Drosophilidae species in being a serious, primary pest of at least one commercial fruit, figs in Brazil. Another species, Drosophila suzukii, infests thin-skinned fruit such as raspberries and cherries and can be a serious agricultural pest. Drosophila repleta larvae inhabit drains and spread bacteria. Fruit flies in general are considered as a common vector in propagating acetic acid bacteria in nature. This often ruins the alcohol fermentation process and can ruin beer or wine by turning it into vinegar.

Identification

The diagnostic characteristics for Drosophilidae include the presence of an incomplete subcostal vein, two breaks in the costal vein, a small anal cell in the wing, convergent postocellar bristles; and usually three frontal bristles on each side of the head, one directed forward and the other two directed rearward. More extensive identification characteristics can be found in "Drosophila: A Guide to Species Identification and Use" by Therese A. Markow and Patrick O'Grady, (Academic Press, 2005) ISBN 0-12-473052-3 or "Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook" by M. Ashburner, K. Golic, S. Hawley, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2005).

Behavior

When the flies see female larval endoparasitoid wasps, they switch to laying their eggs in rotting fruit, which contains alcohol. Doing this protects the flies from becoming host to the larvae, as the wasps have a low alcohol tolerance.

Phylogeny

The family contains more than 4,000 species classified under 75 genera. Recently, a comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the genera based on both molecular and morphological characters has been published.

• Subfamily Drosophilinae Rondani, 1856:
  • Tribe Colocasiomyini Okada, 1989:
    • Genus Baeodrosophila Wheeler & Takada, 1964
    • Genus Balara Bock, 1982
    • Genus Chymomyza Czerny, 1903
    • Genus Colocasiomyia de Meijere, 1914
    • Genus Lissocephala Malloch, 1929
    • Genus Neotanygastrella Duda, 1925
    • Genus Phorticella Duda, 1924
    • Genus Scaptodrosophila Duda, 1923
    • Genus Protochymomyza Grimaldi, 1987
  • Tribe Drosophilini Okada, 1989:
    • Genus Arengomyia Yafuso & Toda, 2008
    • Genus Bialba Bock, 1989
    • Genus Calodrosophila Wheeler & Takada, 1964
    • Genus Celidosoma Hardy, 1965
    • Genus Collessia Bock, 1982
    • Genus Dettopsomyia Lamb, 1914
    • Genus Dichaetophora Duda, 1940
    • Genus Dicladochaeta Malloch, 1932
    • Genus Drosophila Fallén, 1823
    • Genus Hirtodrosophila Duda, 1923
    • Genus Hypselothyrea Okada, 1956
    • Genus Idiomyia Grimshaw, 1901 (Hawaiian Drosophila)
    • Genus Jeannelopsis Séguy, 1938
    • Genus Laccodrosophila Duda, 1927
    • Genus Liodrosophila Duda, 1922
    • Genus Lordiphosa Basden, 1961
    • Genus Microdrosophila Malloch, 1921
    • Genus Miomyia Grimaldi, 1987
    • Genus Mulgravea Bock, 1982
    • Genus Mycodrosophila Oldenberg, 1914
    • Genus Palmomyia Grimaldi, 2003
    • Genus Paraliodrosophila Duda, 1925
    • Genus Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924
    • Genus Poliocephala Bock, 1989
    • Genus Samoaia Malloch, 1934
    • Genus Scaptomyza Hardy, 1849
    • Genus Sphaerogastrella Duda, 1922
    • Genus Styloptera Duda, 1924
    • Genus Tambourella Wheeler, 1957
    • Genus Zaprionus Coquillett, 1902
    • Genus Zaropunis Tsacas, 1990
    • Genus Zapriothrica Wheeler, 1956
    • Genus Zygothrica Wiedemann, 1830
  • Incertae sedis:
    • Genus Marquesia Malloch, 1932
• Subfamily Steganinae Hendel, 1917:
  • Tribe Gitonini Grimaldi, 1990:
    • Genus Allopygaea Tsacas, 2000
    • Genus Acletoxenus Frauenfeld, 1868
    • Genus Amiota Loew, 1862
    • Genus Apenthecia Tsacas, 1983
    • Genus Apsiphortica Okada, 1971
    • Genus Cacoxenus Loew, 1858
    • Genus Crincosia Bock, 1982
    • Genus Electrophortica Hennig, 1965
    • Genus Erima Kertész, 1899
    • Genus Gitona Meigen, 1830
    • Genus Hyalistata Wheeler, 1960
    • Genus Luzonimyia Malloch, 1926
    • Genus Mayagueza Wheeler, 1960
    • Genus Paracacoxenus Hardy & Wheeler, 1960
    • Genus Paraleucophenga Hendel, 1914
    • Genus Paraphortica Duda, 1934
    • Genus Phortica Schiner, 1862
    • Genus Pseudiastata Coquillett, 1901
    • Genus Pseudocacoxenus Duda, 1925
    • Genus Rhinoleucophenga Hendel, 1917
    • Genus Soederbomia Hendel, 1938
    • Genus Trachyleucophenga Hendel, 1917
  • Tribe Steganini Okada, 1989:
    • Genus Eostegana Hendel, 1913
    • Genus Leucophenga Mik, 1866
    • Genus Pararhinoleucophenga Duda, 1924
    • Genus Parastegana Okada, 1971
    • Genus Pseudostegana Okada, 1978
    • Genus Stegana Meigen, 1830
  • Incertae sedis:
    • Genus Neorhinoleucophenga Duda, 1924
    • Genus Pyrgometopa Kertész, 1901

Gallery

• Close-up of fruit fly proboscis

• Front view

• Drosophilidae compound eye

External links

• Drosophilidae In Italian
• Diptera.info photo gallery
• Family Drosophilidae at EOL images

References

English Journal

• Edge-interior differences in the species richness and abundance of drosophilids in a semideciduous forest fragment.

• Penariol LV, Madi-Ravazzi L.SourceDepartamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas de São José do Rio Preto/UNESP-IBILCE, Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265, São Paulo, CEP 15054-000 Brazil.
• SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):114. Epub 2013 Mar 15.
• Habitat fragmentation is the main cause of biodiversity loss, as remnant fragments are exposed to negative influences that include edge effects, prevention of migration, declines in effective population sizes, loss of genetic variability and invasion of exotic species. The Drosophilidae (Diptera), e
• PMID 23556146

• Imaging morphogenesis: technological advances and biological insights.

• Keller PJ.SourceHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. kellerp@janelia.hhmi.org
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1234168. doi: 10.1126/science.1234168.
• Morphogenesis, the development of the shape of an organism, is a dynamic process on a multitude of scales, from fast subcellular rearrangements and cell movements to slow structural changes at the whole-organism level. Live-imaging approaches based on light microscopy reveal the intricate dynamics o
• PMID 23744952

• Stepwise evolution of essential centromere function in a Drosophila neogene.

• Ross BD, Rosin L, Thomae AW, Hiatt MA, Vermaak D, de la Cruz AF, Imhof A, Mellone BG, Malik HS.SourceMolecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1234393.
• Evolutionarily young genes that serve essential functions represent a paradox; they must perform a function that either was not required until after their birth or was redundant with another gene. How young genes rapidly acquire essential function is largely unknown. We traced the evolutionary steps
• PMID 23744945

Japanese Journal

• Prevalence of exotic frugivorous Drosophila species, D. simulans and D. immigrans (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and its effects on local parasitoids in Sapporo, northern Japan

• Applied entomology and zoology 50(4), 509-515, 2015-11
• NAID 40020659667

• Demographic Structure and Evolutionary History of Drosophila ornatifrons (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from Atlantic Forest of Southern Brazil

• Zoological science 32(2), 141-150, 2015-04
• NAID 40020424317

• Novel behavioral assay of wasabi avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) using a video tracking system

• Applied entomology and zoology 50(1), 137-142, 2015-02
• NAID 40020374485

Related Links

• Drosophilidae - definition of Drosophilidae by The Free Dictionary

Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. Drosophilidae - fruit flies family Drosophilidae arthropod family - any of the arthropods Diptera, order Diptera - a large order of insects having a ...

• JDD - Taxonomy of Drosophilidae - Galleries

ショウジョウバエ科の生物 ショウジョウバエは節足動物門(Phylum:Arthropoda)、昆虫綱(Class:Insecta)、双翅目(Order:Diptera)、ショウジョウバエ科(Family:Drosophilidae)に属する生物でおよそ60属3000種が知られている。ショウジョウバエ科 ...

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