Danube

　 　

WordNet

1. the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea; "Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade are on the banks of the Danube" (同)Danube River, Danau
2. Celtic goddess who was the mother of the Tuatha De Danann; identified with the Welsh Don (同)Dana

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ダニューブ川,ドナウ川(ドイツの南西部に発して黒海に注ぐ)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/04 11:48:05」(JST)

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This article is about the river. For other uses, see Danube (disambiguation).

Danube
Donau, Dunaj, Dunărea, Donava, Duna, Dunav, Дунав, Tuna
River
The Iron Gate, on the Serbian-Romanian border (Iron Gates natural park and Đerdap national park)
Countries	Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania
Cities	Ulm, Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Linz, Vienna, Bratislava, Győr, Esztergom, Budapest, Vukovar, Novi Sad, Sremski Karlovci, Zemun, Pančevo, Belgrade, Nikopol
Primary source	Breg
- location	Martinskapelle, Black Forest, Germany
- elevation	1,078 m (3,537 ft)
- length	49 km (30 mi)
- coordinates	48°05′44″N 08°09′18″E
Secondary source	Brigach
- location	St. Georgen, Black Forest, Germany
- elevation	940 m (3,084 ft)
- length	43 km (27 mi)
- coordinates	48°06′24″N 08°16′51″E
Source confluence
- location	Donaueschingen
- coordinates	47°57′03″N 08°31′13″E
Mouth	Danube Delta
- coordinates	45°13′3″N 29°45′41″E
Length	2,860 km (1,777 mi)
Depth	54 m (177 ft)
- Max. depth	178 m (584 ft)
Basin	817,000 km2 (315,445 sq mi)
Discharge	for before delta
- average	6,500 m3/s (229,545 cu ft/s)
Discharge elsewhere (average)
- Passau	580 m3/s (20,483 cu ft/s) 30km before town
- Vienna	1,900 m3/s (67,098 cu ft/s)
- Budapest	2,350 m3/s (82,989 cu ft/s)
- Belgrade	4,000 m3/s (141,259 cu ft/s)
Map of Danube River

The Danube (English pronunciation: /ˈdænjuːb/ DAN-yoob) is a river in Central Europe, the continent's second longest after the Volga.

Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen which is in the Black Forest of Germany at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for 2,872 km (1,785 mi), passing through four Central European capitals before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.

Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of ten countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Slovakia (5.9%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%). Its drainage basin extends into nine more.

Names and etymology

The Danube was known in Latin as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister, in Ancient Greek as Ἴστρος (Istros). The Dacian/Thracian name was Τάναις/Donaris/Donaris (upper Danube) and Istros (lower Danube). Its Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, "the bringer of luck".

The name Dānuvius is presumably a loan from Celtic (Gaulish), or possibly Iranic. It is one of a number of river names derived from a Proto-Indo-European language word *dānu, apparently a term for "river", but possibly also of a primeval cosmic river, and of a Vedic river goddess (see Danu), perhaps from a root *dā "to flow/swift, rapid, violent, undisciplined." Other river names with the same etymology include Don, Donets, Dnieper and Dniestr. Dniepr (pre-Slavic Danapir by Gothic historian Jordanes) and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed from Scythian Iranic *Dānu apara "posterior river" and *Dānu nazdya- "anterior river", respectively.

The Ancient Greek Istros was a borrowing from Thracian/Dacian meaning "strong, swift", akin to Sanskrit iṣiras "swift".

Since the Norman conquest of England, the English language has used the Latin-derived word Danube.

In the languages of the modern countries through which the river flows, it is:

• Bulgarian: Дунав pronounced: ['dunɐf] (transliterated: Dunav)
• Croatian: Dunav
• German: Donau pronounced [ˈdoːnaʊ̯]
• Hungarian: Duna pronounced [ˈdunɒ]
• Romanian: Dunărea pronounced [ˈdunəre̯a]
• Serbian: Дунав, Dunav, pronounced [dǔnav̞] or [dûnaːv̞]
• Slovak: Dunaj
• Ukrainian: Дунай pronounced [duˈnɑj] (transliterated: Dunai)

Geography

The Danube discharges into the Black Sea.

Drainage basin

In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.6%), the Czech Republic (2.9%), Slovenia (2.0%), Montenegro (0.9%), Switzerland (0.2%), Italy (<0.1%), Poland (<0.1%), the Republic of Macedonia (<0.1%) and Albania (<0.1%). The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border, 4,049 metres (13,284 ft).

Tributaries

Main article: List of tributaries of the Danube

The Danube's watershed extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (in order that they enter):

Iller (entering at Ulm) Lech Naab (entering at Regensburg) Regen (entering at Regensburg) Isar Inn (entering at Passau) Enns Morava (entering near Devín Castle) Leitha Váh (entering at Komárno) Hron Ipeľ Sió Dráva Vuka (entering at Vukovar)

15. Tisza 16. Sava (entering at Belgrade) 17. Timiş (entering at Pančevo) 18. Great Morava 19. Caraş 20. Jiu (entering at Bechet) 21. Iskar 22. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele) 23. Osam 24. Yantra 25. Vedea 26. Argeş (entering at Olteniţa) 27. Ialomiţa 28. Siret (entering near Galaţi) 29. Prut (entering near Galaţi)

Cities

The Donauzusammenfluss, or "Danube confluence", where the Breg and Brigach unite to form the Danube in Donaueschingen, Germany

The Danube in Ulm from the steeple of Ulm Minster, looking southwest

The confluence of the Inn (left), Danube (centre) and Ilz (right) in Passau

Danube in Linz

Budapest on Danube

Ilok Castle on the Danube in Croatia

16th Century Danube landscape near Regensburg, by Albrecht Altdorfer

The Danube flows through the following countries and cities (ordered from the source to mouth):

• Germany
  • Donaueschingen in the State of Baden-Württemberg – Brigach and Breg rivers join to form the Danube river
  • Möhringen an der Donau in Baden-Württemberg
  • Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg
  • Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg
  • Riedlingen in Baden-Württemberg
  • Munderkingen in Baden-Württemberg
  • Ehingen in Baden-Württemberg
  • Ulm in Baden-Württemberg
  • Neu-Ulm in Bavaria
  • Günzburg in Bavaria
  • Donauwörth in Bavaria
  • Neuburg an der Donau in Bavaria
  • Ingolstadt in Bavaria
  • Kelheim in Bavaria
  • Regensburg in Bavaria
  • Straubing in Bavaria
  • Deggendorf in Bavaria
  • Passau in Bavaria
• Austria
  • Linz, capital of Upper Austria
  • Krems in Lower Austria
  • Tulln in Lower Austria
  • Vienna – capital of Austria, where the Danube floodplain is called the Lobau, though the Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube (it is bounded by the Donaukanal – 'Danube canal').
• Slovakia
  • Bratislava – capital of Slovakia
  • Komárno
  • Štúrovo
• Hungary
  • Győr
  • Komárom
  • Esztergom
    Esztergom, in Hungary
  • Visegrád
  • Vác
  • Szentendre
  • Budapest – capital of Hungary
  • Százhalombatta
  • Ráckeve
  • Dunaújváros
  • Paks
  • Kalocsa
  • Baja
  • Mohács
• Croatia
  • Vukovar
  • Ilok
• Serbia
  • Apatin
  • Bačka Palanka
  • Futog
  • Veternik
  • Novi Sad
  • Sremski Karlovci
  • Zemun
  • Belgrade – capital of Serbia
  • Pančevo
  • Smederevo
  • Kovin
  • Veliko Gradište
  • Golubac
  • Donji Milanovac
  • Kladovo
• Bulgaria
  Danube at Nikopol, Bulgaria in winter
  • Vidin
  • Lom
  • Kozloduy
  • Oryahovo
  • Nikopol
  • Belene
  • Svishtov
  • Ruse
  • Tutrakan
  • Silistra
• Moldova
  • Giurgiuleşti
• Ukraine
  • Reni
  • Izmail
  • Kiliya
  • Vylkove
• Romania
  The Danube in Sulina, Romania
  • Moldova Nouă
  • Orşova
  • Drobeta-Turnu Severin
  • Calafat
  • Bechet
  • Dăbuleni
  • Corabia
  • Turnu Măgurele
  • Zimnicea
  • Giurgiu
  • Olteniţa
  • Călăraşi
  • Feteşti
  • Cernavodă
  • Hârşova
  • Brăila
  • Galaţi – largest port on Danube
  • Isaccea
  • Tulcea
  • Sulina – last city through which it flows

The Danube flows through four capital cities (shown in bold), more than any river in the world.

Template:Small image

Islands

Further information: List of islands in the Danube

• Ada Kaleh
• Balta Ialomiţei
• Belene Island
• Csepel Island
• Donauinsel
• Great Brăila Island
• Great War Island
• Island of Vukovar
• Island of Šarengrad
• Kozloduy Island
• Margaret Island
• Ostrovul Ciocăneşti
• Ostrovul Mare, Islaz
• Ostrvo (Kostolac)
• Ribarsko Ostrvo, Novi Sad
• Vardim Island
• Žitný ostrov

Sectioning

• Upper Section: From spring to Devín Gate. Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0.0012% (12 ppm), from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.0006% (6 ppm).
• Middle Section: From Devín Gate to Iron Gate. The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.00006% (0.6 ppm).
• Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0.00003% (0.3 ppm).

Modern navigation

The Danube in Budapest

Fisher in the Danube Delta

Freight ship on the Danube near Vienna

Confluence of Sava into Danube in Belgrade, Serbia

The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.

Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea (3500 km). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m³/s.

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km Danube–Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km; the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 17 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

Piracy

In 2010-2012, shipping companies (especially from Ukraine) claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks", on the Serbian and Romanian stretches of the Danube (i.e. inside the European Union's territory). Actually, these transgressions are not considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather "river robbery".

On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on “pirates”, and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband that is taking place along the river.

Danube delta

Main article: Danube Delta

The Danube Delta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Its wetlands (on the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance) support vast flocks of migratory birds, including the endangered Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). Rival canalization and drainage schemes threaten the delta: see Bastroe Channel. The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunării pronounced [ˈdelta ˈdunərij]; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.[1] The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea county), while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine (Odessa Oblast). The approximate surface is 4152 km², of which 3446 km² are in Romania. If one includes the lagoons of Razim-Sinoe (1015 km² of which 865 km² water surface), which are located south of the delta proper, but are related to it geologically and ecologically (their combined territory is part of the World Heritage Site), the total area of the Danube Delta reaches 5165 km². The waters of the Danube, which flow into the Black Sea, form the largest and best preserved of Europe's deltas. The Danube delta hosts over 300 species of birds as well as 45 freshwater fish species in its numerous lakes and marshes.

International cooperation

Ecology and environment

Pelicans in the Danube Delta, Romania

Main article: International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization consisting of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube River Basin, which includes tributaries and the groundwater resources. Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.

Navigation

Main article: Danube Commission

The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia, It meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission's working plans.

The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube.

Geology

Iron Gates, Serbia-Romania border

Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station, Romania-Serbia

Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.

Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is but a meek reflection of the ancient one.

Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alp, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8500 litres per second, north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sink holes in the Donauversickerung.

Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing

The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.

History

The Istros on Trajan's column

The oldest bridge across the Danube, constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus between 103-105 CE, directed by Trajan, modern Serbia and Romania

At Esztergom and Štúrovo, the Danube separates Hungary from Slovakia

River Danube in Vienna

The Danube between Belene and Belene Island, Bulgaria

A look upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna, Austria during an unusually cold winter (February 2006). A frozen Danube usually occurs just once or twice in a lifetime.

Bratislava does not usually suffer major floods, but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank

The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BC Vinča culture, (Vinča, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BC Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics. The river was part of the Roman Empire's Limes Germanicus. The Romans often used the river Danube as a northern border for their empire.

Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336BC.

Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube

Part of the Danubius or Istros river was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282). The lower Danube has a slow, deep, wide course, so it can be seen why it was considered as part of the Okeanos.^{[citation needed]}

At the end of the Okeanos Potamos, is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.

Economics

Drinking water

Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about twenty million people. In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, almost thirty percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, Aalen and Alb-Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube.

In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still obtain drinking water from the Danube on a regular basis.

Navigation and transport

As "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centres of Western Europe with the Black Sea and, also, through the Danube – Black Sea Canal, with the Port of Constanţa.

The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110×11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.

Downstream from the Freudenau locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions (similar to the locks in the Russian Volga river, some 300 by over 30 m). Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres.

The Danube connects with the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal at Kelheim, with the Donaukanal in Vienna, and with the Danube–Black Sea Canal at Cernavodă.

Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canals, links sections downstream.

Fishing

The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important industry. Many fresh water trought and tree octopusses thrive in this environment.

Tourism

Wachau Valley near Durnstein.

Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley, the Nationalpark Donau-Auen in Austria, Gemenc in Hungary, the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany, Kopački rit in Croatia, Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania, the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria.

The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites, they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city.

The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination.

The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river. It is divided into four sections:

1. Donaueschingen-Passau (559 km)
2. Passau-Vienna (340 km)
3. Vienna-Budapest (306 km)
4. Budapest-Black Sea (1670 km)

Important national parks

• Naturpark Obere Donau (Germany)
• Donauauen zwischen Neuburg und Ingolstadt (Germany) - map
• Nature protection area Donauleiten (Germany)
• Nationalpark Donau Auen (Austria) - map
• Chránená krajinná oblasť Dunajské luhy (Slovakia) - map
• Duna-Ipoly Nemzeti Park (Hungary) - map
• Gemenc (Hungary) - map
• Naturalpark Kopački Rit (Croatia) - map
• Gornje Podunavlje Nature Reserve (Serbia) - map
• Fruška Gora National park (Serbia)
• Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit Nature Reserve (Serbia)
• Great War Island Nature Reserve (Serbia)
• Đerdap National park (Serbia)
• Iron Gates Natural Park (Romania)
• Persina Nature Park (Bulgaria) - map
• Kalimok-Brushlen Protected Site (Bulgaria) - map
• Srebarna Nature Reserve (Bulgaria) - map
• Natural Park Măcin Mountains (Romania)
• Natural Park Little Pond of Brăila (Romania)
• Biosphere Reserve Danube Delta (Romania) - map

Cultural significance

The 1900 plan to link the Danube and the Adriatic Sea by C. Wagenführer. It would be a realisation of the erroneous notion of the Danube having a bifurcation.

• The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss, An der schönen, blauen Donau (On the Beautiful Blue Danube). This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby. The Waves of the Danube (Romanian: Valurile Dunării) is a waltz by the Romanian composer Ion Ivanovici (1845–1902). Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called Stories of the Danube. It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival, at Linz.

• The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem, as a symbolic representation of the country's natural beauty. In Lithuanian folklore songs appearance of Danube (Dunojus, Dunojėlis) is more common than the appearance of the longest Lithuanian river Neman.

• The German tradition of landscape painting, the Danube school, was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century One of Claudio Magris's masterpiece is called Danube (ISBN 1-86046-823-3).

• Jules Verne's The Danube Pilot (1908) ("Le Pilote du Danube") depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river. Algernon Blackwood's The Willows, about a boat excursion on the river, is considered one of the greatest stories in the literature of the supernatural.

• The river is the subject of the film The Ister (2004) (official site here [1]). Parts of the German road movie Im Juli take place along the Danube. In Nicolas Roeg's 1980 film Bad Timing, the border crossing over the Danube between Bratislava and Vienna is a recurring site in which the romance between Milena (Teresa Russell), Alex (Art Garfunkel) and Milena's husband Stefan (Denholm Elliot) is played out.

• In the Star Trek universe, the Danube-class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet, most notably in the Deep Space Nine series.

• The river is mentioned a great number of times throughout the Earth's Children Saga by Jean M. Auel, especially in the book The Plains of Passage, when the main characters Ayla and Jondalar travel west along this river, which they call the Great Mother River, due to its big size.

• Miklós Jancsó's film the Blue Danube Waltz (1992)

• The Hungarian sweet speciality, Duna kavics ("Danube Pebbles") is named after the river.

• A Hungarian folk ensemble, the Danube Folk Ensemble (Duna Művészegyüttes) is named after the river. The group is made up of 30 dancers and musicians. During their performances they show the Hungarian folk music, dance and costumes.

• There are Hasidic (Chabad Nigunnim) songs called "dunai", dating from around 1800. They are often lullabys and are named after the Dunay river. Farmers around the river used to come to it and sing spiritual songs to thank their god for the great beauty which they saw every day.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• 2006 European floods
• List of crossings of the Danube
• Steamboats on the Danube
• The Ister
• Between the Woods and the Water, a travel book telling of a Danubian journey in 1934

Panoramic image of Danube pictured in Ritopek, suburb of Belgrade, Serbia.

References

External links

• Map of the Danube in English from Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31)
• Geographic data related to Danube at OpenStreetMap
• Danube watershed map and information from the World Resources Institute
• Danube Panorama Project
• сайт о Дунае
• Danube and the sport of rowing
• Danube river image pool on Flickr
• Danube Tourist Commission
• Site dedicated to Danube
• danubemap.eu - The Tourist Map of the Danube
• International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
• Bridges of Budapest over the Danube
• Danube Bend Tours, Hungary

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• Comparison of Spectrolyser Device Measurements with Standard Analysis of Wastewater Samples in Novi Sad, Serbia.

• Mihajlović I1, Pap S, Sremački M, Brborić M, Babunski D, Dogo M.
• Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.2014 Jul 3. [Epub ahead of print]
• On-line monitoring was performed using spectrolyser equipment, coupled with laboratory analysis for samples collected from wastewater discharge in the city of Novi Sad, Serbia, during first 24 h of three and 48 h of six monitoring campaigns from December of 2012 to April of 2013. Significant corre
• PMID 24990395

• Rationale for and design of the Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial.

• Holman RR1, Bethel MA2, Chan JC3, Chiasson JL4, Doran Z2, Ge J5, Gerstein H6, Huo Y7, McMurray JJ8, Ryden L9, Liyanage W2, Schröder S10, Tendera M11, Theodorakis MJ2, Tuomilehto J12, Yang W13, Hu D14, Pan C15; ACE Study Group.
• American heart journal.Am Heart J.2014 Jul;168(1):23-29.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.03.021. Epub 2014 Apr 5.
• Patients with cardiovascular disease and impaired glucose tolerance are at increased risk of cardiovascular events and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lifestyle modification or pharmacological intervention can delay progression to T2DM, but there is no clear evidence that they reduce cardiovascular
• PMID 24952856

• The vitamin E-binding protein afamin increases in maternal serum during pregnancy.

• Hubalek M1, Buchner H2, Mörtl MG3, Schlembach D4, Huppertz B5, Firulovic B1, Köhler W6, Hafner E7, Dieplinger B6, Wildt L8, Dieplinger H9.
• Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2014 Jul 1;434:41-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.036. Epub 2014 Apr 24.
• BACKGROUND: Afamin is a liver-derived plasma glycoprotein with vitamin E-binding properties and a putative function in fertility. This study evaluated serum afamin concentrations during and postpartum to uncomplicated pregnancies and investigated a potential association between afamin concentrations
• PMID 24768783

• Ecological validity of river-floodplain system assessment by planktonic crustacean survey (Branchiata: Branchiopoda).

• Illyová M1, Matečný I.
• Environmental monitoring and assessment.Environ Monit Assess.2014 Jul;186(7):4195-208. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-3690-0. Epub 2014 Mar 16.
• Studies of the Slovakian Danube have indicated profound changes in the structures of several invertebrate assemblages in the section of the river bypassed by the Gabčíkovo hydroelectric project in 1992 and in adjacent floodplain water bodies. The present study investigates the relationship between
• PMID 24633825

Japanese Journal

• セルビア国ボール鉱山地域の鉱山廃水と河川水の地球化学的特徴

• 石山 大三,川原谷 浩,佐藤 比奈子,オブラドビッチ ルビシャ,ブラゴェビッチ ブランコ,ペトロビッチ イエレナ,ガルディッチ ヴォイカ,ステノバノビッチ ゾラン,柴山 敦,増田 信行,高崎 康志,ISHIYAMA Daizo,KAWARAYA Hiroshi,SATO Hinako,OBRADOVIC Ljubisa,BLAGOJEVIC Branko,PETROVIC Jelena,GARDIC Vojka,STEVANOVIC Zoran,SHIBAYAMA Atsushi,MASUDA Nobuyuki,TAKASAKI Yasushi
• 秋田大学大学院工学資源学研究科研究報告 33, 41-49, 2012-10-31
• … Investigation was carried out in the region from the Bor mining area through Timok River to the Danube to evaluate the usefulness of a handy-type chromometer for chemical analyses in the field in environmental study and to understand the environmental impact caused by mining activities in the Bor mining area. …
• NAID 110009561237

• ドナウ川・フロイデナウ発電所とその魚道

• 藤村 和正,村上 雅博
• 四万十・流域圏学会誌 10(2), 33-37, 2011-05-00
• NAID 40019000557

• 書評 歴史遺産としてのドナウと,Pars pro toto論--エステルハージ・ペーテル著(早稲田みか訳)『ハーン=ハーン伯爵夫人のまなざし--ドナウを下って』(東欧の想像力 3)

• 戸谷 浩,TOYA Hiroshi
• 国際学研究 (39), 137-142, 2011-03-00
• 【書評／Book Review】
• NAID 120005324363

• Serbia and the European Union Danube strategy (On borders: comparative analyses from Southeast Europe and East Asia) -- (Analyses of local researchers)

• Stojic-Karanovic Edita
• 民族紛争の背景に関する地政学的研究 17, 110-118, 2011-00-00
• NAID 40018880086

Related Links

• Danube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Danube is a river in Central Europe, the continent's second longest after the Volga. Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen which is in the Black Forest of Germany at the confluence of the rivers ...

• Danube - Wikipédia

Le Danube (prononcé [da.nyb]) est le deuxième fleuve d'Europe par sa longueur (après la Volga qui coule entièrement en Russie). Il prend sa source dans la Forêt-Noire en Allemagne lorsque deux cours d'eau, la Brigach et la Breg, ...

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