イガラムシ上科

関: Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

WordNet

scale insects and mealybugs (同)superfamily Coccoidea
plant bugs; bedbugs; some true bugs; also includes suborders Heteroptera (true bugs) and Homoptera (e.g., aphids, plant lice and cicadas) (同)order Hemiptera
small leaping insect that sucks the juices of plants
minute insect that feeds on plant juices; related to scale insects

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ヨコバイ(植物の液汁を吸う害虫)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/19 12:38:47」(JST)

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The scale insects are small insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 species of scale insects.

Ecology

Most scale insects are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system. A few species feed on fungal mats and fungi, e.g., some species in the genus Newsteadia in the family Ortheziidae. Scale insects vary dramatically in their appearance from very small organisms (1–2 mm) that occur under wax covers (some look like oyster shells), to shiny pearl-like objects (about 5 mm), to creatures covered with mealy wax. Adult female scales are almost always immobile (aside from mealybugs) and permanently attached to the plant they have parasitized. They secrete a waxy coating for defense; this coating causes them to resemble reptilian scales or fish scales, hence the name.

Scale insects feed on a wide variety of plants, and many scale species are considered pests. Some types are economically valuable, such as the cochineal, Polish cochineal and lac scales. Scale insects' waxy covering makes them quite resistant to pesticides, which are only effective against the first-instar nymph crawler stage. However, scales are often controlled with horticultural oils, which suffocate them, or through biological control.

Some scale insects species evolved symbiotically with some ant species.^[3]

Description

Scale insects show very great sexual dimorphism. Female scale insects, unusually for Hemiptera, retain the immature external morphology at sexual maturity (neoteny). Adult males can have wings but never feed and die within a day or two. Male scale insects may or may not have wings, depending on their species. Species in which males do have wings are unusual among insects, in that they generally possess only one pair of fully functional wings. In this they resemble true flies (Diptera). However, their tail filaments do not resemble anything in the morphology of flies. Their hind (metathoracic) wings are reduced, commonly to the point that they generally are overlooked. In some species the hind wings have hamuli, hooklets, that couple the hind wings to the main wings, which usually is a condition associated with the Hymenoptera. The vestigial wings often are reduced to the point where they are referred to as halteres or pseudohalteres.^[4] It is not at present clear to what extent the pseudohalteres have any substantial control function to match the true halteres of the flies.

The first instars of most species of scale insects emerge from the egg with functional legs and are informally called "crawlers". They immediately crawl around in search of a favourable spot to settle down and feed. In some species they delay settling down either until they are starving, or until they have been blown away by wind onto what presumably is another plant, where they may establish a colony separate from the parent. There are many variations on such themes, such as scale insects that are associated with species of ants that act as herders and carry the young ones to favourable protected sites to feed. In either case, many such species of crawlers, when they change their skins, lose the use of their legs if they are female, and stay put for life. Only the males retain their legs and use them in seeking females or mating.^[5]

The specifics of their reproductive systems vary considerably within the group, including hermaphroditism and at least seven forms of parthenogenesis.

Systematics

The main families of scale insects are:

Margarodidae – cottony cushion scales, giant coccids and ground pearls
Diaspididae – armored scales
Dactylopiidae – cochineal
Kerriidae – lac scales
Coccidae – soft scales
Asterolecaniidae – pit scales
Pseudococcidae – mealybugs
Eriococcidae – felted scales

A number of other families are known only from fossils, including Arnoldidae, Electrococcidae, Grimaldiellidae, Grohnidae, Hammanococcidae, Inkaidae, Jersicoccidae, Kukaspididae, Labiococcidae, Lebanococcidae, Lithuanicoccidae, Pennygullaniidae, Serafinidae and Weitschatidae.

References

^ Johnson, Christine; Agosti, Donat; Delabie, Jacques H.; Dumpert, Klaus; Williams, D. J.; Tschirnhaus, Michael VON; Maschwitz, Ulrich (2001). "Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis". American Museum Novitates 335: 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082.
^ "Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109195.
^ Itino, Takao; Murase, Kaori; Sato, Yumiko; Inamori, Keita; Itioka, Takao; Quek, Swee-Peck; Ueda, Shouhei (2008). "An ancient tripartite symbiosis of plants, ants and scale insects". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1649): 2319–26. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0573. JSTOR 25249807. PMC 2603224. PMID 18611850. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603224/.
^ Scholtz, C. H. (1985). Insects of southern Africa. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-10487-6.^{[page needed]}
^ Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.^{[page needed]}

External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Coccoidea

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Coccoidea

ScaleNet homepage
Cottony cushion scale: the pest that launched a pest control revolution
Diaspididae of the World
Scale Insect Forum
Scales of southeastern U.S. woody ornamentals

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website:

Ceroplastes rubens, red wax scale
Ceroplastes rusci, fig wax scale
Coccus viridia, green scale
Eucalymnatus tessellatus, tessellated scale
Phoenicoccus marlatti, red date scale

English Journal

Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of the alimentary canal in Japanese wax scale (Ceroplastes japonicus Green).

Xie Y, Liu W, Zhang Y, Xiong Q, Xue J, Zhang X.SourceCollege of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
Micron (Oxford, England : 1993).Micron.2011 Dec;42(8):898-904. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
The morphology and ultrastructure of the alimentary canal in the adult female of the Japanese wax scale, Ceroplastes japonicus Green (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), was investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that t
PMID 21752658

Oral activity of FMRFamide-related peptides on the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and degradation by enzymes from the aphid gut.

Down RE, Matthews HJ, Audsley N.AbstractInsect myosuppressins and myosuppressin analogues were tested for oral toxicity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) by incorporation into an artificial diet. Acyrthosiphon pisum myosuppressin (Acypi-MS) and leucomyosuppressin (LMS) had significant dose-dependent effects (0.1-0.5μg peptide/μl diet) on feeding suppression, mortality, reduced growth and fecundity compared with control insects, but Acypi-MS was more potent than LMS. One hundred percent of aphids had died after 10days of feeding on 0.5μg Acypi-MS/μl diet whereas 40% of aphids feeding on 0.5μg LMS/μl diet were still alive after 13days. Myosuppressins were degraded by aphid gut enzymes; degradation was most likely due to a carboxypeptidase-like protease, an aminopeptidase and a cathepsin L cysteine protease. The estimated half-life of Acypi-MS in a gut extract was 30min, whereas LMS was degraded more slowly (t?=54min). No toxicity was observed when the analogues δR(9) LMS and citrolline(9) Acypi-MS or FMRFamide were fed to the pea aphid. These findings not only help to better understand the biological effects of myosuppressins in aphids but also demonstrate the potential use of myosuppressins in a strategy to control aphid pests.
Regulatory peptides.Regul Pept.2011 Nov 10;171(1-3):11-8. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
Insect myosuppressins and myosuppressin analogues were tested for oral toxicity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) by incorporation into an artificial diet. Acyrthosiphon pisum myosuppressin (Acypi-MS) and leucomyosuppressin (LMS) had significant dose-dependent effects (0.1-0.5μg pe
PMID 21704083

Japanese Journal

The yabunikkei complex and some other species of aulacaspis occurring on Lauraceae (Stemorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).

Insecta matsumurana. Series entomology. New series : journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University 70, 89-151, 2014-10
NAID 120005496529

島根県出雲市宍道湖グリーンパークで採集されたカイガラムシ類

ホシザキグリーン財団研究報告 (17), 327-333, 2014-03
NAID 40020083895

Some species of Aulacaspis related to mangrove-associated Australian species (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)

Insecta matsumurana. Series entomology. New series : journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University 69, 41-95, 2013-10
NAID 120005348207

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Hemiptera」「カイガラムシ上科」「Cicadelloidea」「Psylloidea」「Fulgoroidea」

「Hemiptera」

Scale insect; Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous–recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Female cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi, Monophlebidae) with young crawlers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily:	Coccoidea; Handlirsch, 1903
Families
	Aclerdidae; Asterolecaniidae; Beesoniidae; Carayonemidae; Cerococcidae; Coccidae; Conchaspididae; Dactylopiidae; Diaspididae; Eriococcidae; Halimococcidae; Kermesidae; Kerriidae; Lecanodiaspididae; Margarodidae; Micrococcidae; Monophlebidae; Ortheziidae; Phenacoleachiidae; Phoenicococcidae; Pseudococcidae; Putoidae; Stictococcidae

　　[★]

半翅類、カメムシ類、半翅目、カメムシ目

関: Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

「カイガラムシ上科」

　　[★]

ラ: Coccoidea
関: カイガラムシ、半翅目、オオヨコバイ上科、セミ上科、ハゴロモ上科、キジラミ上科、コナジラミ類、ヨコバイ

「Cicadelloidea」

　　[★]

オオヨコバイ上科

オヨコバイ上科

関: Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

「Psylloidea」

　　[★]

キジラミ上科

ジラミ上科

関: Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Fulgoroidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、scale insect、whitefly

「Fulgoroidea」

　　[★]

ハゴロモ上科

ゴロモ上科

関: Cicadelloidea、Cicadoidea、Coccoidea、Hemiptera、leafhopper、Psylloidea、scale insect、whitefly

[johnsonetal1995-1] Johnson, Christine; Agosti, Donat; Delabie, Jacques H.; Dumpert, Klaus; Williams, D. J.; Tschirnhaus, Michael VON; Maschwitz, Ulrich (2001). "Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis". American Museum Novitates 335: 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082.

[2] "Coccoidea Handlirsch, 1903". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109195.

[3] Itino, Takao; Murase, Kaori; Sato, Yumiko; Inamori, Keita; Itioka, Takao; Quek, Swee-Peck; Ueda, Shouhei (2008). "An ancient tripartite symbiosis of plants, ants and scale insects". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1649): 2319–26. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0573. JSTOR 25249807. PMC 2603224. PMID 18611850. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603224/.

[isbn0-409-10487-6-4] Scholtz, C. H. (1985). Insects of southern Africa. London: Butterworths. ISBN 0-409-10487-6.^{[page needed]}

[isbn0-412-61390-5-5] Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.^{[page needed]}

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案内

案内

Coccoidea