レン古細菌門、クレンアーケオタ門

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/09 00:36:37」(JST)

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The Crenarchaeota (Greek for "spring old quality") (also known as Crenarchaea or eocytes) are Archaea that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea kingdom.^[2]^[3]^[4] Initially, the Crenarchaeota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Crenarchaeota environmental rRNA indicating the organism may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment.^[5] Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones.^[6] Until recently all cultured Crenarchaea had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C.^[7] These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly shaped cells.^[8]

Sulfolobus

One of the best characterized members of the Crenarcheota is Sulfolobus solfataricus. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4.^[9] Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, Sulfolobus grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to Sulfolobus becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them.

Marine species

Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Crenarchaea in marine environments.^[10]^,^[11] Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Crenarchaea taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Crenarchaea are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon .^{[citation needed]} DNA sequences from Crenarchaea have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments.^[12]

In 2005, evidence of the first cultured “low temperature Crenarchaea” was published. Named Nitrosopumilus maritimus, it is an ammonia-oxidizing organism isolated from a marine aquarium tank and grown at 28 °C.^[13]

Eocyte hypothesis^[14]

Eocyte hypothesis

The eocyte hypothesis proposed in the 1980s by James Lake suggests that eukaryotes evolved from the prokaryotic eocyte.^[15]

One possible piece of evidence supporting a close relationship between Crenarchaea and eukaryotes is the presence of a homolog of the RNA polymerase subunit Rbp-8 in Crenarchea but not Euryarchaea ^[16]

References

^ Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 (12): 4576–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
^ See the NCBI webpage on Crenarchaeota
^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Archaea. eds. E.Monosson & C.Cleveland, Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.
^ Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
^ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
^ Cubonova L, Sandman K, Hallam SJ, Delong EF, Reeve JN (2005). "Histones in Crenarchaea". Journal of Bacteriology 187 (15): 5482–5485. doi:10.1128/JB.187.15.5482-5485.2005. PMC 1196040. PMID 16030242.
^ Blochl E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Hafenbradl D, Jannasch HW, Stetter KO (1997). "Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113 °C". Extremophiles 1 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1007/s007920050010. PMID 9680332.
^ Garrity GM, Boone DR (editors) (2001). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98771-1.
^ Zillig W, Stetter KO, Wunderl S, Schulz W, Priess H, Scholz I (1980). "The Sulfolobus-"Caldariellard" group: Taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases". Arch. Microbiol. 125 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1007/BF00446886.
^ Fuhrman JA, McCallum K, Davis AA (1992). "Novel major archaebacterial group from marine plankton". Nature 356 (6365): 148–9. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..148F. doi:10.1038/356148a0. PMID 1545865.
^ DeLong EF (1992). "Archaea in coastal marine environments". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (12): 5685–9. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.5685D. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5685. PMC 49357. PMID 1608980.
^ Barns SM, Delwiche CF, Palmer JD, Pace NR (1996). "Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (17): 9188–93. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.9188B. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.17.9188. PMC 38617. PMID 8799176.
^ Könneke M, Bernhard AE, de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Waterbury JB, Stahl DA (2005). "Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon". Nature 437 (7058): 543–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..543K. doi:10.1038/nature03911. PMID 16177789.
^ Cox, C. J., Foster, P. G., Hirt, R. P., Harris, S. R., Embley, T. M. (2008). "The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 (51): 20356–61. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520356C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810647105. PMC 2629343. PMID 19073919.
^ (UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18384908

External links

NCBI taxonomy page for Crenarchaeota
Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Crenarchaeota
Search Species2000 page for Crenarchaeota
MicrobeWiki page for Crenarchaeota
LSPN page for Crenarchaeota
Crenarchaeota from the University of Wisconsin Virtual Microbiology site.
Comparative Analysis of Crenarchaeal Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)

English Journal

An integrated study reveals diverse methanogens, Thaumarchaeota, and yet-uncultivated archaeal lineages in Armenian hot springs.

Hedlund BP, Dodsworth JA, Cole JK, Panosyan HH.SourceSchool of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA, brian.hedlund@unlv.edu.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.2013 Jul;104(1):71-82. doi: 10.1007/s10482-013-9927-z. Epub 2013 Apr 30.
Culture-independent and enrichment techniques, with an emphasis on members of the Archaea, were used to determine the composition and structure of microbial communities inhabiting microbial mats in the source pools of two geothermal springs near the towns of Arzakan and Jermuk in Armenia. Amplificat
PMID 23632917

Microbial communities involved in biological ammonium removal from coal combustion wastewaters.

Vishnivetskaya TA, Fisher LS, Brodie GA, Phelps TJ.SourceBiosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P. O. Box 2008, MS-6036, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6036, USA.
Microbial ecology.Microb Ecol.2013 Jul;66(1):49-59. doi: 10.1007/s00248-012-0152-5. Epub 2013 Jan 13.
The efficiency of a novel integrated treatment system for biological removal of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and heavy metals from fossil power plant effluent was evaluated. Microbial communities were analyzed using bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (Sanger sequences) and 454 pyros
PMID 23314095

A meta-analysis of the publicly available bacterial and archaeal sequence diversity in saline soils.

Ma B, Gong J.SourceLaboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.World J Microbiol Biotechnol.2013 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]
An integrated view of bacterial and archaeal diversity in saline soil habitats is essential for understanding the biological and ecological processes and exploiting potential of microbial resources from such environments. This study examined the collective bacterial and archaeal diversity in saline
PMID 23756871

Japanese Journal

分子内同位体比で観る海底下のアーキアの生態 : エーテル脂質分子内のサルベージ経路と新生経路を例にして(企画総説「地球化学の最前線」)

地球化学 46(2), 113-128, 2012-07-16
NAID 110009489323

Genetic diversity and expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Aeropyrum pernix

Fisheries science : FS 77(1), 135-141, 2011-01-01
NAID 10027411334

Effect of Soil Type and Fertilizer Management on Archaeal Community in Upland Field Soils

Microbes and Environments 26(4), 307-316, 2011
NAID 130000859552

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「クレン古細菌門」「クレンアーケオタ門」

「クレン古細菌門」

Crenarchaeota
	Archaea Sulfolobus infected with specific virus STSV-1.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Kingdom:	"Crenarchaeota"
Phylum:	"Crenarchaeota"
Class
	Thermoprotei Reysenbach 2002; 'Candidatus Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii' de la Torre et al. 2008;
Synonyms
	Eocyta; Eocytes; Crenarchaeota Garrity and Holt 2002; not Crenarchaeota Cavalier-Smith 2002;

　　[★]

ラ: Crenarchaeota
関: クレンアーケオタ門

「クレンアーケオタ門」

　　[★]

ラ: Crenarchaeota
関: クレン古細菌門

[1] Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 (12): 4576–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.

[2] See the NCBI webpage on Crenarchaeota

[3] C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Archaea. eds. E.Monosson & C.Cleveland, Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.

[4] Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.

[Brock-5] Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.

[Cubonova2005-6] Cubonova L, Sandman K, Hallam SJ, Delong EF, Reeve JN (2005). "Histones in Crenarchaea". Journal of Bacteriology 187 (15): 5482–5485. doi:10.1128/JB.187.15.5482-5485.2005. PMC 1196040. PMID 16030242.

[Blochl_1997-7] Blochl E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Hafenbradl D, Jannasch HW, Stetter KO (1997). "Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113 °C". Extremophiles 1 (1): 14–21. doi:10.1007/s007920050010. PMID 9680332.

[Bergeys_2001-8] Garrity GM, Boone DR (editors) (2001). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98771-1.

[Zillig_1980-9] Zillig W, Stetter KO, Wunderl S, Schulz W, Priess H, Scholz I (1980). "The Sulfolobus-"Caldariellard" group: Taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases". Arch. Microbiol. 125 (3): 259–269. doi:10.1007/BF00446886.

[Fuhrman_1992-10] Fuhrman JA, McCallum K, Davis AA (1992). "Novel major archaebacterial group from marine plankton". Nature 356 (6365): 148–9. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..148F. doi:10.1038/356148a0. PMID 1545865.

[DeLong_1992-11] DeLong EF (1992). "Archaea in coastal marine environments". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (12): 5685–9. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.5685D. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5685. PMC 49357. PMID 1608980.

[Barns_1996-12] Barns SM, Delwiche CF, Palmer JD, Pace NR (1996). "Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (17): 9188–93. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.9188B. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.17.9188. PMC 38617. PMID 8799176.

[Koenneke_2005-13] Könneke M, Bernhard AE, de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Waterbury JB, Stahl DA (2005). "Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon". Nature 437 (7058): 543–6. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..543K. doi:10.1038/nature03911. PMID 16177789.

[14] Cox, C. J., Foster, P. G., Hirt, R. P., Harris, S. R., Embley, T. M. (2008). "The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 (51): 20356–61. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520356C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810647105. PMC 2629343. PMID 19073919.

[15] (UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life

[16] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18384908

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Crenarchaeota

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Contents

Sulfolobus

Marine species

Eocyte hypothesis

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References

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Scientific journals

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