Dirofilaria

イヌ糸状虫、ヌ糸状虫属、ディロフィラリア属、Dirofilaria属

関

Dirofilaria immitis、dog heartworm

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/03 03:19:14」(JST)

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Dirofilaria
Comparison of probable Dirofilaria repens (left) and Dirofilaria immitis (right)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Secernentea
Order:	Spirurida
Family:	Onchocercidae
Genus:	Dirofilaria

Dirofilaria is a genus of roundworm (nematodes). These worms cause Dirofilariasis in humans defined as infection by filarial nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria.

Two subgenera, Dirofilaria (Dirofilaria) species and Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) species are recognized. Dirofilaria (Dirofilaria) immitis is the most frequent agent of pulmonary dirofilariasis. Although D. (Dirofilaria) immitis primarily causes lung lesions, it has, on rare occasion caused intra-abdominal infection and even subcutaneous nodules. Approximately 20 species of Dirofilaria are in the subgenus Nochtiella; of these, Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens, Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) tenuis, and Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) striata have produced human infection, while Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) ursi–like infections that represent either D. (Nochtiella) ursi or Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) subdermata, or both, rarely can cause human infections. Most human infections by members of the subgenus Nochtiella are D. (Nochtiella) tenuis in the western hemisphere and D (Nochtiella) repens in the eastern hemisphere.

These worms are natural parasites of other, non-human, mammals. In humans, there are two forms of the disease (a) pulmonary dirofilariasis caused primarily by Dirofilaria immitis (the dog heartworm), and (b) subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused primarily by D. tenuis and D. repens, parasites of the raccoon and of dogs and cats respectively; and by D. ursi from the bear. Humans are poor hosts for all Dirofilaria species such that in humans, the worm usually dies before reaching sexual maturity and does not release viable microfilariae.

Dirofilaria immitis is a common parasite of dogs (and some other carnivores) in many parts of the world. It is a considerable veterinary problem, particularly in the USA and Japan. In the dog, adult worms lie coiled in tangled masses in the right ventricle of the heart. The microfilariae circulate in the blood and are transmitted by mosquitoes.

Humans are aberrant hosts for D. immitis, who probably become infected via contaminated mosquitoes. The parasites locate in the right ventricle but fail to mature and die. They are then swept into the pulmonary arteries where they impact and form the nidus of a thrombus. Most human cases are reported from the USA, Japan, and Australia. There is no proof that mature worms of D. immitis or their microfilariae ever develop in humans.

D. tenuis is a subcutaneous parasite of the raccoon. Humans are an abnormal host, in whom gravid female worms have, on rare occasions, been found in the subcutaneous tissue, although without viable microfilariae outside the worm.

D. repens is a subcutaneous parasite of dogs and cats in Europe, Africa, and Asia and probably accounts for incidental infections in humans in these areas.

Both D. tenuis and D. repens are spread by mosquitos. Both parasites present as subcutaneous nodules which develop over several weeks and are variously tender, painful, red, and sometimes migratory. They develop in the conjunctiva, the eyelid, scrotum, breast, arms, or legs. Rarely, D. repens produces pulmonary lesions similar to D. immitis.

Etymology

From the Latin dīrus (“fearful” or “ominous”) + fīlum (“thread”), Dirofilaria is a genus of nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The first known description of Dirofilaria may have been by Italian nobleman Francesco Birago in 1626 in his Treatise on Hunting: “The dog generates two worms, which are half an arm’s length long and thicker than a finger and red like fire.” Birago erroneously identified the worms as a larval stage of another parasite, Dioctophyme renale. The dog heartworm was named Filaria by American parasitologist Joseph Leidy in 1856, and the genus was renamed Dirofilaria by French parasitologists Railliet and Henry in 1911.

References

This article uses public domain text from the CDC as cited

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 犬からの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from dogs
• 2. その他の線虫 miscellaneous nematodes
• 3. 原因不明の好酸球増加症患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with unexplained eosinophilia
• 4. 孤発性肺結節性病変の診断的評価およびマネージメント diagnostic evaluation and management of the solitary pulmonary nodule

English Journal

• Case of human Dirofilaria repens infection manifested by cutaneous larva migrans syndrome.

• Antolová D1, Miterpáková M, Paraličová Z.
• Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2015 May 3. [Epub ahead of print]
• Dirofilaria repens, parasite of subcutaneous tissues of dogs and other carnivores, represents high infection risk for animals and humans in Europe. In men, infection usually presents as nodule in subcutaneous tissues or, less often, the lesions are localised around the eyes. The work presents first
• PMID 25933629

• Surface-displayed glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and galectin from Dirofilaria immitis enhance the activation of the fibrinolytic system of the host.

• González-Miguel J1, Morchón R2, Siles-Lucas M3, Oleaga A3, Simón F2.
• Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2015 May;145:8-16. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.01.010. Epub 2015 Feb 7.
• Cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis is a cosmopolitan disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis, a filaroid parasite whose adult worms live for years in the vascular system of its host. Previous studies have shown that D. immitis can use their excretory/secretory (ES) and surface antigens to enhance fibrinol
• PMID 25666684

• Acute phase protein response in heartworm-infected dogs after adulticide treatment.

• Méndez JC1, Carretón E1, Martínez-Subiela S2, Tvarijonaviciute A2, Cerón JJ2, Montoya-Alonso JA3.
• Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2015 Apr 30;209(3-4):197-201. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.036. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
• During the adulticide treatment of Dirofilaria immitis the worms die releasing fragments of parasites and causing pulmonary thromboembolisms which could exacerbate the clinical condition. To determine the utility of acute phase proteins (APPs) to monitor the progression of the treatment, different p
• PMID 25801227

Japanese Journal

• 臨床経験 術後病理検査にて診断された肺イヌ糸状虫症

• 竹井 大祐,山木 実,則行 敏生 [他]
• 胸部外科 = The Japanese journal of thoracic surgery 68(1), 76-79, 2015-01
• NAID 40020304830

• 研究・症例 空洞形成を伴った肺犬糸状虫症の1例

• 吉田 正,須田 明,安部 光洋 [他]
• 日本胸部臨床 72(9), 1010-1014, 2013-09
• NAID 40019795124

• A Possible Port of Entry into the Eye of Dog during Erratic Canine Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) Parasitism

• HAYASAKI Mineo,UENO Mikako,EJIMA Hiroyasu [他]
• The journal of veterinary medical science 75(3), 355-359, 2013-03
• NAID 40019635905

Related Links

• Dirofilariasis FAQs - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What are Dirofilaria? Dirofilaria are long, thin parasitic roundworms that infect a variety of mammals. Infection is transmitted by mosquito bites. There are many species of Dirofilaria, but human infection is caused most ...

• CDC - Dirofliariasis - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Education and information about Dirofilariasis including frequently asked questions, biology and life cycle information and publications. ... Dirofilariasis in humans is caused by Dirofilaria roundworms. The main natural hosts for the ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「イヌ糸状虫」「イヌ糸状虫属」「ディロフィラリア属」
拡張検索	「Dirofilaria属」「Dirofilaria immitis」

「イヌ糸状虫」

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英

dog heartworm、dog heart worm、Dirofilaria、Dirofilaria immitis

関

イヌ糸状虫属、ディロフィラリア属、Dirofilaria属、糸状虫症、肺寄生虫症

「イヌ糸状虫属」

　　[★]

ラ

Dirofilaria

関

イヌ糸状虫、ディロフィラリア属、Dirofilaria属

「ディロフィラリア属」

　　[★]

ラ

Dirofilaria

関

イヌ糸状虫、イヌ糸状虫属、Dirofilaria属

「Dirofilaria属」

　　[★]

ラ

Dirofilaria

関

イヌ糸状虫、イヌ糸状虫属、ディロフィラリア属

「Dirofilaria immitis」

　　[★]

イヌ糸状虫

関

Dirofilaria、dog heartworm