シクンジ属、コンブレタム属、Combretum属
WordNet
- type genus of the Combretaceae: tropical and subtropical small shrubs and trees
- any of numerous shrubs or small trees of the genus Combretum having spikes of small flowers
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/22 06:41:03」(JST)
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- "Schousboea" redirects here. As described by H.C.F. Schumacher and Peter Thonning, this is a synonym of Alchornea.
| Combretum |
|
| Combretum collinum with fruit |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Plantae |
| (unranked): |
Angiosperms |
| (unranked): |
Eudicots |
| (unranked): |
Rosids |
| Order: |
Myrtales |
| Family: |
Combretaceae |
| Genus: |
Combretum
Loefl. |
| Species |
|
About 370, see text
|
| Synonyms |
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Aetia Adans.
Bureava Baill.
Cacoucia Aubl.
Calopyxis Tul.
Campylochiton Welw. ex Hiern
Chrysostachys Pohl
Cristaria Sonn.
Embryogonia Blume
Forsgardia Vell.
Gonocarpus Ham. (non Thunb.: preoccupied)
Grislea L.
Hambergera Scop.
Physopodium Desv.
Poivrea Comm. ex Thouars
Schousboea Willd.
Seguiera Rchb. ex Oliv.
Sheadendron G.Bertol.
|
Combretum, the bushwillows or combretums, make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae. The genus comprises about 370 species of trees and shrubs, roughly 300 of which are native to tropical and southern Africa, about 5 to Madagascar, some 25 to tropical Asia and approximately 40 to tropical America. The genus is absent from Australia. Though somewhat reminiscent of willows (Salix) in their habitus, they are not particularly close relatives of these.
Contents
- 1 Ecology
- 2 Use by humans
- 3 Selected species
- 4 References
Ecology[edit source | edit]
Combretum albidum in Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India
Bushwillow trees often are important plants in their habitat. Savannahs in Africa, in particular those growing on granitic soils, are often dominated by Combretum and its close relative Terminalia. For example C. apiculatum is a notable tree in the Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion in the Kunene River basin in southern Africa.[1]
Other species of this genus are a major component of Southwestern Amazonian moist forests. This genus contains several species that are pollinated by mammals other than bats, which is quite rare indeed.[2] But most species are more conventionally pollinated by insects or birds.[citation needed]
Typhlodromus combretum, a mite of the family Phytoseiidae, was discovered on a bushwillow plant and is named after this genus. Other herbivores that eat Combretum foliage include the caterpillars of the Brown Awl (Badamia exclamationis) which is found on C. albidum, C. latifolium and C. ovalifolium; those of the Orange-tailed Awl (Bibasis sena) are recorded from C. extensum and C. latifolium.[citation needed]
Use by humans[edit source | edit]
Combretum aculeatum inflorescence
Several species are used in African or Indian herbal medicine.[citation needed] The class of chemical compounds known as combretastatins were first isolated from South African Bushwillow (Combretum caffrum), from which they get their name. One synthetic derivative, fosbretabulin disodium (combretastatin A4 phosphate), underwent preliminary study for the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer,[3] but it was not effective enough to progress to more advanced trials. C. molle is also recorded to contain antioxidants such as punicalagin,[citation needed] which is also found in pomegranates (Punica granatum), a somewhat related plant.
The botanist George Don studied this genus extensively. The Luvuvhu River in southern Africa was named after the River Bushwillow (C. erythrophyllum), locally known as muvuvhu.
Selected species[edit source | edit]
- Combretum aculeatum
- Combretum albidum
- Combretum albopunctatum Suesseng.
- Combretum apiculatum Sond.
- Combretum apiculatum ssp. apiculatum
- Combretum apiculatum var. leutweinii (Schinz) Exell
- Combretum bracteosum (Hochst.) Brandis
- Combretum caffrum – South African Bushwillow
- Combretum celastroides Welw. ex Laws.
- Combretum coccineum
- Combretum collinum Fresen.
- Combretum collinum ssp. gazense (Swynn. & Bak.f.) Okafor
- Combretum collinum ssp. ondongense (Engl. & Diels) Okafor
- Combretum collinum ssp. suluense (Engl. & Diels) Okafor
- Combretum collinum ssp. taborense (Engl.) Okafor
- Combretum comosum
- Combretum decandrum
- Combretum dolchipeles
- Combretum edwardsii – Forest Climbing Bushwillow, Natal Combretum
- Combretum elaeagnoides Klotzsch
- Combretum elegans Camb.
- Combretum engleri Schinz
- Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. – River Bushwillow, muvuvhu (Venda)
- Combretum extensum
- Combretum flagrocarpum
- Combretum fragrans F.Hoffm.
- Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz
- Combretum ghasalense
- Combretum grandiflorum
- Combretum gueinzii Sond.
- Combretum hereroense Schinz
|
- Combretum holstii Engl.
- Combretum imberbe – Leadwood Tree
- Combretum kraussii Hochst.
- Combretum latifolium
- Combretum lanceolatum Pohl.
- Combretum laxum
- Combretum leprosum Mart.
- Combretum llewelynii
- Combretum micranthum – Kinkeliba
- Combretum microphyllum
- Combretum moggii Exell
- Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don
- Combretum monetaria Mart.
- Combretum mossambicense
- Combretum nelsonii Duemmer
- Combretum obovatum F.Hoffm.
- Combretum ovalifolium
- Combretum padoides – Thicket Bushwillow
- Combretum paniculatum Vent. (= C. microphyllum)
- Combretum petrophilum Retief
- Combretum pisoniiflorum (Klotzsch) Engl.
- Combretum platypterum
- Combretum psidioides Welw.
- Combretum psidioides ssp. dinteri (Schinz) Engl.
- Combretum psidioides ssp. psidioides
- Combretum quadrangulare
- Combretum racemosum
- Combretum rupicola
- Combretum schumannii Engl.
- Combretum trifoliatum
- Combretum vendae Van Wyk
- Combretum wattii Exell
- Combretum woodii Duemmer
- Combretum zeyheri Sond.
|
References[edit source | edit]
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2012. Kunene River. Topic ed. P.Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
- ^ Carthew, S (1997). "Non-flying mammals as pollinators". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12 (3): 104–108. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(96)10067-7. ISSN 01695347.
- ^ "Combretastatin A4 Phosphate in Treating Patients With Advanced Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer". clinicaltrials.gov.
English Journal
- In vitro antimicrobial activity of Combretum molle (Combretaceae) against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from crossbred dairy cows with clinical mastitis.
- Regassa F, Araya M.SourceSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, POB 34, Ethiopia, regassaf@yahoo.com.
- Tropical animal health and production.Trop Anim Health Prod.2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
- Following the rapidly expanding dairy enterprise, mastitis has remained the most economically damaging disease. The objective of this study was mainly to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of Combretum molle (R.Br.Ex.G.Don) Engl & Diels (Combretaceae) against a
- PMID 22207479
- Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants used in Côte d'Ivoire for treating parasitic diseases.
- Koné WM, Vargas M, Keiser J.SourceUFR des Sciences de la Nature, Université d'Abobo-Adjamé, BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Parasitology research.Parasitol Res.2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print]
- Natural products play an important role in the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals. In the present study, we assessed the anthelmintic properties of medicinal plants used in Cote d'Ivoire. Ethanolic extracts from 50 medicinal plants were tested in vitro against trematodes (Echinostoma c
- PMID 22200959
Japanese Journal
- ナミビア北西部,モパネサバンナの植生に与えるシロアリ塚の影響 (特集 研究と実務を架橋する実践的地域研究)
- 山科 千里
- アジア・アフリカ地域研究 (10-2), 123-143, 2010
- … The compositionof tree species on the mounds reflected the composition in the surrounding vegetation,but Combretum spp. …
- NAID 120002949770
- Hypoglycaemic effect of mollic acid glucoside, a 1α-hydroxycycloartenoid saponin extractive from Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don (Combretaceae) leaf, in rodents
- OJEWOLE John A. O.,ADEWOLE Stephen O.
- Journal of natural medicines 63(2), 117-123, 2009-05-20
- NAID 10025825855
- Screening of Natural Medicines Used in Vietnam for Trypanocidal Activity against Epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi
- Kiuchi Fumiyuki,Matsuo Kenji,Itano Yoshiaki,Ito Michiho,Honda Gisho,Qui Tran Kim,Nakajima-Shimada Junko,Aoki Takashi
- 生薬學雜誌 56(2), 64-68, 2002-04-20
- … Strong trypanocidal activity was found in the acetone extracts of 7 natural medicines, i.e. chan bau (Combretum quadrangulare), kho sam bac (Sophora flavescens), bay la mot hoa (Paris polyphylla), cao luong khuong (Alpinia galanga), hoac huong (Pogostemon cablin), man kinh tu (Vitex trifolia), thach hoc (Dendrobium nobile). …
- NAID 110008732172
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