Denmark

• デンマーク

関

Danish

　 　

WordNet

1. a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea (同)Kingdom of Denmark, Danmark
2. of or relating to or characteristic of Denmark or the Danes or their language ; "Danish furniture"
3. a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. デンマーク(北欧の王国;首都はCopenhagen)
2. デンマーク(Denmark)の;デンマーク人(語)の / デーン人(Dane)の / デンマーク語

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/13 20:01:33」(JST)

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デンマーク

Danmark

（国旗）	（国章）

国の標語：なし
王のモットー: Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke
（デンマーク語: 神の救い、国民の愛情、デンマークの力）

国歌：麗しき国

公用語	デンマーク語
首都	コペンハーゲン
最大の都市	コペンハーゲン
政府 女王 マルグレーテ2世 首相 ヘレ・トーニング＝シュミット 面積 総計 43,094km2（130位） 水面積率 1.6% 人口 総計（2013年） 5,602,536人（108位） 人口密度 126人/km2 GDP（自国通貨表示） 合計（2008年） 1兆7,397億デンマーク・クローネ GDP（MER） 合計（2008年） 3,429億ドル（27位） GDP（PPP） 合計（2008年） 2,040億ドル（48位） 1人あたり 37,265ドル
独立	8世紀
通貨	デンマーク・クローネ（DKK）
時間帯	UTC +1（DST：+2）
ISO 3166-1	DK / DNK
ccTLD	.dk
国際電話番号	45

---

この表中の各数値は、グリーンランドとフェロー諸島を含んでいない。

デンマーク（デンマーク語: Danmark, 発音 [ˈdænmɑɡ̊] ( 聞く)）は、北ヨーロッパのバルト海と北海に挟まれたユトランド半島と、その周辺の多くの島々からなる立憲君主制国家である。北欧諸国の1つであり、北では海を挟んでスカンディナヴィア諸国、南では陸上でドイツと国境を接する。首都はシェラン島にあるコペンハーゲンである。

ヨーロッパで唯一、大陸部分を領有していながら首都が島にある国である。自治権を有するグリーンランドとフェロー諸島と共にデンマーク王国を構成している。

国名

デンマーク語による正式名称は、Danmark [ˈdanmɑʀg] （発音をカタカナ書きにすると「ダンマハク」が近い）。

日本語の表記は、デンマーク(英語読み)。古くは、デンマルクと表記された。漢字による当て字は、丁抹で、丁と略される。

英語の表記は "Denmark"（省略形はDa）、形容詞は"Danish"（発音をカタカナ書きにすると「デイニッシュ」が近い）。

歴史

詳細は「デンマークの歴史」を参照

デンマークには有史以前から人が住んでいたとされている。氷河期の到来によって人はこの地を追われるが、紀元前12000年頃から人が住み続けていると考えられている。農業は紀元前3000年頃始まったようだ。

16世紀初めのカルマル同盟

ヴァイキングとして知られるノルマン人が8世紀から11世紀にかけて住んでいた。彼等は複雑な社会構造を持ち、他のヨーロッパ諸国を侵略、また貿易を行ったことで有名である。この時期デンマークはユトランド半島を基盤にして、シェラン島やスウェーデン南部に影響力を持っていた。11世紀初頭の30年間にはカヌート大王がデンマークとイングランドを支配した（北海帝国）。14世紀後半にはマルグレーテ1世の手により、デンマーク、スウェーデン、ノルウェーを支配下にしたカルマル同盟を築き大国として存在した。

1520年のストックホルムの血浴を契機に、1523年にスウェーデンがカルマル同盟を脱し独立、スウェーデンとの300年にわたる抗争が始まった。伯爵戦争（1534年～1536年）でクリスチャン3世が勝利したことにより、宗教改革が行われデンマークはルーテル派の国となった。クリスチャン4世は1626年にドイツ三十年戦争に介入、敗退したことからデンマークの衰退が始まる。そして、トルステンソン戦争（1643年～1645年）においてスウェーデンとの戦いで、完全にデンマークは小国へと転落した。17世紀初頭のスウェーデン・ロシア帝国間の大北方戦争においても、スウェーデンに敗れ、敗戦国扱いをされた。大北方戦争に敗れたスウェーデンと共に、デンマークも同様に北欧の没落を体験した。

近代に至りナポレオン戦争においても、フランスと同盟を結んでいたため、敗北、1814年のキール条約によって、長年支配してきたノルウェーをスウェーデンに奪われた（ただノルウェー領であったアイスランドやグリーンランドなどはデンマーク領として残された）。417年間続いたカルマル同盟はここに解消を告げたのである。その後、シュレースヴィヒ＝ホルシュタイン問題からプロイセン王国との2度に渡るシュレースヴィヒ戦争になり南部のシュレースヴィヒ＝ホルシュタイン州などを失い、デンマークの経済は危機的状況に瀕した。植林などの産業振興によってこの危機を乗り越えた歴史は、日本では内村鑑三の『デンマルク国の話』で紹介され、広く親しまれた。苦難の時代ではあったが、デンマーク王室の王女たちがヨーロッパ諸国に嫁いだり、ギリシャ王国やノルウェー独立時に王族がデンマーク王家の分家として迎えられるなど、デンマーク王家は、当時のヨーロッパ君主国の「ヨーロッパの義父」となった。

第一次世界大戦では中立を維持したが、第二次世界大戦では1940年にナチス・ドイツによって突然宣戦された。国王クリスチャン10世は亡命せずに一日で降伏を選び、デンマークはドイツの占領下に置かれることになった。初期はモデル被占領国と呼ばれたが、国内では自治を許され、反ナチ運動家を保護したりした。その後、ドイツ軍に抵抗運動なども起こった。一方で駐米大使ヘンリク・カウフマンは連合国に接近し、グリーンランドを連合軍の便宜に任せた。またフェロー諸島とアイスランドも連合国によって占領され、うちアイスランドは1944年に独立している。カウフマンの活動もあって、デンマークは本国政府の活動にも関わらず連合国として扱われることになった。5月には駐デンマークのドイツ軍が降伏し、デンマークは解放された。

戦後、北大西洋条約機構（NATO）に加盟し、1973年にはヨーロッパ共同体にも加盟した。しかし後に対NATO関連でNATOと対立（デンマーク化）。とは言え、ノルディックバランスを守り抜き、冷戦期を乗り切った。国内経済、教育水準共に世界トップクラスの先進国の1つであり、EUの一員、国連の非常任理事国も担当している（2010年時点で4期8年）。

保守人民党による中道右派政権が2001年より政権を掌握していたが、経済政策の低迷によって支持率は低下した。その結果、2011年の総選挙で社会民主党を中心とする野党の中道左派連合が僅差で勝利し、同年10月3日にヘレ・トーニング＝シュミット内閣が発足。環境政策や教育改革に重点を置く一方、移民受け入れ制限の緩和など前政権の反移民・反イスラム政策の軌道修正を図っている。近年右派の伸張が際立つ北欧においては珍しいケースとなった。

政治

国会や最高裁判所が置かれているクリスチャンスボー城

政体

詳細は「デンマーク君主一覧」を参照

政体は立憲君主制であり、国王は国家元首である。

行政

詳細は「デンマークの首相」を参照

行政府の長は首相であり、首相は国王によって任命される。

立法

詳細は「フォルケティング」を参照

立法府は一院制のフォルケティングである。

憲法

詳細は「デンマーク王国憲法」を参照

デンマーク王国憲法は1849年6月5日に制定され、最後の改正は1953年に行なわれた。この改正では上院が廃止され、女性も王位を継承できるようになった。この改正で現女王、マルグレーテ2世が王位継承者となり、1972年に即位した。ただし、女性が王位を継げるのは他に男子が居なかった場合にのみ許されるということで、2009年6月7日の国民投票により、ようやく無条件で女子が王位を継承できることとなった。

上院を廃止したため、下院のみが存続を許された。現在のデンマーク貴族は法により免税特権がある。

成文憲法を長期間改正していない国としては日本（最後の改正は1946年）に次いで2番目（最後の改正は1953年）である。

軍事

訓練中のデンマーク兵

詳細は「デンマークの軍事」を参照

18歳から32歳までの男子を対象にした徴兵制が敷かれている。現在の兵役期間は4か月となっている。ただし、4か月経過後に希望者は期間延長が可能。なお、良心的兵役拒否が認められており、代替役務が制度化されている。

国防軍はデンマーク陸軍、デンマーク海軍、デンマーク空軍およびデンマーク郷土防衛隊の4軍体制である。兵員数は2万5000人。それに加えて、予備役1万2000人と郷土防衛軍5万1000人がいるので、有事の際には合計8万8000人ほどまで兵力を準備できることになっている。

平和維持活動にも積極的に参加しており、KFOR（コソボ治安維持軍）に380人、アフガニスタンのISAF（国際治安支援部隊）に700人、海軍の最新鋭艦アブサロンがソマリア沖の海賊退治のためにジブチを拠点に展開している。イラク戦争にも参戦し、最大500人の兵士が終戦後の復興支援活動にも従事したが、2007年に撤退している。総兵力は少ないのにもかかわらず、国際平和維持活動や対テロ戦争に多くの人員・物資を供給し、また兵士の質の高さから、国際社会からは高い評価を受けている。

国際関係

日本との関係

1873年（明治6）4月に岩倉使節団がデンマークを訪問しており、当時のコペンハーゲンの様子が、『米欧回覧実記』に一部イラスト入りで、詳細に記されている。

デンマーク在住の日本人は2011年10月現在、1,304名。日本在住のデンマーク人は2011年12月現在、496名となっている。

フレゼリクスハウン出身のヨハネス・クヌッセンが、1957年に和歌山県沖での海難救助活動中に殉難した。日本の船員を救おうとして殉難したクヌッセンの行動は、当時の日本で大きな話題となり、その勇敢な行動は顕彰され、日本とデンマークの友好と交流の象徴として語られる。

地方行政区分

デンマークの地域

詳細は「デンマークの地方行政区画」を参照

1970年から2006年までの区分についてはデンマークの県を参照。

デンマークは5つの地域（デンマーク語：regioner、単数形region）に分かれ、98の基礎自治体がある。地域は、伝統的な13の県を置き換えるもので、2007年1月1日に「2007デンマーク自治体改革」の一環として設立された。同時に基礎自治体は統合され、270から98に減らされた。

新しい地域にとっての重要な仕事は、公的な医療サービスである。以前の県とは異なり、地域には徴税権はなく、医療サービスはおもに国の8%の税金（政府と自治体からの基金による）でまかなわれる。各地域の議会は、2005年の地方選挙で選ばれた41人の議員で構成される。

新しい基礎自治体の多くは最低でも人口が2万人であるが、いくつか例外もある。

その他、デンマークの海外領土としてグリーンランドとフェロー諸島があり、これらは自治領となっている。住民は、デンマーク国籍を有し、また、デンマーク議会の議員として各々2名の代表を選出することが認められている。他州と比べ、この両自治領は独立性を強めている。

主要都市

詳細は「デンマークの都市の一覧」を参照

	都市	地域	人口(2008)
1	コペンハーゲン	デンマーク首都地域	518,574
2	オーフス	中央ユラン地域	237,551
3	オーデンセ	南デンマーク地域	158,163
4	オールボー	北ユラン地域	122,461
5	エスビャウ	南デンマーク地域	70,880

地理

デンマークの地図

コペンハーゲン

デンマークはユラン半島（ユトランド半島）と443の島（うち76が有人島）から成り立っている。中でも重要なのは古都オーデンセのあるフュン島とコペンハーゲンを擁するシェラン島。また、シェラン島の南にはファルスター島、ロラン島が、フュン島の南にはエーロ島などがある。多くの島が橋で結ばれていて、コペンハーゲンがあるシェラン島とスウェーデンもエーレスンド橋で繋がっている。そのエーレスンド橋とスウェーデンの陸地を経由してさらにフェリーに乗るとコペンハーゲンから東南東に150キロメートル離れたボーンホルム島に辿り着く。この島は位置的にも歴史的にもデンマークの多くの島とは際立って異なる。デンマークの国土はおおむね平坦である。最高地点は173メートルであるが、これは青銅器時代に造営された人工的な地形である。本来の最高地点はモレホイの171メートル。北大西洋海流の影響で気候は穏やかで、温暖な冬と涼しい夏がある。山がないため、天候がよく変わる。降水量は少なく、年降水量は約745ミリ（1990年以降の平均）で、世界平均の約880ミリより少ない。このため雪が降り積もることもほとんど希である。

赤道ギニアとならび大陸を領有しているにもかかわらず、島に首都が存在する国である。

本土周辺の主な島

詳細は「デンマークの島の一覧」を参照

• シェラン島
• ヴェンシュセルチュー島
• フュン島
• ロラン島
• ボーンホルム島
• ファルスター島
• モース島
• アルス島
• ランゲラン島
• ムーン島
• レム島
• レス島
• サムセー島
• トーシンエ島
• ヴェヌー島
• アンホルト島
• エーロ島

経済

詳細は「デンマークの経済」および「:en:Economy of Denmark」を参照

コペンハーゲンはデンマーク経済の中心であり、北欧屈指の世界都市である

高級オーディオメーカーバング&オルフセン、知育玩具レゴや陶磁器ロイヤルコペンハーゲン、コンフォートシューズのエコーシューズ、ミニバラの世界的ナーセリー,ポールセンローズなどが有名。海運大国としても知られ、世界最大のコンテナ船企業、APモラー・マースクグループの発祥地であり世界本社所在地でもある。また農業輸出国としても有名であり、日本との貿易では日本の輸入の約半分を豚肉が占める。イギリスでは、デニッシュという単語がベーコンの代名詞となった。日本では、デニッシュといえば、デンマーク風のパンを指す。デンマークはEU加盟国であるが、2000年9月の国民投票において、反対53.1%、賛成46.9%でユーロ参加を否決し、現在ユーロには参加していない。しかし、2008年秋から始まった世界的な金融危機の結果、小国通貨のデメリットを大きく受けたために、政府は2010年度中のユーロ導入のための国民投票実施を計画している。

鉱業

デンマーク本土の鉱業は、北海油田に由来する有機鉱物資源が中核となる。2003年時点の産出量は、原油1814万トン、天然ガス335千兆ジュールである。石油自給率は100%を超えており、デンマークの輸出額のうち10.7%を原油、精製燃料、天然ガスが占める。

1960年代に到るまでデンマーク鉱業は、石灰石や砂利の生産を主体としていた。最も東に位置するボルンホルム島のカオリンは陶器の原材料として現在でも重用されている。その後、1966年、ユトランド半島で大規模な岩塩鉱床が発見される。

北海油田の鉱区は2007年時点で、イギリス、オランダ、ドイツ、デンマーク、ノルウェーの5カ国に分かれている。北海油田自体が発見されたのは1960年代初頭であった。デンマークに割り当てられた鉱区においても、1971年にはユトランド半島から西に200km離れた北海上のダン油田のほか、後に同国最大の油田であることが確認されたゴルム油田(GORM)が発見された。しかしながら、デンマーク憲法ではすべての地下資源が国家に帰属すると定められており、探査、生産には国会の承認が必要であった。非効率な制度に阻まれ、北海油田発見後、20年が経過してもデンマーク鉱区の1/4しか探査できず、採掘規模も伸び悩んでいた。このため、1981年、ほぼ全ての油田を国有化した。ゴルム油田における原油と天然ガスの採掘も1981年に始まり、5年後の1986年時点では全油田を合わせ、年間362万トンの原油を採掘するに到る。2007年時点では19の油田において採掘が進んでいる。

イヴィットゥートの氷晶石鉱山（1940年、夏期）

一方、グリーンランドは豊富な金属鉱床に恵まれている。ただし、中央部は最大厚さ3400mの氷床に阻まれているため、探査、採掘活動は沿岸部に限られる。南端に近いイヴィットゥートは世界最大の氷晶石鉱山が位置していたが、1987年に鉱石が枯渇してしまった。北緯70度の西岸に位置するブラックエンジェルでは銀、亜鉛、鉛の採掘が続いている。グリーンランドは石炭を産出するが、国際価格の変動の影響を受けやすく、生産が安定していない。

エネルギー

洋上の風力発電所

北海油田による石油・天然ガスの供給があり、輸出も行われているなどエネルギー資源には恵まれている。このほか、風力発電が盛んであり、1980年代より組合が設立され個人の共同所有方式により多数が建設された。2004年時点で約15万世帯が約5,500基の風力発電機を共同所有している。2006年における発電設備能力は3,136.6メガワットであり、電力供給量の約2割を占めている。

社会

デンマークはノルディックモデルの高福祉高負担国家であり、高齢者福祉や児童福祉が充実しており、国民の所得格差が世界で最も小さい世界最高水準の社会福祉国家である。また国民の教育水準も高い。イギリスのレスター大学の社会心理学者エイドリアン・ホワイトによって作成された「医療制度と健康」「教育」「環境」「経済的な 豊かさ」など100件以上のデータを基に表された「世界幸福地図」で、2006年のランキングでは世界178ヵ国の中で、世界一になっている。

デンマークの最高税率は、所得税・地方税をあわせて51・5%である。デンマークの平均月収は、48万円であるが、手取りは27万円となる（2009年時点）。結婚・葬式、医療費・介護サービスが無料であり、失業手当は所得の90%相当が最長4年間支給される。教育に関しては、大学までの学費は無料であり、出産・育児休暇は男女で56週間とれるだけでなく、給料も支払われる。なお、デンマークの最高税率は、所得税・地方税をあわせて51・5%である。また、VAT（付加価値税）は、25%である。

医療

詳細は「デンマークの医療」を参照

スウェーデンやノルウェーと同様に、デンマークは社会保険ではなく税金を原資とするユニバーサルヘルスケアが実現されている。制度はデンマークの地方行政区画（レギオナ）レベルにて地方分権的に運営されており、原資の大部分が地方自治体の税収であり、ヘルスケアは自治体行政の最重要政策の一つである。

かつての政府と異なりレギオナレベルでは課税権を持たないため、保健サービスは中央政府および自治体レベルの両方で課税される国民保健税（Health income tax, de:sundhedsbidrag）を主な原資としている。登録した総合診療医(GP)への受診の場合は、患者に自己負担は生じない。GPは一人あたり約1,300人の患者を受け持っている。

デンマークはGDPの9.8%を医療に投じている。平均寿命は78.6歳であり、国民294人あたり一人の医師がいる。健康増進のために、食品に含まれる飽和脂肪酸の量に応じた課税制度（脂肪税）の導入が2010年から行われたが、食習慣に変化は見られず、2012年には廃止された。

課題としては、医師・看護師の給料が低いことから、医療従事者の慢性的不足に悩んでいる。EU諸国やインドから医師や看護師を呼び寄せているが、診察や手術の予約待ちは数か月に及ぶことが普通。そのため、ガン患者などは中国やインドで治療するケースが最近急増している。また、歯医者は補助が出るだけで、治療費はかなりの高額になる。そのため、隣国のドイツやポーランドで治療を行う患者が非常に多い。

国民

民族構成（デンマーク）
デンマーク人			91%
その他			9%

デンマークはデンマーク人による単一民族国家であり、2009年の統計によると全人口の90.5%を占める。残りの9.5%、526,000人を移民とその子孫が占める。アジア、中東からの急激な移民増加を受けて社会問題が発生した影響で、欧州一とも言われる厳格な移民法が成立した。現在、デンマークへの新規移住は不可能ではないが難易度が高いとされる。婚姻による移住も厳しい審査が実施され、居住許可が下りないことも多い。また、24歳以下、60歳以上の国際結婚カップルには居住ビザが原則として発給されない。永住権の申請はデンマーク在住7年後から可能だが、7年間の間に1回でも移民統合省が設定する基準や条件を満たさなかった場合はノーカウントとなり、1年目からのやり直しとなる。今後変わる可能性があるが、現時点では仕事やデンマーク社会への参加度により3年または5年で永住権を申請できる。デンマーク人と結婚する場合、婚姻ビザを申請する前にデンマークの首都・コペンハーゲン郊外のブロンビューにある「Vestegnens Sprog- og Kompetencecenter」でデンマークに関するテストを受けて、合格しなければ配偶者ビザ発給自体を認めない法律が2010年から施行された。また、2010年5月から結婚等でデンマークに居住する者への永住権発給も、通算滞在期間の半分の就労期間、1年間の社会奉仕活動、最高度のデンマーク語試験への合格が義務付けられた。

文化

詳細は「デンマークの文化」および「w:Culture of Denmark」を参照

ハンス・クリスチャン・アンデルセン

子どもたちには、アンデルセン童話でおなじみのハンス・クリスチャン・アンデルセンの母国としてなじみがある。また、コペンハーゲンの有名な遊園地チボリ公園も、それを模したものが岡山県の倉敷市に倉敷チボリ公園として日本国内にも存在していた（2008年12月31日に閉園）。

今日のデンマークの文化や政治のあり方に大きな影響を及ぼした教育者、ニコライ・グルントヴィが提唱して普及した教育制度にフォルケホイスコーレがあり、世界のフリースクール運動に大きな影響を及ぼしている。日本の東海大学も、その出発点はこのフォルケホイスコーレをモデルにして発足している。

食文化

詳細は「デンマーク料理」を参照

映画

詳細は「デンマークの映画」および「w:Cinema of Denmark」を参照

音楽

詳細は「デンマークの音楽」および「w:Music of Denmark」を参照

• ヴォルビート
• ディジー・ミズ・リジー
• ティム・クリステンセン
• ブルー・ファウンデーション
• マーシフル・フェイト
• ミュー
• ロイヤル・ハント
• Under Byen
• The Kissaway Trail
• The Broken Beats
• Kashimir
• The Raveonettes
• Figurines
• Oh No Ono
• Ghost Society
• When Saints Go Machine
• Iceage
• Shout Wellington Air Force
• Diefenbach
• Choir of Young Believers
• Speaker Bite Me

祝祭日

詳細は「w:Public holidays in Denmark」を参照

日付	日本語表記	現地語表記	備考
1月1日	元日	Nytårsdag
復活祭前の木曜日	聖木曜日	Skærtorsdag
復活祭前の金曜日	聖金曜日	Langfredag
3月/4月	復活祭	Langfredag
復活祭翌日	イースターマンデー	2. Påskedag
復活祭後第4金曜日	一般礼拝日	Store Bededag	大きくはないキリスト教徒の聖日の集まりを1日にまとめた日
復活祭40日後	キリストの昇天	Kristi Himmelfartsdag
復活祭7週間後	ペンテコステ	Pinsedag	日曜日。デンマーク人は聖霊降臨祭の2日間を祝う
復活祭7週間1日後	ウイットマンデー	2. Pinsedag	月曜日。デンマーク人は聖霊降臨祭の2日間を祝う
12月25日	クリスマス初日	Juledag / 1. juledag	デンマーク人は初めに12月24日の晩から始まるクリスマスの3日間を祝う
12月26日	クリスマス第2日	2. juledag

スポーツ

コペンハーゲンのサッカースタジアムパルケン・スタディオン

スポーツではサッカーが盛んで代表は1992年欧州選手権で優勝している。日本の川口能活は一時期、デンマークのサッカークラブノアシェランに所属していた。2010年W杯のグループリーグにおける、日本の対戦国である。2002 FIFAワールドカップでデンマーク代表のキャンプ地となった和歌山県和歌山市ではデンマークを応援する「和歌山ローリガンズ」が存在する。

また、伝統的に自転車競技が盛んで、ロードレースにおいてUCIプロツアーチームでビャルヌ・リース率いるチーム・サクソバンクはデンマークを本拠としているチームである。

そのほか、陸上競技800m世界記録保持者であるウィルソン・キプケテルは、ケニアからデンマークに移籍後に実績を残した選手である。

結婚

1980年に、婚姻の際に夫婦同姓と夫婦別姓の選択が可能なように法改正された。 1989年に、同性カップルにも婚姻と同等の権利義務関係を認める世界初の同性パートナーシップ制度を創設した。 また、2012年からは、同性同士の結婚（同性婚）が認められるようになった。

著名な出身者

詳細は「デンマーク人の一覧」を参照

• ピア・クラスゴー（右翼政治家・政党党首）
• ニコラス・ペタス（空手家・格闘家）
• ピーター・ゲード（プロバドミントン選手）
• トム・クリステンセン（レーサー）
• ビャルヌ・リース（自転車選手）
• ハンス・クリスチャン・アンデルセン （文学者）
• セーレン・キェルケゴール （哲学者）
• イエンス・ペーター・ヤコブセン（詩人・作家）
• ニコライ・グルントヴィ （詩人・教育者）
• ビャーネ・ストロヴストルップ （情報科学者）
• カール・ニールセン（作曲家）
• ルーズ・ランゴー（作曲家）
• カレン・ブリクセン（作家）
• ニルス・ゲーゼ（作曲家）
• ヴァン・ホルンボー（作曲家）
• ラース・フォン・トリアー （映画監督）
• ニールス・ボーア（物理学者・量子力学の祖 アメリカへ亡命）
• アルネ・ヤコブセン（アーネ・ヤコブセン）（建築家）
• オーレ・レーマー（物理学者・光の速度を世界で初めて測定）
• ハンス・クリスチャン・エルステッド（物理学者・電磁気の発見者）
• イエスタ・エスピン＝アンデルセン（社会学者、福祉レジーム論提唱者）
• オーレ・キアク・クリスチャンセン（レゴ社創業者）
• ラーズ・ウルリッヒ（ミュージシャン・メタリカのドラマー）
• ヴィゴ・モーテンセン（俳優・ロードオブザリングのアラゴルン役）
• ティコ・ブラーエ（天文学者・超新星の発見者）
• インゲ・レーマン（地学地震学者・地球の内核と外核を区分けるレーマン不連続面の発見者）
• キャスパー・バルトリン（医学・解剖学者）
• アイナー・ヘルツシュプルング（天文学者・ヘルツシュプルング・ラッセル図表の考案者）
• ディートリヒ・ブクステフーデ（音楽家）
• ピーター・シュマイケル（サッカー選手）
• ミカエル・ラウドルップ（サッカー選手）
• ブライアン・ラウドルップ（サッカー選手）
• ヨン・ダール・トマソン（サッカー選手）
• イェスパー・グレンケア（サッカー選手）
• ダニエル・アッゲル（サッカー選手）
• ニクラス・ベントナー（サッカー選手）
• ヴィトゥス・ベーリング（探検家）
• ヘレナ・クリステンセン（モデル）
• クリスティアン・コングスガード（卓球選手）
• モーテン・ラスムセン（卓球選手）
• ミッケル・ケスラー（ボクシング選手）
• キャロライン・ウォズニアッキ（女子プロテニス選手）

脚注

参考文献

• 山岡規雄「デンマーク憲法概説」国会図書館レファレンス、2009年2月

関連項目

• デンマーク関係記事の一覧
• デンマーク大百科事典
• デンマーク王国
• デンマーク王国共同体
• カルマル同盟
• エーレスンド橋
• レゴ
• 安城市 - 「日本デンマーク」と呼ばれる。また、デンパークという農業公園がある。

外部リンク

政府

• デンマーク王国公式ウェブサイト （英語）
• デンマーク王国王室 （デンマーク語）（英語）
• デンマーク大使館 （日本語）

観光

• デンマーク政府観光局 （デンマーク語）（英語）
• スカンジナビア政府観光局 - デンマーク （日本語）

日本政府

• 日本外務省 - デンマーク （日本語）
• 在デンマーク日本国大使館 （日本語）

その他

• JETRO - デンマーク

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Denmark (disambiguation).

Kingdom of Denmark Kongeriget Danmark
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:  Der er et yndigt land There is a lovely country Kong Christian stod ved højen mast King Christian stood by the lofty mast
Location of  Denmark  (dark green) – in Europe  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]
Kingdom of Denmark: Greenland, the Faroe Islands (circled), and Denmark.
Capital and largest city		Copenhagen 55°43′N 12°34′E
Official languages		Danish
Recognised regional languages		Faroese Greenlandic German
Demonym		Danish Dane
Government		Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
-	Monarch	Queen Margrethe II
-	Prime Minister	Helle Thorning-Schmidt
Legislature		Folketing
Establishment
-	Consolidation	c. 10th century
-	Democratisation (Constitutional Act)	5 June 1849
-	Danish Realm	24 March 1948
Area
-	Denmark	42,915.7 km2 (133rd) (16,562.1) sq mi
-	Greenland	2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi)
-	Faroe Islands	1,399 km2 (540.16 sq mi)
Population
-	Jan 2014 estimate	5,627,235 (113th)
-	Greenland	56,370
-	Faroe Islands	49,709
-	Density (Denmark)	130/km2 336.7/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2013 estimate
-	Total	$211.321 billion (52nd)
-	Per capita	$37,794 (19th)
GDP (nominal)		2013 estimate
-	Total	$324.293 billion (34th)
-	Per capita	$57,998 (6th)
Gini (2012)		28.1 low
HDI (2013)		0.901 very high · 15th
Currency		Danish krone (DKK)
Time zone		CET (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Drives on the		right
Calling code		+45
ISO 3166 code		DK
Internet TLD		.dk

Denmark ⁱ/ˈdɛnmɑrk/ (Danish: Danmark), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark comprises Denmark and two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. At 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi), with a population of around 5.6 million inhabitants, Denmark consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and the Danish archipelago of 407 islands, of which around 70 are inhabited. The islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. A Scandinavian nation, Denmark shares strong cultural and historic ties with its neighbours Sweden and Norway. The national language, Danish, is very closely related and mutually intelligible with Swedish and Norwegian.

The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea. Danish rule over the personal Kalmar Union, established in 1397, ended with Swedish secession in 1523. The following year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway until its dissolution in 1814. Denmark inherited an expansive colonial empire from this union, of which the Faroe Islands and Greenland are remnants. Beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory; these culminated in the 1830s with a surge of nationalist movements, which were defeated in the 1864 Second Schleswig War. Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief, military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945. Denmark joined NATO in 1949. An industrialized exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century, making the basis for the present welfare state model with a highly developed mixed economy.

The Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy—the current monarch is Queen Margrethe II—organised as a parliamentary democracy. The government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nation's capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs; it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the founding members of NATO, the Nordic Council, OECD, OSCE, and the United Nations; it is also part of the Schengen Area.

Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the country ranks highly in numerous comparisons of national performance, including education, health care, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, democratic governance, prosperity and human development. Denmark is frequently ranked as the happiest country in the world in cross-national studies of happiness. The country ranks as having the world's highest social mobility, a high level of income equality, has one of the world's highest per capita income, and has one of the world's highest personal income tax rates. A large majority of Danes are members of the National Church, although the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion.

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of Denmark

The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a single kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix "Dan" and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -"mark" ending. The issue is further complicated by a number of references to various Dani people in Scandinavia or other places in Europe in Greek and Roman accounts (like Ptolemy, Jordanes, and Gregory of Tours), as well as mediaeval literature (like Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith, and Poetic Edda).

Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave", Sanskrit dhánuṣ- (धनुस्; "desert"). The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig.

The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger stone of the two is popularly cited as Denmark's baptismal certificate (dåbsattest), though both use the word "Denmark", in the form of accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ "tanmaurk" ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ "tanmarkar" (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called "tani" ([danɪ]), or "Danes", in the accusative.

History

Main article: History of Denmark

See also: History of Greenland and History of the Faroe Islands

Prehistory

The gilded side of the Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.

The earliest archaeological findings in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000–110,000 BC. Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC. The Nordic Bronze Age (1800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot.

During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC – AD 1), native groups began migrating south, although the first Danish people came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age, in the Roman Iron Age (AD 1–400). The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron.

Historians believe that before the arrival of the precursors to the Danes, who came from the east Danish islands (Zealand) and Skåne and spoke an early form of North Germanic, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by Jutes. They were later invited to Great Britain as mercenaries by Brythonic King Vortigern and were granted the south-eastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight among other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining population in Jutland assimilated in with the Danes.

A short note about the Dani in "Getica" by the historian Jordanes is believed to be an early mention of the Danes, one of the ethnic groups from whom modern Danes are descended. The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward and the sheer size of the construction efforts in AD 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king. A new runic alphabet was first used around the same time and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about AD 700.

Viking and Middle Ages

Main articles: Viking Age and Kalmar Union

The Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.

From the 8th to the 10th century, the Danes, Norwegians and Swedes were known as Vikings. They colonized, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. Viking explorers first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century, on the way towards the Faroe Islands and eventually came across "Vinland" (Land of wine), also known today as Newfoundland, a province in Canada. The Danish Vikings were most active in the British Isles and Western Europe. They conquered and settled parts of England (known as the Danelaw) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013, Ireland, and France where they founded Normandy. More Anglo-Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark than in England.

Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by Harald Bluetooth.

As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were united and Christianised about 965 by Harald Bluetooth. It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising Christian power in Europe, Germania, which was an important trading area for the Danes. In that case Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke. In the early 11th century, Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England, and Norway for almost 30 years.

Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skåneland (Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.

In 1397, Denmark entered into a personal union with Norway and Sweden, united under Queen Margaret I. The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. However, even from the start Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear "senior" partner of the union. Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm.

The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.

Early modern history (1536–1849)

Main articles: Denmark–Norway and Danish colonial empire

Portion of the Carta marina, an early map of Scandinavia, made around the start of the union with Norway.

After Sweden permanently broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1523, Denmark tried on two occasions to reassert control over Sweden. The first was in the Northern Seven Years' War which lasted from 1563 until 1570. The second occasion was the Kalmar War when King Christian IV attacked Sweden in 1611 but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing Sweden to return to the union with Denmark. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the Älvsborg ransom. This turned out to be the last great Danish victory over Sweden. In the following decades Sweden gained the upper hand in the battles for supremacy in Scandinavia. Even today Sweden remains the largest Scandinavian country in terms of area and population.

King Christian used the money from the war reparations to found several towns and fortresses, most notably Glückstadt (founded as a rival to Hamburg), Christiania (following a fire destroying the original city of Oslo), Christianshavn, Christianstad, and Christiansand. Christian also constructed a number of buildings, most notably Børsen, Rundetårn, Nyboder, Rosenborg, a silver mine, and a copper mill. Inspired by the Dutch East India Company, he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Ceylon as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India's Coromandel Coast. Denmark's large colonial aspirations were limited to a few key trading posts in Africa and India. The empire was sustained by trade with other major powers, and plantations – ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation.

In the Thirty Years' War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter. The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade, occupy, and pillage Jutland, forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war. Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but Gustavus Adolphus' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies invaded Jutland in 1643 and claimed Skåne in 1644. According to Geoffrey Parker, "The Swedish occupation caused a drop in agricultural production and a shortage of capital; harvest failure and plague ravaged the land between 1647 and 1651; Denmark's population fell by 20 per cent."

In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway. In 1657, King Frederick III declared war on Sweden and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat and the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered both Jutland, Funen, and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658 which gave Sweden control of Skåne, Blekinge, Trøndelag, and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having destroyed Denmark completely and in August 1658 he began a two-year long siege of Copenhagen but failed to take the capital. In the following peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.

The Battle of Öland during the Scanian War, between an allied Dano-Norwegian-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy, 1 June 1676.

Denmark tried to regain control of Skåne in the Scanian War (1675–79) but this attempt was a failure. Following the Great Northern War (1700–21), Denmark managed to restore control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein-Gottorp in 1721 and 1773, respectively. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark originally tried to pursue a policy of neutrality and trade with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in both 1801 and 1807, in one case carrying off the Danish fleet, in the other, burning large parts of Copenhagen.

This led to the so-called Danish-British Gunboat War. The British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy and in 1813, Denmark-Norway went bankrupt. The Danish-Norwegian union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. In the treaty the Danish monarchy "irrevocably and forever" renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway in favour of the Swedish king. After the dissolution of the union with Norway, Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland (which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944), the Faroe Islands, and Greenland.

Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)

Den Grundlovsgivende Rigsforsamling – The Constitutional Assembly of the Realm was assembled by King Frederick VII in 1848 to adopt the Constitution of Denmark

A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s; after the European Revolutions of 1848, Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. A two-chamber parliament was established. Denmark faced war against both Prussia and Habsburg Austria in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864. Denmark was easily defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial loss that had begun in the 17th century. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe.

Industrialization came to Denmark in the second half of the 19th century. The nation's first railroads were constructed in the 1850s, and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark's lack of natural resources. Trade unions developed starting in the 1870s. There was a considerable migration of people from the countryside to the cities, and Danish agriculture became centred around the export of dairy and meat products.

Denmark maintained its neutral stance during the First World War. After the defeat of Germany, the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area without a plebiscite. The two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. On 10 July 1920, Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres (1,538 sq mi). The reunion day (Genforeningsdag) is celebrated every 15 June on Valdemarsdag.

Denmark signed a 10-year non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in 1939. Germany's invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940 – code-named Operation Weserübung – met only two hours of military resistance before the Danish government surrendered. Economic co-operation between Germany and Denmark continued until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy scuttled most of its ships and sent as many of their officers as they could to Sweden. The government was helpful towards the Jewish minority and the Danish resistance performed a daring rescue operation that managed to get most of them to Sweden and safety shortly before the Germans planned to round up the Danish Jews. Danish citizens volunteered to fight Russia in co-operation with Germany as part of Frikorps Danmark. Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic in 1944; Germany surrendered in May 1945; in 1948, the Faroe Islands gained home rule.

Post-war (1945–present)

Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.

After World War II, Denmark became one of the founding members of the European Free Trade Association, NATO, and the United Nations. During the 1960s, the EFTA countries were often referred to as the Outer Seven, as opposed to the Inner Six of what was then the European Economic Community (EEC).

In 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, Denmark joined the European Economic Community after a public referendum. The Maastricht Treaty, which involved further European integration, was rejected by the Danish people in 1992; it was only accepted after a second referendum in 1993, which provided for four opt-outs from European Union policies (as outlined in the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement). The Danes rejected the euro as the national currency in a referendum in 2000. Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded self-determination in 2009. Neither the Faroe Islands nor Greenland are members of the Union, the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.

Constitutional change in 1953 led to a single-chamber parliament elected by proportional representation, female accession to the Danish throne, and Greenland becoming an integral part of Denmark. The Social Democrats led a string of coalition governments for most of the second half of the 20th century in a country generally known for its liberal traditions. Poul Schlüter then became the first Prime Minister from the Conservative People's Party in 1982, leading a centre-right coalition until 1993, when he was succeeded by the Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen.

A centre-right coalition, headed by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, came to power in 2001 promising tighter immigration controls. A third successive centre-right leader, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, was Prime Minister from 2009 to 2011 due to Anders Fogh Rasmussen resigning to become the Secretary General of NATO. The Rasmussen governments were dependent on the right-wing populist Danish People's Party throughout the 2000s to push through legislation, during which time immigration and integration emerged as major issues of public debate. Helle Thorning-Schmidt from the Social Democrats became Denmark's first female Prime Minister in 2011, ending a decade of centre-right rule.

Despite its modest size, Denmark has participated in generally UN-sanctioned, and often NATO-led, military and humanitarian operations, including: Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Korea, Egypt, Croatia, Kosovo, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, and Libya.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Denmark

A satellite image of Jutland and the Danish islands. The peninsula in the upper right is Sweden.

Also related: Geography of the Faroe Islands and Geography of Greenland

Much of Denmark is highly urbanised, such as Copenhagen, the capital city.

Beech trees are common throughout Denmark, especially in the sparse woodlands.

The Danish landscape is characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts.

Located in Northern Europe, Denmark consists of the peninsula of Jutland and 443 named islands (1,419 islands above 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft) in total). Of these, 72 are inhabited, with the largest being Zealand and Funen. The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; the Øresund Bridge connects Zealand with Sweden; the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Zealand; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. The largest cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen.

The country occupies a total area of 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi) The area of inland water is 700 km² (270 sq mi). The size of the land area cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human land reclamation projects (to counter erosion). A circle enclosing the same area as Denmark would be 234 kilometres (more than 145 miles) in diameter with a circumference of 742 km (461 mi). It shares a border of 68 kilometres (42 mi) with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 7,314 km (4,545 mi) of tidal shoreline (including small bays and inlets). No location in Denmark is further from the coast than 52 km (32 mi). On the south-west coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 m (3.28 and 6.56 ft), and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch.

Denmark's northernmost point is Skagen's point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57° 45' 7" northern latitude; the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54° 33' 35" northern latitude; the westernmost point is Blåvandshuk at 8° 4' 22" eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is Østerskær at 15° 11' 55" eastern longitude. This is in the archipelago Ertholmene 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres (281 mi), from north to south 368 kilometres (229 mi).

The country is flat with little elevation; having an average height above sea level of 31 metres (102 ft). The highest natural point is Møllehøj, at 170.86 metres (560.56 ft). A sizeable portion of Denmark's terrain consists of rolling plains whilst the coastline is sandy, with large dunes in northern Jutland. Although once extensively forested, today Denmark largely consists of arable land. The country is drained by a dozen or so rivers, and the most significant include the Gudenå, Odense, Skjern, Suså and Vidå—a river that flows along its southern border with Germany.

The Kingdom of Denmark also includes the much larger, self-governing territory of Greenland, situated near North America and the autonomous territory of the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. Phytogeographically, the Kingdom belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the Arctic, Atlantic European, and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of Denmark proper can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests. The Faroe Islands are covered by the Faroe Islands boreal grasslands, while Greenland hosts the ecoregions of Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra and Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra.

Climate

Denmark has a temperate climate, characterised by mild winters, with mean temperatures in January and February of 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), and cool summers, with a mean temperature in August of 15.7 °C (60.3 °F). Denmark has an average of 121 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 712 millimetres (28 in) per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest.

Because of Denmark's northern location, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm (standard time), as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm (daylight saving time).

The Faroe Islands has a mean temperature in January of 4.5 °C (40.1 °F), in July the mean temperature was 10.1 in 2012 and all that year it was 6.7 °C (44.1 °F). In 2012 the Faroe Islands had 195 days with precipitation and received a total of 1,262 millimetres (50 in) that year.

Environment

Denmark has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973. To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the following international agreements: Antarctic Treaty; Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol etc.

Copenhagen is the spearhead of the bright green environmental movement in Denmark. Copenhagen's most important environment research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark, which Risø is now part of. Leading up to the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference (Copenhagen Summit), the University of Copenhagen held the Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions conference where the need for comprehensive action to mitigate climate change was stressed by the international scientific community. Notable figures such as Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chairman of the IPCC, Professor Nicholas Stern, author of the Stern Report, and Professor Daniel Kammen all emphasised the good example set by Copenhagen and Denmark in capitalising on cleantech and achieving economic growth while stabilising carbon emissions.

Denmark's greenhouse gas emissions per dollar of value produced has been for the most part unstable since 1990, seeing sudden growths and falls. Overall though, there has been a reduction in gas emissions per dollar value added to its market. It lags behind other Nordic countries such as Norway and Sweden.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Denmark and Municipalities of Denmark

Denmark, with a total area of 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi), is divided into five administrative regions (Danish: regioner). The regions are further subdivided into ninety-eight municipalities (kommuner). The easternmost land in Denmark, the Ertholmene archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares, is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.

The regions were created on 1 January 2007 to replace the sixteen former counties. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, reducing the number from 270. Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 to give them financial and professional sustainability, although a few exceptions were made to this rule. The administrative divisions are led by directly-elected councils, elected proportionally every four years; the most recent Danish local elections were held on 19 November 2013. Other regional structures use the municipal boundaries as a layout, including the court districts and the electoral wards, which had to be adjusted following the merging of municipalities.

Regions

Midtjylland

Nordjylland

Syddanmark

Hovedstaden

Sjælland

The governing bodies of the regions are the regional councils with forty-one members elected for four-year terms. The head of the council is the regional council chairman (regionsrådsformand), who is elected by the council. The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the national health service, social services and regional development. Unlike the counties they replaced, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes, and the health service is primarily financed by a national health care contribution of eight per cent (sundhedsbidrag) combined with funds from both government and municipalities. The wider responsibilities of the counties were transferred to the new, enlarged municipalities.

The area and populations of the regions vary widely; for example, the Capital Region, which encompasses the Copenhagen metropolitan area and the island of Bornholm, has a population three times larger than that of North Denmark Region, which covers the more sparsely-populated area of northern Jutland. Under the county system certain densely-populated municipalities, such as Copenhagen Municipality and Frederiksberg, had been given a status equivalent to that of counties, making them first-level administrative divisions. These sui generis municipalities were incorporated into the new regions under the 2007 reforms.

Danish name		English name	Admin. centre	Largest city (populous)	Population (April 2014)	Total area (km²)
	Hovedstaden	Capital Region of Denmark	Hillerød	Copenhagen	1,753,976	2,568.29
	Midtjylland	Central Denmark Region	Viborg	Aarhus	1,278,840	13,095.80
	Nordjylland	North Denmark Region	Aalborg	Aalborg	581,115	7,907.09
	Sjælland	Region Zealand	Sorø	Roskilde	817,429	7,268.75
	Syddanmark	Region of Southern Denmark	Vejle	Odense	1,203,077	12,132.21
Source: Regional and municipal key figures

Greenland and the Faroe Islands

The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state that comprises, in addition to Denmark, two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century, however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive autonomy and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields. The Faroe Islands gained home rule in 1948 and Greenland in 1979, having previously had the status of counties

The two territories have their own home governments and legislatures and are effectively self-governing in regards to domestic affairs. High Commissioners (Rigsombudsmand) act as representatives of the Danish government in the Faroese Løgting and in the Greenlandic Parliament, but they can not vote. These devolved legislatures are subordinate to the Danish Parliament (Folketinget), where the two territories are represented by two seats each. The Faroese home government is defined to be an equal partner with the Danish national government, while the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.

Constituent country	Population (2013)	Total area	Capital	National parliament	Prime Minister
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)	56,370	2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi)	Nuuk	Inatsisartut	Aleqa Hammond
Faroe Islands (Føroyar)	49,709	1,399 km2 (540.16 sq mi)	Tórshavn	Løgting	Kaj Leo Johannesen

Governance

Main article: Politics of Denmark

See also: Politics of the Faroe Islands and Politics of Greenland

Margrethe II,
Queen since 1972.

Helle Thorning-Schmidt,
Prime Minister since 2011.

The Kingdom of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, in which Queen Margrethe II is the head of state. The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State (privy council). However, following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government, the duties of the monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial, such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government. The monarch is not answerable for his or her actions, and the monarch's person is sacrosanct.

The Economist Intelligence Unit, while acknowledging that democracy is difficult to measure, listed Denmark 4th on its index of democracy. Denmark, along with New Zealand, ranks 1st on the Corruption Perceptions Index, for government transparency and lack of corruption.

Political system

Main articles: Folketing and Cabinet of Denmark

The Danish political system operates under a framework laid out in the Constitution of Denmark. Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and majority approval through a referendum (and the referendum majority must constitute at least 40 per cent of the electorate). It has been revised four times, most recently in 1953.

The debating chamber of the national legislature, the Folketing.

The Folketing (Folketinget, "the people's assembly") is the unicameral national parliament, the supreme legislative body of Denmark. In theory, it has the ultimate legislative authority according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty; it is able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors. Legislation may be initiated by the government or by members of parliament. All bills passed must be presented before the Council of State to receive Royal Assent within thirty days in order to become law.

Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage. Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties, with a 2% electoral threshold. Danes elect 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each. Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the Prime Minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the Folketing may force a single minister or the entire government to resign.

Christiansborg Palace houses the Folketing, the Supreme Court, and the Prime Minister's Office.

Executive authority is exercised on behalf of the monarch by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers, who head ministries. The position of Prime Minister is allocated to the member of parliament who can obtain the confidence of a majority in the Folketing; this is usually the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through a coalition of parties. A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a government on its own. Denmark has often been ruled by coalition governments, themselves sometimes minority governments.

Lars Løkke Rasmussen was Prime Minister from April 2009 until September 2011. He headed a right-wing coalition cabinet consisting of Venstre (a conservative-liberal party) and the Conservative People's Party, with parliamentary support from the national-conservative Danish People's Party. Following the September 2011 election the right wing lost to the opposing left-wing coalition, led by Helle Thorning-Schmidt, who on 3 October 2011 formed a new cabinet consisting of the Social Democrats, the Danish Social Liberal Party and the Socialist People's Party. A second Thorning-Schmidt cabinet was formed on 3 February 2014 following the withdrawal of the Socialist People's Party.

Judicial system

Main articles: Law of Denmark and Courts of Denmark

The judicial system of Denmark is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. The Kingdom of Denmark does not have a single unified judicial system – Denmark has one system, Greenland another, and the Faroe Islands a third. However, decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. The Danish Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in the Kingdom.

Articles sixty-two and sixty-four of the Constitution ensure judicial independence from government and Parliament by providing that judges shall only be guided by the law, including acts, statutes and practice.

Foreign relations and the military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Denmark and Danish Defence

See also: Denmark and the European Union and Military history of Denmark

Foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the European Union (EU), which Denmark joined in 1973. It held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions, most recently from January to June 2012. Following World War II, Denmark ended its two-hundred year long policy of neutrality. It has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since its founding in 1949, and membership remains highly popular. Denmark is today pursuing an active foreign policy, where human rights, democracy and other crucial values are to be defended actively. In recent years Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues such as fishing, whaling, and geopolitical concerns.

Danish MP-soldiers conducting advanced law enforcement training.

The Kingdom of Denmark's armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence in Denmark employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts). The monarch is commander-in-chief of the Danish Defence, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad.

The Danish Emergency Management Agency (Beredskabsstyrelsen) employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command, the Danish Defence Research Establishment and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. Furthermore around 55,000 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard (Hjemmeværnet).

The country is a strong supporter of international peacekeeping. The Danish Defence has around 1,400 staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1. The three largest contributions are in Afghanistan (ISAF), Kosovo (KFOR) and Lebanon (UNIFIL). Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq. It has been involved in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) in the Alliance.

Economy

Further information: Economy of Denmark

Lego bricks are produced by The Lego Group, headquartered in Billund.

Denmark has a modern, prosperous and developed mixed economy, ranking 21st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita and 10th in nominal GDP per capita. A liberalisation of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of mercantilism and further liberalisation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s. Property rights have enjoyed strong protection. Denmark's economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom and the Economic Freedom of the World. Denmark is one of the most competitive economies in the world according to World Economic Forum 2008 report, IMD and The Economist. The country also ranks highest in the world for workers' rights. It has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world. GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009. Denmark has the world's lowest level of income inequality, according to the World Bank Gini (percentage), and the world's highest minimum wage, according to the IMF.

As a result of its acclaimed "flexicurity" model, Denmark has the most free labour market in Europe, according to the World Bank. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want (flexibility), and between jobs, unemployment compensation is very high (security). The World Bank ranks Denmark as the easiest place in Europe to do business. Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs. Denmark has a competitive company tax rate of 25% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates. The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% VAT, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall tax burden (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) is estimated to be 46% in 2011.

Once a predominantly agricultural country on account of its arable landscape, since 1945 Denmark has greatly expanded its industrial base so that by 2006 industry contributed about 25% of GDP and agriculture less than 2%. Denmark is known for its cooperative movement within the food industry (Danish Crown), dairy production (Arla Foods), retailing (Brugsen), and community wind energy, among other areas. Many large companies are also headquartered in Denmark, such as: A.P. Moller – Maersk Group (shipping), Vestas (wind turbines), Carlsberg (brewery), Danske Bank (banking), DONG Energy (power and natural gas), ECCO (shoes), H. Lundbeck (pharmaceuticals), Novo Nordisk (pharmaceuticals), Coloplast (pharmaceuticals), Danfoss (industrial services), Grundfos (pump manufacturer) and Lego Group (toys).

Denmark is part of the Schengen Area and the EU single market, although it has opted out of the Eurozone.

Denmark's currency, the krone (DKK), is pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the ERM. Although a September 2000 referendum rejected adopting the euro, the country in practice follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union and meets the economic convergence criteria needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the parliament are for the euro, but as yet a new referendum has not been held, despite plans; scepticism of the EU among Danish voters has historically been strong.

Support for free trade is high – in a 2007 poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing. 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. As of 2011, Denmark has the 10th highest export per capita in the world. Denmark's main exports are: industrial production/manufactured goods 73.3% (of which machinery and instruments were 21.4%, and fuels (oil, natural gas), chemicals, etc. 26%); agricultural products and others for consumption 18.7% (in 2009 meat and meat products were 5.5% of total export; fish and fish products 2.9%). Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP foreign debt or more than DKK 300 billion.

StatBank is the name of a large statistical database maintained by the central authority of statistics in Denmark. Online distribution of statistics has been a part of the dissemination strategy in Denmark since 1985. By this service, Denmark is a leading country in the world regarding electronic dissemination of statistical data.

Energy

Middelgrunden, an offshore wind farm near Copenhagen.

Main article: Energy in Denmark

Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009. Most electricity is produced from coal, but 25–28% of electricity demand is supplied through wind turbines. Denmark is a long-time leader in wind energy, and in May 2011 Denmark derived 3.1% of its gross domestic product from renewable (clean) energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion). Denmark is connected by electric transmission lines to other European countries. On 6 September 2012, Denmark launched the biggest wind turbine in the world, and will add four more over the next four years.

Denmark's electricity sector has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Denmark

Copenhagen Airport is the largest airport in Scandinavia and 15th busiest in Europe.

Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the Great Belt Fixed Link, which connects Zealand and Funen. It is now possible to drive from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Schenker Rail for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various, international ferry links. Construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link, connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link, will start in 2015.

Copenhagen has a Metro system, the Copenhagen Metro, and the Greater Copenhagen area has an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. In the four biggest cities - Copenhagen, Århus, Odense, Aalborg - light rail systems are planned to be in operation around 2020. The light rail in Greater Copenhagen will traverse 11 municipalities, providing a much needed corridor from Lyngby in the north to Ishøj in the south . With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines, and Copenhagen Airport forms the largest hub in Scandinavia.

Cycling in Denmark is a common form of transport, particularly for the young and for city dwellers. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km and an estimated 7,000 km of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure.

Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the high registration tax (180%), VAT (25%), and one of the world's highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership. The car fleet has increased by 45% over the last 30 years. In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars primarily from Germany, as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes. The average car age (year 2011) is 9.2 years.

Technology

In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of MAN Diesel engines. In the software and electronic field, Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of Nordic Mobile Telephones, and the now-defunct Danish company DanCall was among the first to develop GSM mobile phones.

Danish engineers are world-leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and, since 2000, the Danish biotech company Novozymes, the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch based bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to cellulosic ethanol. Medicon Valley, spanning the Øresund Region between Zealand and Sweden, is one of Europe's largest life science clusters, containing a large number of life science companies and research institutions located within a very small geographical area. Danish software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world's important programming languages: Anders Hejlsberg, (Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#); Rasmus Lerdorf, (PHP); Bjarne Stroustrup, (C++); David Heinemeier Hansson, (Ruby on Rails); Lars Bak, a pioneer in virtual machines (V8, Java VM, Dart); Lene Vestergaard Hau (physicist), the first person to stop light, leading to advances in quantum computing, nanoscale engineering and linear optics.

Public policy

See also: Flexicurity

With an investment of 8.5 million euros over the ten-year construction period, Denmark confirms participation in E-ELT.

After deregulating the labour market in the 1990s, Denmark has one of the most free labour markets among the European countries. According to World Bank labour market rankings, the labour market flexibility is at the same levels as the United States. Denmark follows the Nordic model of a mixed economy, characterised by a large welfare state, a high level of public expenditure and a universal social system (including health care), financed by taxes and not by social contributions. The welfare model is accompanied by a taxation system that is both broad based (25% VAT, not including excise, duty and tax) and with a progressive income tax model, meaning the more money that is earned, the higher income tax percentage that gets paid (minimum tax rate for adults is 42% scaling to over 60%, except for the residents of Ertholmene that escape the otherwise ubiquitous 8% healthcare tax fraction of the income taxes). Other taxes include the registration tax on private vehicles, at a rate of 180%, on top of VAT. Lately (July 2007) this has been changed slightly in an attempt to favour more fuel efficient cars but maintaining the average taxation level more or less unchanged.

Despite the success of the trade unions, a growing number of people make contracts individually rather than collectively, and many (four out of ten employees) are contemplating dropping especially unemployment fund but occasionally even union membership altogether. The average employee receives a benefit at 47% of their wage level if they have to claim benefits when unemployed. With low unemployment, very few expect to be claiming benefits at all. The only reason then to pay the earmarked money to the unemployment fund would be to retire early and receive early retirement pay (efterløn), which is possible from the age of 60 provided an additional earmarked contribution is paid to the unemployment fund.

In July 2013 the unemployment rate was at 6.7%, which was below the EU average of 10.9%. The number of unemployed people is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015. The number of people in the working age group, less disability pensioners etc., will grow by 10,000 to 2,860,000, and jobs by 70,000 to 2,790,000; part-time jobs are included. Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour, for instance for factory and service jobs, including hospital nurses and physicians, the annual average working hours have risen, especially compared with the recession 1987–1993. Increasingly, service workers of all kinds are in demand, i.e. in the postal services and as bus drivers, and academics. In the fall of 2007, more than 250,000 foreigners are working in the country, of which 23,000 still reside in Germany or Sweden. According to a sampling survey of over 14,000 enterprises from December 2007 to April 2008 39,000 jobs were not filled, a number much lower than earlier surveys, confirming a downturn in the economic cycle.

The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment (the maximum benefit is at 90% of the wage) and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund, which is almost always—but need not be—administered by a trade union, and the previous payment of contributions. However, the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation, and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions. There is no taxation, however, on proceeds gained from selling one's home (provided there was any home equity (friværdi)), as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0%. In 2011, 13.4% of Denmark's population was reported to live below the poverty line. When adjusted for taxes and transfers, the poverty rate drops from 24% to 6%, one of the lowest of all OECD nations.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Denmark

See also: List of cities in Denmark by population

Population by ancestry (2012)

  Persons of Danish origin (89.6%)

  Immigrant (7.9%)

  Descendent of an immigrant (2.5%)

According to 2012 figures from Statistics Denmark, 89.6% of Denmark's population of over 5,580,516 is of Danish descent (defined as having at least one parent who was born in Denmark and has Danish citizenship). Many of the remaining 10.4% are immigrants—or descendants of recent immigrants—that came mainly from Turkey, Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Asia and the Middle East. Of the 10.4%, approximately 200,000 (34%) are of a Western background, and approx. 390,000 (66%) have a non-Western background.

The median age is 41.4 years, with 0.97 males per female. 99% of the population (age 15 and up) is literate. The fertility rate is 1.73 children born per woman (2013 est.). Despite the low birth rate, the population is still growing at an average annual rate of 0.23%.

Denmark is frequently ranked as the happiest country in the world in cross-national studies of happiness. This has been attributed to the country's highly regarded education and health care systems, and its low level of Economic inequality.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Denmark

Danish is the de facto national language of Denmark and the official language of the Kingdom of Denmark. Faroese, and Greenlandic are the official regional languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively. German is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Jutland County (now part of the Region of Southern Denmark), which was part of the German Empire prior to the Treaty of Versailles.

Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic (Nordic) branch of the Indo-European languages, along with Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. The languages are so closely related that it is possible for Danish, Norwegian and Swedish speakers to understand each other with relatively little effort. Danish is more distantly related to German, which is a West Germanic language. Greenlandic or "Kalaallisut" belongs to the Eskimo–Aleut languages; it is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada, such as Inuktitut, and entirely unrelated to Danish.

A large majority (86%) of Danes speak English as a second language. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency. Denmark had 25,900 native German speakers in 2007 (mostly in the Southern Jutland region).

Religion

Main article: Religion in Denmark

In January 2014, 78.4% of the population of Denmark were members of the Church of Denmark (Den Danske Folkekirke), the officially established church, which is Lutheran in tradition. This is down 0.7% compared to the year earlier and 1.3% down compared to two years earlier. Despite the high membership figures, only 3% of the population regularly attend Sunday services.

Roskilde Cathedral has been the burial place of Danish royalty since the 15th century. In 1995 it became a World Heritage Site.

The Constitution states that a member of the Royal Family must be a part of the Church of Denmark, though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths. In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church: Roman Catholicism, the Reformed Church and Judaism, although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially. Until the 1970s, the state formally recognised "religious societies" by royal decree. Today, religious groups do not need official government recognition, they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition.

Denmark's Muslims make up approximately 3% of the population and form the country's second largest religious community and largest minority religion. As of 2009 there are nineteen recognised Muslim communities in Denmark. As per an overview of various religions and denominations by the Danish Foreign Ministry, other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer Poll, 28% of Danish citizens polled responded that they "believe there is a God", 47% responded that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 24% responded that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". Another poll, carried out in 2009, found that 25% of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God, and 18% believe he is the saviour of the world.

Education

Main article: Education in Denmark

The oldest surviving Danish lecture plan dated 1537 from the University of Copenhagen.

The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education. All college and university education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses. Students in secondary school or higher and aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU) which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly. The Education Index lists Denmark 16th in 2011 based on mean years of schooling (of adults) and expected years of schooling (of children).

Primary school is known as the folkeskole. Attendance at primary school is not compulsory, but most Danish children go to primary school for 10 years, from the age of 6 to 16. Whilst attending a primary school is not compulsory, receiving education at primary school-level is and must be provided for nine years. There are no final exams, but pupils in primary schools can choose to go to a test when finishing ninth grade. The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended. Pupils can alternatively attend a private independent school (friskole), or a private school (privatskole) – schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.

Following graduation from primary school, there are several educational opportunities; the Gymnasium (STX) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasizes on subjects in economics. Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is similar to Gymnasium (STX), but is one year shorter. For specific professions, there is the vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.

Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, Ph.D.s and student exchange programmes.

Health

See also: Health care in Denmark

As of 2012, Denmark has a life expectancy of 79.5 years at birth (77 for men, 82 for women), up from 75 years in 1990. This ranks it 37th among 193 nations, behind the other Nordic countries. The National Institute of Public Health of the University of Southern Denmark has calculated 19 major risk factors among Danes that contribute to a lowering of the life expectancy; this includes smoking, alcohol, drug abuse and physical inactivity. The large number of Danes becoming overweight is an increasing problem and results in an annual additional consumption in the health care system of DKK 1,625 million.

Denmark has a universal health care system, characterised by being publicly financed through taxes and, for most of the services, run directly by the regional authorities. The primary source of income is a national health care contribution of 8 per cent (sundhedsbidrag), combined with funds from both government and municipalities. This means that most health care provision is free at the point of delivery for all residents. Additionally, roughly two in five have complementary private insurance to cover services not fully covered by the state, such as physiotherapy. As of 2012, Denmark spends 11.2% of its GDP on health care; this is up from 9.8% in 2007 (US$3,512 per capita). This places Denmark above the OECD average and above the other Nordic countries.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Denmark

See also: Law of Jante and LGBT rights in Denmark

Denmark, like its Scandinavian neighbours, has historically been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. In 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography, and in 2012, Denmark replaced its "registered partnership" laws, which it had been the first country to introduce in 1989, with gender-neutral marriage. Modesty, punctuality but above all equality are important aspects of the Danish way of life.

Statue of philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.

The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Ludwig A. Colding's (1815–88) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, and the contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr (1885–1962) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement. The fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), the philosophical essays of Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55), the short stories of Karen Blixen (penname Isak Dinesen), (1885–1962), the plays of Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), and the dense, aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein (1905–96), have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen (1865–1931). From the mid-1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars von Trier.

There are three Danish heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in Northern Europe: Roskilde Cathedral, the main burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century; Kronborg castle, immortalized in the play Hamlet; and the Jelling stones, carved runestones that are often called Denmark's "baptismal certificate."

Popular media

Main articles: Cinema of Denmark, Television in Denmark and Music of Denmark

Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of product due largely to funding by the state-supported Danish Film Institute. There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema: erotic melodrama of the silent era; the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s; and lastly, the Dogme 95 movement of the late 1990s, where directors often used hand-held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against big-budget studios. Danish films have been noted for their realism, religious and moral themes, sexual frankness and technical innovation. The Danish filmmaker Carl Th. Dreyer (1889–1968) is considered one of the greatest directors of early cinema.

Director Lars von Trier, who co-created the Dogme film movement.

Other Danish filmmakers of note include Erik Balling, the creator of the popular Olsen-banden films; Gabriel Axel, an Oscar-winner for Babette's Feast in 1987; and Bille August, the Oscar-, Palme d'Or- and Golden Globe-winner for Pelle the Conqueror in 1988. In the modern era, notable filmmakers in Denmark include Lars von Trier, who co-created the Dogme movement, and multiple award-winners Susanne Bier and Nicolas Winding Refn. Mads Mikkelsen is a world-renowned Danish actor, having starred in films such as King Arthur, Casino Royale, the Danish film The Hunt, and currently in the American TV series Hannibal.

Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest newspapers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands-Posten and major tabloids B.T. and Ekstra Bladet. In television, publicly owned stations DR and TV 2 have large shares of the viewers. Especially DR is famous for its high quality TV-series often sold to foreign broadcast and often with strong leading female characters like internationally known actresses Sidse Babett Knudsen and Sofie Gråbøl. In radio, DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all four nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations.

Carl Nielsen Wind Quintet, Op. 43 1st movement

Copenhagen and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world's oldest orchestras. Denmark's most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen, especially remembered for his six symphonies and his Wind Quintet, while the Royal Danish Ballet specializes in the work of the Danish choreographer August Bournonville. Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired an international reputation. The modern pop and rock scene has produced a few names of note, including Aqua, D-A-D, The Raveonettes, Michael Learns to Rock, Alphabeat, Kashmir and Mew, among others. All together, Lars Ulrich, the drummer of the band Metallica, has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

More recently, in 2013 Denmark entered the Eurovision Song Contest and won with Emmelie de Forest's song "Only Teardrops". The 2014 contest was hosted in Copenhagen.

Architecture and design

Main articles: Architecture of Denmark and Danish design

Grundtvig's Church in Copenhagen. An example of expressionist architecture.

Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque, then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country's fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance style. During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th-century National Romantic style.

The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including expressionism, best exemplified by the designs of architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint, which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions; and Nordic Classicism, which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century. It was in the 1960s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalist architecture. This, in turn, has evolved into more recent world-class masterpieces including Jørn Utzon's Sydney Opera House and Johan Otto von Spreckelsen's Grande Arche de la Défense in Paris, paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as Bjarke Ingels to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad.

Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in mid-20th century, originating in Denmark. Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards.

The Danish Porcelain Factory ("Royal Copenhagen") is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous, 20th-century designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen, Finn Juhl, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Poul Henningsen and Verner Panton.

Other designers of note include Kristian Solmer Vedel (1923–2003) in the area of industrial design, Jens Harald Quistgaard (1919–2008) for kitchen furniture and implements and Ole Wanscher (1903–1985) who had a classical approach to furniture design.

Literature and philosophy

Main articles: Danish literature and Danish philosophy

A portrait of Hans Christian Andersen (1836), by Christian Albrecht Jensen

The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.

In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the Modern Breakthrough, this movement was championed by Georg Brandes, Henrik Pontoppidan (awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature) and J. P. Jacobsen. Romanticism influenced the renowned writer and poet Hans Christian Andersen, known for his stories and fairy tales, e.g. The Ugly Duckling, The Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen. In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories. Other Danish writers of importance are Herman Bang, Gustav Wied, William Heinesen, Martin Andersen Nexø, Piet Hein, Hans Scherfig, Klaus Rifbjerg, Dan Turèll, Tove Ditlevsen, Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg.

Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard, the creator of Christian existentialism. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Among Kierkegaard's other followers include Jean-Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard's views on the individual, and Rollo May, who helped create humanistic psychology. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig, whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works.

Painting and photography

Main articles: Danish art and Photography in Denmark

Woman in front of a Mirror, (1841), by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th- and 16th-century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.

The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand. The sculpture of Bertel Thorvaldsen was also significant during this period.

In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specializing in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S. Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people. Similar trends developed on Funen with the Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen, and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.

Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers made internationally recognised contributions. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.

Collections of modern art enjoy unusually attractive settings at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art north of Copenhagen and at the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg. Notable artists include the Neo-Expressionist Per Kirkeby, Tal R with his wild and colourful paintings, Olafur Eliasson's space exhibitions and Jeppe Hein's installations.

Cuisine

Main articles: Danish cuisine and New Danish cuisine

Smørrebrød – a variety of Danish open sandwiches piled high with delicacies.

The cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat and fish. This stems from the country's agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters. With 145.9 kg (321.7 lb) of meat per person consumed in 2002, Denmark has the highest consumption of meat per person of any country in the world.

The open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød, which in their basic form are the usual fare for lunch, can be considered a national speciality when prepared and decorated with a variety of fine ingredients. Hot meals traditionally consist of ground meats, such as frikadeller (meat balls), or of more substantial meat and fish dishes such as flæskesteg (roast pork with crackling) or kogt torsk (poached cod) with mustard sauce and trimmings. Denmark is known for its Carlsberg and Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters although imported wine is now gaining popularity.

Danish chefs, inspired by continental practices, have in recent years developed an innovative series of gourmet dishes based on high-quality local produce. As a result, Copenhagen and the provinces now have a considerable number of highly acclaimed restaurants of which several have been awarded Michelin stars.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Denmark

Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish player of all time by the Danish Football Association.

Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The national sport is football (soccer), with over 320,000 players in more than 1600 clubs. Denmark qualified six times consecutively for the European Championships between 1984 and 2004, and won the Championship in 1992; other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter-final of the 1998 World Championships. Notable Danish footballers include Peter Schmeichel, named the "World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1992 and 1993, and Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish player of all time by the Danish Football Association.

There is much focus on handball, too. The women's national team celebrated great successes during the 1990s. On the men's side, they have won five medals—two gold (in 2008 and 2012) and three bronze (in 2002, 2004 and 2006)—the most that have been won by any team in European Handball Championship history.

In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour in 2005 and 2006. Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic; tennis—in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; rugby—the Danish Rugby Union dates back to 1950; rowing—Denmark specialize in light-weight rowing and are particularly known for their light-weight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals; and several indoor sports—especially badminton, table tennis and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals. Denmark's numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, and many other water-themed sports.

See also

• Index of Denmark-related articles
• Outline of Denmark
• Danish Realm – relationship between Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland.

Notes

References

Bibliography

• (Danish) Busck, Steen and Poulsen, Henning (ed.), "Danmarks historie  – i grundtræk", Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2002, ISBN 87-7288-941-1
• (Danish) Gammelgaard, Frederik; Sørensen, Niels (1998). Danmark – en demokratisk stat. Alinea. ISBN 87-23-00280-8. 
• (Danish) Jørgensen, Gitte (1995). Sådan styres Danmark. Flachs. ISBN 87-7826-031-0. 
• (Danish) Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid", Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, ISBN 87-00-69328-6
• (Swedish) Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN 91-7024-619-X.

External links

• Denmark.dk
• Denmark entry at The World Factbook
• Denmark entry at Encyclopædia Britannica.
• A guide to Danish Culture at Denmark.net.
• Denmark at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• Denmark at DMOZ
• Denmark profile from the BBC News.
• Tourism portal at VisitDenmark.
• Key Development Forecasts for Denmark from International Futures.

Government

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
• Summary vital statistics about Denmark from Statistikbanken.

Maps

• Wikimedia Atlas of Denmark
• Geographic data related to Denmark at OpenStreetMap
• Satellite image of Denmark at the NASA Earth Observatory.

Trade

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Denmark

News and media

• Google news Denmark
• History of Denmark: Primary Documents
• (Danish) Krak printable mapsearch
• (Swedish) (English) Ministry of the Environment National Survey and Cadastre
• Old Denmark in Cyberspace – Information about Denmark – the Danes at the Wayback Machine (archived February 8, 2006)

Other

• Vifanord.de – library of scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries.

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• 日本建築学会計画系論文集 77(675), 1155-1162, 2012-05
• NAID 40019241953

• 介護人材育成講座(第104回)地域包括ケアシステムの実現に向けた諸課題(4の5)質の高い人材の養成方法 デンマーク王国における専門職養成システム(2)Study of elderly care and education of elderly care providers in Denmark

• 筒井 澄栄,筒井 孝子
• 地域ケアリング 14(4), 35-41, 2012-04
• NAID 40019386379

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Denmark (i / ˈ d ɛ n m ɑː r k /; Danish: Danmark, pronounced [ˈd ɛnmɑɡ ] (listen)), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈd ɛnmɑɡ ] (listen)), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe, located south ...

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「デンマーク」「Danish」

「デンマーク」

　　[★]

英

Denmark

関

デンマーク人 Danish

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Da-map-ja.png

「Danish」

　　[★]

• デンマークの、デンマーク人

関

Denmark