出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/01/04 11:40:25」(JST)
「シカゴ」のその他の用法については「シカゴ (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
シカゴ市 City of Chicago |
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上から: ダウンタウン、ウィリス・タワー、シカゴ・シアター、シカゴ・L、ネイビー・ピア、フィールド自然史博物館、ミレニアム・パーク |
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愛称 : Windy City(風の街)、Chitown(シャイタウン)、CHI | |||||
標語 : "Urbs In Horto"(庭園の街)、"I Will" | |||||
位置 | |||||
シカゴ市の位置(イリノイ州) |
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座標 : 北緯41度54分 西経87度39分 / 北緯41.900度 西経87.650度 / 41.900; -87.650 | |||||
歴史 | |||||
設立 | 1837年3月4日 | ||||
行政 | |||||
国 | アメリカ合衆国 | ||||
州 | イリノイ州 | ||||
郡 | クック郡 | ||||
市 | シカゴ市 | ||||
市長 | ラーム・エマニュエル (民主党) |
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地理 | |||||
面積 | |||||
市域 | 606.2 km2 (234.0 mi2) | ||||
陸上 | 588.3 km2 (227.1 mi2) | ||||
水面 | 17.9 km2 (6.9 mi2) | ||||
水面面積比率 | 3.0% | ||||
市街地 | 5,498 km2 (2,122.8 mi2) | ||||
都市圏 | 28,160 km2 (10,874 mi2) | ||||
標高 | 179 m (587 ft) | ||||
人口 | |||||
人口 | (2010年現在) | ||||
市域 | 2,695,598人 | ||||
人口密度 | 4,447.4人/km2(11,864.4人/mi2) | ||||
市街地 | 8,711,000人 | ||||
都市圏 | 9,461,105人 | ||||
その他 | |||||
等時帯 | 中部標準時 (UTC-6) | ||||
夏時間 | 中部夏時間 (UTC-5) | ||||
公式ウェブサイト : www.cityofchicago.org |
シカゴ(英: Chicago)は、アメリカ合衆国イリノイ州にある都市。同州最大の都市であり、国内では、ニューヨーク、ロサンゼルスに次ぐ人口を持つ。
シカゴはクック郡内にあり、同郡の郡庁所在地である。同郡には他にアーリントンハイツなどが含まれる。2012年の人口は271万人。
19世紀後半から20世紀中盤まで、アメリカ国内における鉄道・航空・海運の拠点として、また五大湖工業地帯の中心として発展し、ニューヨークに次ぐアメリカ第2の都市となっていた歴史を持つ。摩天楼がそびえ立つアメリカ型都市の発祥とされ、ダウンタウンの高層建築は、シカゴ派として知られ、近代建築史における重要局面をなした。1973年に建てられたシアーズ・タワー(現在はウィリス・タワーに改称)は、1998年まで世界一の高層建築であった。マコーミック・プレイスコンプレックスは、北米最大のコンベンション・センターであり、オヘア空港は全米有数の過密な空港として知られる。
2014年、アメリカのシンクタンクが公表したビジネス・人材・文化・政治などを対象とした総合的な世界都市ランキングにおいて、ニューヨーク、ロンドン、パリ、東京、香港、ロサンゼルスに次ぐ、世界7位の都市と評価されている[1]。ダウ・ジョーンズらの2014年の調査によると、世界10位の金融センターと評価されており、北米ではニューヨークに次ぐ第2位[2]。2012年の都市の経済規模(GDP)では、世界8位となっている[2]。
日本語の漢字表記は「市俄古」。また、シカゴに住む人々は「Chicagoans(シカゴアンズ)」と呼ばれている[3]。
シカゴは、ニューヨークが対西欧から国際都市、ロサンゼルスが対中米、アジアへの交易窓口として発展したのに対し、古くから内陸交通の要衝として発展し、アメリカの産業、文化の発展と共に都市形成が行われてきた経緯がある。
シカゴのあるイリノイ川河口地点は、古くからインディアン部族の交易の場として機能していた。一番古い記録では1673年にフランス人伝道師が訪れている。「シカゴ」の語源はShikaakwaと言われており、この地に先住するアルゴンキン語族インディアンの言葉で「臭いタマネギ」という意味で、おそらく河口付近にタマネギが自生していた地であったためだとされている。
1779年にドミニカの毛皮商が入植、1803年には軍事拠点としてディアボーン砦(英語版)が作られるとともに開拓が進み、1833年には人口200人程度だった[4][5]。1836年に始まったミシガン湖とミシシッピー川を結ぶ運河建設を発端に、土地投機家が大挙して押し寄せ、一大開発都市に発展する基盤が築かれた。1837年に市に昇格すると人口は急増し、翌年にはガリーナ・アンド・シカゴ・ユニオン鉄道(英語版)が開通、以後交通の要衝として大発展を遂げる。その後、1848年にはイリノイ・ミシガン運河が開通、1852年にはイリノイ・セントラル鉄道が開通し、内陸交通の要としての地位を更に高めた。その頃の主要産業は農業で、シカゴはとりわけ小麦を東部の都市に送り出す穀物の集散地として発展、1848年には世界有数の先物商品取引所であるシカゴ商品取引所(Chicago Board of Trade、CBOT)が作られた。また、畜産業も発達し、1855年には収容頭数が当時最大のユニオン・ストック・ヤード(英語版)が設けられた。一方で、優秀な鉄鉱床が点在していたために鉱業も発展し、1860年には人口6万人に増大し、セントルイスやシンシナティを追い越し、西部最大の都市になった。同年の大統領選挙ではシカゴを地盤とするリンカーン候補(共和党)が当選し、初めて政治でも主導権を握ると、翌年から南北戦争(1861年-1865年)を開始した。このころには30万都市となっていた[5]。
1871年にはシカゴ大火によって甚大な被害を受けた。一説によればオリアリー夫人が飼っていた牛がランプを倒して大火災になり、炎が燃え尽きるころには街は廃墟になり、ほとんどの公共建築が焼け落ちた。しかし、現在はギャラリーや公式観光案内所になっているシカゴ・ウォーター・タワーは唯一焼け落ちずに残った公共建築物である。被害額は当時にして約2億ドル、家を失った人は10万人に上ったという。しかし、この焼失はシカゴの計画都市化、新都市計画の幕開けになった。被災後、市は木造住宅を禁止し、煉瓦、石造、鉄製を推奨した。そのためシカゴは建築家たちの格好の市場となり、1885年にホーム・インシュアランス・ビル、1887年にタマコビルディングが竣工、建築におけるシカゴ派による摩天楼設立ラッシュの先駆となった。このダウンタウン形成時に、その観察に努めた社会学者が膨大な記述を行った。社会学におけるいわゆるシカゴ学派の始まりである。
1873年に始まった大不況 (1873年-1896年)では、1886年5月に合衆国カナダ職能労働組合連盟が統一ストライキを行なったが、ヘイマーケット事件が起こり、1889年に第二インターナショナルが国際労働運動のためのメーデーをパリで制定すると、1890年にメーデーをシカゴで実行した[6] 。
コロンブスの新大陸「発見」400周年を記念して開かれた1893年のシカゴ万国博覧会では、ウェスチングハウスの交流電源による実演など、ヨーロッパをついに凌いだアメリカの工業力と先進性を誇示する技術が多数披露され、白を基調とした建物群から「ホワイト・シティ」と呼ばれた壮大な万博会場を造り上げ、国際的な地位を高めるとともに文化都市として脚光を浴び成功を収めた。それと同時にオーケストラホール、図書館、博物館、公園などの文化施設の建設ラッシュとなった。1882年から1905年にかけて電力産業が乱立すると、1912年にサミュエル・インサル(英語版)の提唱で公益事業の価格統制制度が導入され、低料金の電気が普及した。人口は1900年に170万人に達し、ニューヨークに次ぐアメリカ第二の大都市になった[5]。
しかし、それらはいわゆる富裕層によって生み出された文化であり、肥大する経済発展とは裏腹に新たな社会問題も生まれた。それが貧富の差の拡大で、20世紀に入るとウェストサイドでスラム化が進行した。またかつて奴隷として、アメリカ建国時に農業などの労働を担っていたアフリカ系アメリカ人が、1914年から1950年にかけてアメリカ南部から次々に移入した(アフリカ系アメリカ人の大移動)。彼らは法律上・表面的には奴隷の身分を解かれてシカゴにやって来たが、人種差別などから低賃金重労働以外に就くことはほぼ不可能であり、新天地での生活も相変わらず苦しいものだった。暴動は日常茶飯事となり、とりわけ1919年の暴動(英語版)は過去最悪となった。更に腐敗政治の蔓延などで市街は無法地帯となり、その時多くの住人が市街地を去った。
1927年の市長選挙でウィリアム・ヘイル・トンプソンが勝利すると、トンプソンはシセロにあるナイトクラブの常連となってギャング(シカゴ・アウトフィット)と癒着し、アル・カポネが裏社会を支配した。1929年の世界恐慌の影響で、市の財政も大幅な赤字となつた。同年、聖バレンタインデーの虐殺を契機に、トニー・アッカルドやサム・ジアンカーナ等、1940年代から1960年代の次世代を担うギャングが台頭した。トンプソン政権は、1931年市長選で敗北するまで続いた。
1920年にも建築ラッシュは続き、トリビューン・タワー(英語版)やリグリー・ビル(英語版)、戦後には世界一の高さを誇っていたシアーズ・タワー(現ウィリス・タワー)などが建設され、今日に見るようなダウンタウンが形成されていった。シカゴ学派第三世代の中でもルイス・ワースはシカゴのマイノリティグループの社会層とセグリゲーションについて記述し(アーバニズム[7])、そこから旧市街地、工業地、新興住宅地と同心円状に都市が形成されるモデルを打ち立てたことで有名である[8]。
1950年から1970年にかけてその職にあった民主党のリチャード・J・デイリー(英語版)市長は、様々な有力者の支持を受け、市街地の再開発と治安の改善、賃金格差の是正などに努め、市政を建て直した。ニューヨークやボストンなどが経済発展に陰りが見え始めた頃に、シカゴは比較的堅調な経済情勢を維持できたのも、この市長の善政のおかげだったといわれている。
シカゴの人口は、1950年に362万人となり最高を記録した。以後、周辺部を含めた都市圏の人口は現在まで増加傾向が続いているが、市域内の人口は伸び悩む傾向が続き、市域人口は1980年代前半にロサンゼルスに抜かれている。これは五大湖近辺の市街地老朽化と製造業の衰退によるものと見られており、また、西海岸諸都市の経済発展を受けて、アメリカ国内におけるシカゴの経済的地位は、20世紀半ばまでの時期に比べて、相対的に減じている。ただし近郊では、半導体・電子機器・輸送機械などの産業が発展し、シカゴは現在もアメリカにおける商業・金融・流通の重要拠点の一つとしての地位を保っている。
シカゴはミシガン湖の南西部先端であるイリノイ州北東部に位置している。アメリカ合衆国統計局によると、シカゴは総面積606.1km²(234.0mi²)である。このうち588.3km²(227.1mi²)は陸地で17.8km²(6.9 mi²)は水地域である。総面積の2.94%は水地域となっている。
ケッペンの気候区分では亜寒帯湿潤気候(Dfa)に属する。冬季は厳しい寒さとなるが、さほど降雪は多くない。一方、夏季は温暖な南西風の影響でかなりの暑さとなり、気温の年較差が大きい大陸性気候となっている。
シカゴは英語で「風の街」(Windy City)と呼ばれ、ミシガン湖から季節風が吹き付ける。なお、「風の街」という表現は風の強さからきているとの考えが一般に受け入れられているが、実際はそうではない。そもそもオクラホマシティの方が、より風が強いぐらいである。「風の街」の由来は、1892年万国博覧会の候補地としてニューヨークとシカゴが争ったとき、ニューヨークのある雑誌がシカゴ市民を「Chicagoans' talk is full of hot air. 」と評したことである。これを直訳すると「シカゴ市民の話は風に満ちていた」だが、そのこころは「シカゴ市民の話は中身のない言葉だけ」、である。つまり上記の英文はシカゴおよびシカゴ市民を馬鹿にした発言である。このことが本来の由来を離れて使用されるに至った。なお、1892年の万博は結局シカゴで開催され、それまでの万博で最大の規模となった。
シカゴ・ミッドウェー国際空港(1981–2010年、極値1928年- )の気候 | |||||||||||||
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月 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 年 |
最高気温記録 °C (°F) | 19 (67) |
24 (75) |
30 (86) |
33 (92) |
39 (102) |
42 (107) |
43 (109) |
39 (102) |
38 (101) |
34 (94) |
27 (81) |
22 (72) |
43 (109) |
平均最高気温 °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
2.1 (35.8) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29 (84.2) |
27.8 (82.1) |
24.1 (75.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
1.8 (35.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
日平均気温 °C (°F) | −4 (24.8) |
−1.8 (28.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
16.1 (60.9) |
21.7 (71.0) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.3 (54.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−1.7 (29.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
平均最低気温 °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.2) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19 (66.2) |
14.2 (57.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−5.2 (22.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
最低気温記録 °C (°F) | −32 (−25) |
−29 (−20) |
−22 (−7) |
−12 (10) |
−2 (28) |
2 (35) |
8 (46) |
6 (43) |
1 (34) |
−7 (20) |
−19 (−3) |
−29 (−20) |
−32 (−25) |
降水量 mm (inch) | 52.3 (2.06) |
49.3 (1.94) |
69.1 (2.72) |
92.5 (3.64) |
104.9 (4.13) |
103.1 (4.06) |
101.9 (4.01) |
101.3 (3.99) |
84.1 (3.31) |
82.3 (3.24) |
86.9 (3.42) |
65.3 (2.57) |
992.9 (39.09) |
降雪量 cm (inch) | 29.2 (11.5) |
23.1 (9.1) |
13.7 (5.4) |
2.5 (1.0) |
— | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.3 (0.1) |
3.3 (1.3) |
22.1 (8.7) |
94.2 (37.1) |
平均降水日数 (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.7 | 8.8 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 123.1 |
平均降雪日数 (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.1 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 6.7 | 26.7 |
出典: NOAA,[9][10][11] WRCC[12] |
シカゴ・オヘア国際空港(1981–2010年、極値1871年–)の気候 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
月 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 年 |
最高気温記録 °C (°F) | 19 (67) |
24 (75) |
31 (88) |
33 (91) |
37 (98) |
40 (104) |
41 (105) |
39 (102) |
38 (101) |
34 (94) |
27 (81) |
22 (71) |
41 (105) |
平均最高気温 °C (°F) | −0.6 (31.0) |
1.8 (35.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
15 (59.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.9 (84.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
16.8 (62.3) |
9 (48.2) |
1.6 (34.8) |
15.1 (59.1) |
日平均気温 °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.8) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
3.3 (37.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
15.1 (59.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.3 (74.0) |
22.4 (72.4) |
18.1 (64.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
平均最低気温 °C (°F) | −8.6 (16.5) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−1.6 (29.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.1 (48.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.2 (62.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6 (42.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
最低気温記録 °C (°F) | −33 (−27) |
−29 (−21) |
−24 (−12) |
−14 (7) |
−3 (27) |
2 (35) |
7 (45) |
6 (42) |
−2 (29) |
−10 (14) |
−19 (−2) |
−32 (−25) |
−33 (−27) |
降水量 mm (inch) | 43.9 (1.73) |
45.5 (1.79) |
63.5 (2.50) |
85.9 (3.38) |
93.5 (3.68) |
87.6 (3.45) |
94 (3.70) |
124.5 (4.90) |
81.5 (3.21) |
80 (3.15) |
80 (3.15) |
57.2 (2.25) |
937 (36.89) |
降雪量 cm (inch) | 27.4 (10.8) |
23.1 (9.1) |
14.2 (5.6) |
3 (1.2) |
— | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
3 (1.2) |
20.8 (8.2) |
92.2 (36.3) |
平均降水日数 (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.5 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 8.3 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 124.1 |
平均降雪日数 (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.2 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 28.0 |
% 湿度 | 72.2 | 71.6 | 69.7 | 64.9 | 64.1 | 65.6 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 71.1 | 68.6 | 72.5 | 75.5 | 69.6 |
平均月間日照時間 | 135.8 | 136.2 | 187.0 | 215.3 | 281.9 | 311.4 | 318.4 | 283.0 | 226.6 | 193.2 | 113.3 | 106.3 | 2,508.4 |
日照率 | 46 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 62 | 68 | 69 | 66 | 60 | 56 | 38 | 37 | 56 |
出典: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[10][13][14] |
人口推移 | |||
---|---|---|---|
年 | 人口 | %± | |
1840 | 4,470 |
|
|
1850 | 29,963 | 570.3% | |
1860 | 112,172 | 274.4% | |
1870 | 298,977 | 166.5% | |
1880 | 503,185 | 68.3% | |
1890 | 1,099,850 | 118.6% | |
1900 | 1,698,575 | 54.4% | |
1910 | 2,185,283 | 28.7% | |
1920 | 2,701,705 | 23.6% | |
1930 | 3,376,438 | 25.0% | |
1940 | 3,396,808 | 0.6% | |
1950 | 3,620,962 | 6.6% | |
1960 | 3,550,404 | −1.9% | |
1970 | 3,366,957 | −5.2% | |
1980 | 3,005,072 | −10.7% | |
1990 | 2,783,726 | −7.4% | |
2000 | 2,896,016 | 4.0% | |
2010 | 2,695,598 | −6.9% | |
2012(推計) | 2,714,856 | 0.7% | |
[15] |
人種構成 | 2010[16] | 1990[16] | 1970[16] | 1940[16] |
---|---|---|---|---|
白人 | 45.0% | 45.4% | 65.6% | 91.7% |
—非ヒスパニック | 31.7% | 37.9% | 59.0%[17] | 91.2% |
黒人 | 32.9% | 39.1% | 32.7% | 8.2% |
ヒスパニック (肌の色問わず) | 28.9% | 19.6% | 7.4%[17] | 0.5% |
アジアン | 5.5% | 3.7% | 0.9% | 0.1% |
2010年現在の国勢調査[18]で、シカゴ市内の人口は269万5,598人、104万5,560世帯が暮らしている。これはイリノイ州の全体的な人口の約5分の1及びアメリカの人口の1%になる。かつてはニューヨークに次ぐ大都市だったが、ロサンゼルスの台頭と五大湖近辺の地位低下、更に都市圏の拡大による郊外化、サブプライムローン金融危機に伴う抵当物件差押えの増加や、低所得者向け高層公共住宅の取り壊しとそれに伴う住民の立ち退き、全米平均を上回る高い失業率を背景に人口が急減している。
この都市の人種的な構成は白人45.0%、アフリカン・アメリカン32.9%、インディアン0.5%、アジア5.5%、その他の人種13.4%、および混血2.7%であり、黒人の比率が全米平均の12.6%より20%以上も高いのが特徴である。この人口の28.9%はヒスパニックまたはラテン系である。2011年の国勢調査によると、シカゴの白人住民のうちもっとも多いのがアイルランド系であり、ドイツ系、ポーランド系がそれに続く。
この都市内の住民は26.2%が18歳未満の未成年、18歳以上24歳以下が11.2%、25歳以上44歳以下が33.4%、45歳以上64歳以下が18.9%、及び65歳以上が10.3%にわたっている。中央値年齢は32歳である。女性100人ごとに対して男性は94.2人である。18歳以上の女性100人ごとに対して男性は91.1人である。
この都市の世帯ごとの平均的な収入は38,625米ドルであり、家族ごとの平均的な収入は42,724米ドルである。男性は35,907米ドルに対して女性は30,536米ドルの平均的な収入がある。この都市の一人当たりの収入(per capita income)は20,175米ドルである。人口の19.6%および家族の16.6%は貧困線以下である。全人口のうち18歳未満の28.1%および65歳以上の15.5%は貧困線以下の生活を送っている。
Chicago | |
犯罪発生率 (2010) | |
犯罪の種類 | 発生率* |
---|---|
殺人: | 15.2 |
強姦: | N/A |
強盗: | 501.6 |
加重暴行: | 485.5 |
暴行: | N/A |
住居侵入窃盗: | 924.7 |
窃盗: | 2,638.4 |
自動車盗: | 673.3 |
放火: | N/A |
資産犯罪: | 4,236.4 |
備考
|
|
出展: FBI 2010 UCR data |
1970年代は犯罪発生率が高く、970人が殺害され、殺人発生率は10万人あたり29人であった。近年は人口減少と共に殺人も減少傾向にあったが、2012年には前年よりも有意な増加が見られ、発生率は10万人あたり18.5人で、全米平均の4倍近くとなっており、506人が殺害されている。そのため、警官の増員や地元代表らとの連携がなされ、2013年には殺人被害者数が415人まで下がったものの、暴力行為は依然多く、発砲事件だけでも2013年の負傷者の数は2,185人にのぼった[19]。
シカゴの文化は富裕層らが築いた文化(美術館や博物館、公園、または時代の最先端を走った摩天楼に象徴される建築など)と、貧困層が築いた文化(ブルースやジャズ、ハウス、シカゴ文学と呼ばれる一種のプロレタリア文学など)に大別されるが、一般に象徴されるのは後者である。
クラシック音楽では、全米「五大オーケストラ」(Big Five Orchestras)の一つとされるシカゴ交響楽団[20]がある。また、アフリカ系アメリカ人らが築き上げた音楽文化、ブルースやジャズのメッカとして名高い。アメリカ南部のミシシッピ川流域で発生したアコースティックなデルタ・ブルースにエレクトリック・ギターなどを導入してシカゴ・ブルースと呼ばれる音楽に発展させた。ジャズの分野では、1920年代にはルイ・アームストロング等多くのミュージシャンが、活動の拠点をニューオーリンズからシカゴに移した。1965年には、アフリカ系アメリカ人のジャズ・ミュージシャンたちがAACM(創造的音楽家のための協会)を設立し、音楽教育やコンサート活動などを行う。同協会からはアート・アンサンブル・オブ・シカゴが世界的成功を収めた。またそうした音楽的伝統の元に生まれたハウス音楽の発祥としても知られている。シカゴにあった「ウェアハウス」というアフロ・アメリカンやゲイなどを主な客層としたクラブの名前が「ハウス」という言葉の起源であり、シカゴ・ハウスは後にニューヨークでなど爛熟したハウス・ミュージックの原形ともされ、現在でもダンス音楽の世界ではシカゴを中心とするDJ達が重要な位置を占めている。現在ではシカゴ音響派と呼ばれるジャズ、ロック、ポップス、現代音楽が一緒になったようなそれまでにはない新しい音楽(ポストロックともいう)を追求する者も多くいる。
一方で、1920年代に蔓延したマフィアや暴力団(ギャング)も有名。時代を反映した映画「ブルースブラザーズ」「逃亡者」などの舞台にもなっている。またスタッフドピザ、(アイスクリーム)サンデー発祥の地でもある。
ピカソの彫像『無題(Untitled)』の置かれたデイリー・シビック・センター(Daley Civic Center)では、シカゴの提供により平日の正午にコンサートなどの様々な無料文化イベント「アンダー・ザ・ピカソ(Under The Picasso)」が行われ市民が集う。
聖パトリックの祝日にはシカゴ川がシンボルカラーの緑に染められる事で知られる。
1998年、シカゴは3つの主要な博物館(フィールド自然史博物館、シェッド水族館、アドラー・プラネタリウム)に取り囲まれたレイクフロントパーク地域に、ミュージアム・キャンパスを公式に開設した。このミュージアム・キャンパスはグラント・パークの南部地区に設定された。グラントパークにはシカゴ美術館も所在している。
シカゴ地域の他の主要な博物館・ギャラリーは以下の通り。
シカゴのロウアー・ウェスト・サイド地区(en:Lower West Side, Chicago)は、チェコからの移民によって作られたコミュニティであり、シカゴ近辺の住民からはピルゼン地区(Pilsen)と通称される。ピルゼンとは、チェコの都市プルゼニの英語およびドイツ語名である。しかし1970年代以降、地区の主な住人はメキシコ系へと置き換わっていった。
シカゴは2つのプロ野球チーム(カブス、ホワイトソックス)、アメリカンフットボール(ベアーズ)、サッカー(ファイアー)、バスケットボール(ブルズ、WNBAスカイ)、及びプロホッケー(ブラックホークス)を有する、アメリカ国内で数少ない都市の一つである。加えて、マイナーリーグ・ホッケーチーム(ウォルベス)の本拠地でもある。
チーム | 種別 | リーグ | 競技場 | 設立 | 優勝回数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
シカゴ・カブス | 野球 | MLB: ナショナルリーグ | リグレー・フィールド | 1876年 | ワールドシリーズ優勝2回 |
シカゴ・ホワイトソックス | 野球 | MLB: アメリカンリーグ | USセルラー・フィールド | 1900年 | ワールドシリーズ優勝3回 |
シカゴ・ベアーズ | フットボール | NFL | ソルジャー・フィールド | 1919年 | スーパーボウル優勝1回 |
シカゴ・ブラックホークス | アイスホッケー | NHL | ユナイテッド・センター | 1926年 | スタンレー・カップ優勝6回 |
シカゴ・ブルズ | バスケットボール | NBA | ユナイテッド・センター | 1966年 | NBA優勝6回 |
シカゴ・ファイアー | サッカー | MLS | トヨタパーク | 1997年 | MLSカップ優勝1回、USオープンカップ優勝4回、サポーターズシールド優勝1回 |
他
シカゴは多くの映画やドラマの舞台となっており、シカゴ内のある高層ホテルでは様々な映画やドラマを10回以上も撮影していることで知られている。
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、シカゴに関連するカテゴリがあります。 |
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Chicago, Illinois | |||
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City | |||
City of Chicago | |||
Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and the Willis Tower.
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Etymology: Miami-Illinois: shikaakwa ("wild onion" or "wild garlic") Potawatomi: Gaa-zhigaagwanzhikaag |
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Nickname(s): The "Windy City", Chi-Town, The "Second City", the City of Big Shoulders (for more, see full list) |
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Motto: Latin: Urbs in Horto (City in a Garden), I Will | |||
Location in Cook County and the state of Illinois. |
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Chicago
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Coordinates: 41°50′13″N 87°41′05″W / 41.83694°N 87.68472°W / 41.83694; -87.68472[1] | |||
Country | United States of America | ||
State | Illinois | ||
Counties | Cook and DuPage | ||
Settled | 1780s | ||
Incorporated (town) | August 12, 1833 | ||
Incorporated (city) | March 4, 1837 | ||
Named for | Miami-Illinois: shikaakwa (wild onion or wild garlic) |
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Government | |||
• Type | Mayor–council | ||
• Body | Chicago City Council | ||
• Mayor | Rahm Emanuel (D) | ||
• City Clerk | Susana A. Mendoza (D) | ||
• City Treasurer | Kurt Summers, Jr. (D) | ||
Area | |||
• City | 234.0 sq mi (606 km2) | ||
• Land | 227.3 sq mi (589 km2) | ||
• Water | 6.9 sq mi (18 km2) 3.0% | ||
• Urban | 2,122.8 sq mi (5,498 km2) | ||
• Metro | 10,874 sq mi (28,160 km2) | ||
Elevation[1](mean) | 594 ft (181 m) | ||
Highest elevation – near Blue Island |
672 ft (205 m) | ||
Lowest elevation – at Lake Michigan |
578 ft (176 m) | ||
Population (2010)[2] | |||
• City | 2,695,598 | ||
• Estimate (July 1, 2014[3]) | 2,722,389 | ||
• Rank | 3rd largest city in U.S. Largest in Illinois and in the Midwestern United States |
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• Density | 11,864.4/sq mi (4,447.4/km2) | ||
• Metro | 9,522,434 (3rd) | ||
Demonym(s) | Chicagoan | ||
Time zone | Central (UTC-6) | ||
• Summer (DST) | Central (UTC-5) | ||
ZIP Code Prefixes | 606xx, 607xx, 608xx | ||
Area codes | 312/872 and 773/872 | ||
FIPS code | 17-14000 | ||
GNIS feature ID | 0428803 | ||
Website | www |
Chicago (i/ʃɨˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɨˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the third most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the Midwest. The Chicago metropolitan area, often referred to as Chicagoland, has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S.[4] Chicago is the seat of Cook County.[a]
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed, and grew rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century.[7] The city is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation: O'Hare International Airport is the busiest airport in the world; it also has the largest number of U.S. highways and railroad freight.[8] In 2012, Chicago was listed as an alpha global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[9] and ranked seventh in the world in the 2014 Global Cities Index.[10] As of 2014[update], Chicago had the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States at US$610.5 billion.[11][12]
In 2014[update], Chicago had 50.2 million international and domestic visitors.[13] Chicago's culture includes the visual arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy, and music, particularly jazz, blues, soul, gospel[14] and house music. It also has professional sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. Chicago has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City.[15]
The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, translated by some sources as "wild leek" or "wild onion" or "wild garlic", from the Miami-Illinois language.[16][17][18][19] The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir.[20] Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called "chicagoua", grew abundantly in the area.[17] Other sources say place of the skunk.[21]
In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, who had taken the place of the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples.[22] The first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s.[23][24][25] He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."
In 1795, following the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the United States for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn and later rebuilt.[26] The Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833.[27][28][29]
On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.[29] Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales commenced with Edmund Dick Taylor as U.S. receiver of public moneys. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837 and for several decades was the fastest growing city in the world.[30]
As the site of the Chicago Portage,[31] the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal both opened in 1848. The canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River.[32][33][34][35]
A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy.[36] The Chicago Board of Trade (established 1848) listed the first ever standardized 'exchange traded' forward contracts, which were called futures contracts.[37]
In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.[38] These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for US President at the 1860 Republican National Convention. He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for the American Civil War.[39]
To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.[40] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade. While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the health of the city, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into the Chicago River, then into Lake Michigan, polluting the primary source of fresh water for the city. The city responded by tunneling two miles (3 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly built water cribs. In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal that connects to the Illinois River, which flows into the Mississippi River.[41][42][43]
In 1871, a Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area of about 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, a large section of the city at the time.[44][45][46] Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards, survived intact,[47] and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.[48][49] During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world's first skyscraper in 1885, using steel-skeleton construction.[50][51]
The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township, which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side.[52] The desire to join the city was driven by superior municipal services the city could provide its residents.
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States. Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage. Germans, Irish, Poles, Swedes and Czechs made up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).[53][54]
Labor conflicts followed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including the Haymarket affair on May 4, 1886. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams to co‑found Hull House in 1889.[55] Programs developed there became a model for the new field of social work.[56]
During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City, and later state laws, that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics of cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever were both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.[57]
The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago was Dr. John H. Rauch, M.D.. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[58]
In the 19th century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of 6 different downtown terminals.[59][60] In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones.[61] This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.
In 1893, Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition on former marshland at the present location of Jackson Park. The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influential world's fair in history.[62][63] The University of Chicago, formerly at another location moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects Washington and Jackson Parks.[64][65]
During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African-Americans from the Southern United States. Between 1910 and 1930, the African-American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.[66] This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago Black Renaissance, part of the New Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.[67] Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, also occurred.[68]
The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters, including Al Capone, Dion O'Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era.[69] Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.[70]
In 1924, Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization, the Society for Human Rights. This organization produced the first American publication for gays, Friendship and Freedom. Police and political pressure soon caused it to disband.[71]
In 1933, Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak was fatally wounded in Miami, Florida during a failed assassination attempt on President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting the Century of Progress International Exposition Worlds Fair.[72] The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.[73]
In March 1937, there was a violent strike by about 3,500 drivers for Checker and Yellow Cab Companies which included rioting that went on for weeks. The cab companies hired "strike breakers", and the cab drivers union hired "sluggers" who ragged through the downtown Chicago area looking for cabs and drivers not participating in the strike.[74]
On December 2, 1942, physicist Enrico Fermi conducted the world's first controlled nuclear reaction at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used in World War II in 1945.[75]
Mayor Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era of machine politics. Starting in the early 1960s due to blockbusting, many white residents, as in most American cities, left the city for the suburbs. Whole neighborhoods were completely changed based on race.[76] Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy losses of jobs for lower skilled workers. In 1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Albert Raby led the Chicago Freedom Movement, which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.[77]
Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, including full-scale riots, or in some cases police riots, in city streets.[78] Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago, McCormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.[79] In 1979, Jane Byrne, the city's first female mayor, was elected. She helped mitigate crime in the Cabrini-Green housing project and guide Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.[80]
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of the city of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.[81] Washington was succeeded by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.
Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development. After successfully standing for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.[82][83]
On February 23, 2011, former Illinois Congressman and White House Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel, won the mayoral election, beating five rivals with 55 percent of the vote,[84] and was sworn in as Mayor on May 16, 2011.
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region. Chicago rests on a continental divide at the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes watersheds. The city lies beside huge freshwater Lake Michigan, and two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow entirely or partially through Chicago.[85][86] Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's huge lake freighters use the city's Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect, moderating Chicago's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.[87]
When Chicago was founded in 1833, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.[88] The overall grade of the city's central, built-up areas, is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m) above sea level. The lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge of Blue Island in the city's far south side.[89]
The Chicago Loop is the central business district, but Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods. Lake Shore Drive runs adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's lakefront. Some of the parks along the waterfront include Lincoln Park, Grant Park, Burnham Park and Jackson Park. There are twenty-four public beaches across 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.[90] Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space for Navy Pier, Northerly Island, the Museum Campus, and large portions of the McCormick Place Convention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.
An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland". There is no precise definition for the term "Chicagoland", but it generally means the entire conurbation. The Chicago Tribune, which coined the term, includes the city of Chicago, the rest of Cook County, eight nearby Illinois counties: Lake, McHenry, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Grundy, Will and Kankakee, and three counties in Indiana: Lake, Porter and LaPorte.[91] The Illinois Department of Tourism defines Chicagoland as Cook County without the city of Chicago, and only Lake, DuPage, Kane and Will counties.[92] The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce defines it as all of Cook and DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will counties.[93]
Major sections of the city include the central business district, called The Loop, and the North, the South, and West Sides.[94] The three sides of the city are represented on the Flag of Chicago by three horizontal white stripes.[95] The North Side is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.[96] The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains the University of Chicago and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago.[97]
In the late 1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinct community areas, which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally defined neighborhoods.[98][99]
Chicago's streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city's original townsite plat. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction (about one street per 201 meters by two in the other direction). The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed.[100]
Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass and/or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself.[citation needed] This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago's Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world.[101] Other famous streets include North Michigan Avenue, North State Street, Clark, and Belmont Avenue. The City Beautiful movement inspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.
The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era,[51] which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.[102] Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and most dense.[103]
Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago; Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in the Western Hemisphere after One World Trade Center, and Trump International Hotel and Tower is the third tallest in the country.[104] The Loop's historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35 East Wacker, and the Chicago Building, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Mies van der Rohe. Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such as Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, Charles B. Atwood, John Root, and Helmut Jahn.[105][106]
The Merchandise Mart, once first on the list of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th largest (as of September 9, 2013), has its own zip code, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.[107] Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code), Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center (previously the Standard Oil Building), and the John Hancock Center. Industrial districts, such as some areas on the South Side, the areas along the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and the Northwest Indiana area are clustered.[108]
Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, two movements in architecture.[109] Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture. The Chicago suburb of Oak Park was home to famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who had designed The Robie House located near the University of Chicago.[110][111]
Chicago is famous for its outdoor public art with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as Benjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.[112] A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these are Chagall's Four Seasons; the Chicago Picasso; Miro's Chicago; Calder's Flamingo; Oldenburg's Batcolumn; Moore's Large Interior Form, 1953-54, Man Enters the Cosmos and Nuclear Energy; Dubuffet's Monument with Standing Beast, Abakanowicz's Agora; and, Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate which has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including the Great Northern Migration (Saar) and the centennial of statehood for Illinois. Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art: Plensa's Crown Fountain and Burnham and Bennett's Buckingham Fountain.
More representational and portrait statuary includes a number of works by Lorado Taft (Fountain of Time, The Crusader, Eternal Silence, and the Heald Square Monument completed by Crunelle), French's Statue of the Republic, Edward Kemys's Lions, Saint-Gaudens's Abraham Lincoln: The Man (a.k.a. Standing Lincoln) and Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State (a.k.a. Seated Lincoln), Brioschi's Christopher Columbus, Meštrović's The Bowman and The Spearman, Dallin's Signal of Peace, Fairbanks's The Chicago Lincoln, Boyle's The Alarm, Polasek's memorial to Masaryk, memorials along Solidarity Promenade to Kościuszko, Havliček and Copernicus by Chodzinski, Strachovský, and Thorvaldsen, a memorial to General Logan by Saint-Gaudens, and Kearney's Moose (W-02-03). A number of statues also honor recent local heroes such as Michael Jordan (by Amrany and Rotblatt-Amrany), Stan Mikita, and Bobby Hull outside of the United Center; Harry Caray (by Amrany and Cella) outside Wrigley field, Jack Brickhouse (by McKenna) next to the WGN studios, and Irv Kupcinet at the Wabash Avenue Bridge.[113]
There are preliminary plans to erect a 1:1‑scale replica of Wacław Szymanowski's Art Nouveau statue of Frédéric Chopin found in Warsaw's Royal Baths along Chicago's lakefront in addition to a different sculpture commemorating the artist in Chopin Park for the 200th anniversary of Frédéric Chopin's birth.[114]
The city lies within the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm to hot and often humid, with a July daily average of 75.8 °F (24.3 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures can exceed 90 °F (32 °C) as many as 21 days. Winters are cold and snowy with few sunny days, and the normal January high is just below freezing. Spring and autumn are mild seasons with low humidity. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 55.7 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.[115] The city is part of the USDA Plant Hardiness zone 6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.[116]
According to the National Weather Service, Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934,[117] although Midway Airport reached 109 °F (43 °C) the same day and recorded a heat index of 125 °F (52 °C) during the 1995 heatwave.[118] The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport.[115][118] The city can experience extreme winter cold waves and summer heat waves that may last for several consecutive days. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the spring and summer months which may sometimes produce hail, high winds, and tornadoes.[119] Like other major cities, Chicago also experiences urban heat island, making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. Also, the proximity to Lake Michigan keeps lakefront Chicago cooler in early summer and milder in winter than areas to the west.[120]
Climate data for Chicago (Midway Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1928–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
86 (30) |
92 (33) |
102 (39) |
107 (42) |
109 (43) |
102 (39) |
101 (38) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
72 (22) |
109 (43) |
Average high °F (°C) | 31.5 (−0.3) |
35.8 (2.1) |
46.8 (8.2) |
59.2 (15.1) |
70.2 (21.2) |
79.9 (26.6) |
84.2 (29) |
82.1 (27.8) |
75.3 (24.1) |
62.8 (17.1) |
48.6 (9.2) |
35.3 (1.8) |
59.4 (15.2) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 24.8 (−4) |
28.7 (−1.8) |
38.8 (3.8) |
50.4 (10.2) |
60.9 (16.1) |
71.0 (21.7) |
75.9 (24.4) |
74.1 (23.4) |
66.4 (19.1) |
54.2 (12.3) |
41.5 (5.3) |
29.0 (−1.7) |
51.3 (10.7) |
Average low °F (°C) | 18.2 (−7.7) |
21.7 (−5.7) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
41.7 (5.4) |
51.6 (10.9) |
62.1 (16.7) |
67.5 (19.7) |
66.2 (19) |
57.5 (14.2) |
45.7 (7.6) |
34.5 (1.4) |
22.7 (−5.2) |
43.5 (6.4) |
Record low °F (°C) | −25 (−32) |
−20 (−29) |
−7 (−22) |
10 (−12) |
28 (−2) |
35 (2) |
46 (8) |
43 (6) |
34 (1) |
20 (−7) |
−3 (−19) |
−20 (−29) |
−25 (−32) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.06 (52.3) |
1.94 (49.3) |
2.72 (69.1) |
3.64 (92.5) |
4.13 (104.9) |
4.06 (103.1) |
4.01 (101.9) |
3.99 (101.3) |
3.31 (84.1) |
3.24 (82.3) |
3.42 (86.9) |
2.57 (65.3) |
39.09 (992.9) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.5 (29.2) |
9.1 (23.1) |
5.4 (13.7) |
1.0 (2.5) |
trace | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.3) |
1.3 (3.3) |
8.7 (22.1) |
37.1 (94.2) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.7 | 8.8 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 123.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.1 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 6.7 | 26.7 |
Source: NOAA,[121][115][118] WRCC[122] |
Climate data for Chicago (O'Hare Int'l Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1871–present[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
98 (37) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
102 (39) |
101 (38) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
71 (22) |
105 (41) |
Average high °F (°C) | 31.0 (−0.6) |
35.3 (1.8) |
46.6 (8.1) |
59.0 (15) |
70.0 (21.1) |
79.7 (26.5) |
84.1 (28.9) |
81.9 (27.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
62.3 (16.8) |
48.2 (9) |
34.8 (1.6) |
59.1 (15.1) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 23.8 (−4.6) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
37.9 (3.3) |
48.9 (9.4) |
59.1 (15.1) |
68.9 (20.5) |
74.0 (23.3) |
72.4 (22.4) |
64.6 (18.1) |
52.5 (11.4) |
40.3 (4.6) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
49.8 (9.9) |
Average low °F (°C) | 16.5 (−8.6) |
20.1 (−6.6) |
29.2 (−1.6) |
38.8 (3.8) |
48.3 (9.1) |
58.1 (14.5) |
63.9 (17.7) |
62.9 (17.2) |
54.3 (12.4) |
42.8 (6) |
32.4 (0.2) |
20.7 (−6.3) |
40.8 (4.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −27 (−33) |
−21 (−29) |
−12 (−24) |
7 (−14) |
27 (−3) |
35 (2) |
45 (7) |
42 (6) |
29 (−2) |
14 (−10) |
−2 (−19) |
−25 (−32) |
−27 (−33) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.73 (43.9) |
1.79 (45.5) |
2.50 (63.5) |
3.38 (85.9) |
3.68 (93.5) |
3.45 (87.6) |
3.70 (94) |
4.90 (124.5) |
3.21 (81.5) |
3.15 (80) |
3.15 (80) |
2.25 (57.2) |
36.89 (937) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 10.8 (27.4) |
9.1 (23.1) |
5.6 (14.2) |
1.2 (3) |
trace | 0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.2 (0.5) |
1.2 (3) |
8.2 (20.8) |
36.3 (92.2) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.5 | 8.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 8.3 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 124.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.2 | 5.9 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 28.0 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 72.2 | 71.6 | 69.7 | 64.9 | 64.1 | 65.6 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 71.1 | 68.6 | 72.5 | 75.5 | 69.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 135.8 | 136.2 | 187.0 | 215.3 | 281.9 | 311.4 | 318.4 | 283.0 | 226.6 | 193.2 | 113.3 | 106.3 | 2,508.4 |
Percent possible sunshine | 46 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 62 | 68 | 69 | 66 | 60 | 56 | 38 | 37 | 56 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[115][125][126] |
Climate data for Chicago Aurora Municipal Airport, Illinois 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 66 (19) |
72 (22) |
83 (28) |
92 (33) |
104 (40) |
106 (41) |
111 (44) |
105 (41) |
103 (39) |
90 (32) |
81 (27) |
69 (21) |
111 (44) |
Average high °F (°C) | 29.1 (−1.6) |
33.7 (0.9) |
47.0 (8.3) |
60.0 (15.6) |
70.6 (21.4) |
80.1 (26.7) |
83.5 (28.6) |
81.2 (27.3) |
74.9 (23.8) |
62.2 (16.8) |
47.8 (8.8) |
32.8 (0.4) |
58.58 (14.75) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 20.8 (−6.2) |
24.9 (−3.9) |
37.0 (2.8) |
48.5 (9.2) |
58.8 (14.9) |
68.8 (20.4) |
71.7 (22.1) |
70.1 (21.2) |
62.8 (17.1) |
50.6 (10.3) |
38.1 (3.4) |
25.1 (−3.8) |
48.1 (8.96) |
Average low °F (°C) | 12.6 (−10.8) |
16.2 (−8.8) |
26.9 (−2.8) |
37.0 (2.8) |
47.1 (8.4) |
57.5 (14.2) |
59.8 (15.4) |
59.0 (15) |
50.7 (10.4) |
39.0 (3.9) |
28.4 (−2) |
17.5 (−8.1) |
37.64 (3.13) |
Record low °F (°C) | −33 (−36) |
−25 (−32) |
−15 (−26) |
8 (−13) |
21 (−6) |
34 (1) |
40 (4) |
37 (3) |
25 (−4) |
11 (−12) |
−11 (−24) |
−25 (−32) |
−33 (−36) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.47 (37.3) |
1.62 (41.1) |
2.23 (56.6) |
3.38 (85.9) |
4.26 (108.2) |
4.01 (101.9) |
4.19 (106.4) |
4.12 (104.6) |
3.44 (87.4) |
3.12 (79.2) |
3.14 (79.8) |
1.96 (49.8) |
36.86 (936.2) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 10.0 (25.4) |
7.0 (17.8) |
3.7 (9.4) |
0.8 (2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.3) |
1.4 (3.6) |
7.5 (19.1) |
30.5 (77.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.7 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 119.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 6.7 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.9 | 19.9 |
Source: NOAA (normals, 1981–2010)[127] |
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1840 | 4,470 | — | |
1850 | 29,963 | 570.3% | |
1860 | 112,172 | 274.4% | |
1870 | 298,977 | 166.5% | |
1880 | 503,185 | 68.3% | |
1890 | 1,099,850 | 118.6% | |
1900 | 1,698,575 | 54.4% | |
1910 | 2,185,283 | 28.7% | |
1920 | 2,701,705 | 23.6% | |
1930 | 3,376,438 | 25.0% | |
1940 | 3,396,808 | 0.6% | |
1950 | 3,620,962 | 6.6% | |
1960 | 3,550,404 | −1.9% | |
1970 | 3,366,957 | −5.2% | |
1980 | 3,005,072 | −10.7% | |
1990 | 2,783,726 | −7.4% | |
2000 | 2,896,016 | 4.0% | |
2010 | 2,695,598 | −6.9% | |
Est. 2014 | 2,722,389 | [128] | 1.0% |
U.S. Decennial Census [129] |
During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth largest city in the world,[130] and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,[131] and reached its highest ever-recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, including Italians, Jews, Poles, Lithuanians, Serbs and Czechs.[132] To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrial working class, were added an additional influx of African-Americans from the American South — with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.[132]
In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago were clustered in a so‑called "Black Belt" on the city's South Side.[132] By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's African-American population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.[132] Chicago's South Side emerged as America's second largest urban black concentration, following New York's Harlem.[132]
Racial composition | 2010[133] | 1990[134] | 1970[134] | 1940[134] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White | 45.0% | 45.4% | 65.6% | 91.7% |
—Non-Hispanic | 31.7% | 37.9% | 59.0%[135] | 91.2% |
Black or African American | 32.9% | 39.1% | 32.7% | 8.2% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 28.9% | 19.6% | 7.4%[135] | 0.5% |
Asian | 5.5% | 3.7% | 0.9% | 0.1% |
As of the 2010 census,[136] there were 2,695,598 people with 1,045,560 households living in Chicago. More than half the population of the state of Illinois lives in the Chicago metropolitan area. Chicago is one of the United States' most densely populated major cities, and the largest city in the Great Lakes Megalopolis. The racial composition of the city was:
Chicago has a Hispanic or Latino population of 28.9%. (Its members may belong to any race; 21.4% Mexican, 3.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Guatemalan, 0.6% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Colombian, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Peruvian)[137]
The city's previous largest ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 59% in 1970 to 31.7% in 2010.[134]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey data estimates for 2008-2012, the median income for a household in the city was $47,408, and the median income for a family was $54,188. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,074 versus $42,063 for females. About 18.3% of families and 22.1% of the population lived below the poverty line.[138]
According to the 2008-2012 American Community Survey, the ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:[139]
Persons identifying themselves as "Other groups" were classified at 1.72 million, and unclassified or not reported were approximately 153,000.[139]
Seventy-one percent of Chicagoans identify as Christian, 7% identity with other faiths and 22% have no religious affiliation.[140][141] Chicago also has many Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and others. Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including the Assyrian Church of the East, the Evangelical Covenant Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the biggest Presbyterian congregations in the U.S.[citation needed]
The first two Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.[142] Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, including Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama,[143] and Pope John Paul II in 1979.[144]
Chicago has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $547 billion according to 2012 estimates.[145] Only the urban agglomerations of New York City and Los Angeles are larger. The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.[146] Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.[147] Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area recorded the greatest number of new or expanded corporate facilities in the United States for calendar year 2014.[148] The Chicago metropolitan area has the third largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.[149] In 2009 Chicago placed 9th on the UBS list of the world's richest cities.[150] Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists John Crerar, John Whitfield Bunn, Richard Teller Crane, Marshall Field, John Farwell, Julius Rosenwald and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second largest central business district in the United States.[citation needed] The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city has major financial and futures exchanges, including the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group, in addition, owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.[151] Perhaps due to the influence of the Chicago school of economics, the city also has markets trading unusual contracts such as emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange) and equity style indices (on the U.S. Futures Exchange). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.[152]
The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.48 million workers, as of 2014.[153] In addition, the state of Illinois is home to 66 Fortune 1000 companies, including those in Chicago.[154] The city of Chicago also hosts 12 Fortune Global 500 companies and 17 Financial Times 500 companies. The city claims one Dow 30 company: aerospace giant Boeing, which moved its headquarters from Seattle to the Chicago Loop in 2001.[155][156] Two more Dow 30 companies, Kraft Foods and McDonald's are in the Chicago suburbs, as are Sears Holdings Corporation and the technology spin-offs of Motorola. The headquarters of United Continental Holdings, are in the United Building and its operations center and its United Airlines subsidiary are in the Willis Tower in Chicago.
Manufacturing, printing, publishing and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, including Baxter International, Boeing, Abbott Laboratories, and the Healthcare Financial Services division of General Electric. In addition to Boeing, which located its headquarters in Chicago in 2001, and United Airlines in 2011, GE Transportation moved its offices to the city in 2013, as did ThyssenKrupp North America, and agriculture giant Archer Daniels Midland.[8] Moreover, the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which helped move goods from the Great Lakes south on the Mississippi River, and of the railroads in the 19th century made the city a major transportation center in the United States. In the 1840s, Chicago became a major grain port, and in the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour and Company, created global enterprises. Though the meatpacking industry currently plays a lesser role in the city's economy, Chicago continues to be a major transportation and distribution center. Lured by a combination of large business customers, federal research dollars, and a large hiring pool fed by the area's universities, Chicago is also the site of a growing number of web startup companies like CareerBuilder, Orbitz, 37signals, Groupon, Feedburner, and NowSecure.[157]
Chicago has been a hub of the Retail sector since its early development, with Montgomery Ward, Sears, and Marshall Field's. Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, including Walgreens, Sears, Ace Hardware, Claire's, ULTA Beauty and Crate & Barrel.
Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, with the Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,[158] while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the Brass Era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[159] Chicago was also the site of the Schwinn Bicycle Company.
Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third largest in the world.[160] Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behind Las Vegas and Orlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.[161]
The city's waterfront location and nightlife has attracted residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods from Rogers Park in the north to South Shore in the south.[162] The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include the Mexican American neighborhoods, such as Pilsen along 18th street, and La Villita along 26th Street; the Puerto Rican enclave of Paseo Boricua in the Humboldt Park neighborhood; Greektown, along South Halsted Street, immediately west of downtown;[163] Little Italy, along Taylor Street; Chinatown in Armour Square; Polish Patches in West Town; Little Seoul in Albany Park around Lawrence Avenue; Little Vietnam near Broadway in Uptown; and the Desi area, along Devon Avenue in West Ridge.[164]
Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes the Near North Side, the Near South Side, and the Near West Side, as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famous skyscrapers, abundant restaurants, shopping, museums, a stadium for the Chicago Bears, convention facilities, parkland, and beaches.
Lincoln Park contains the Lincoln Park Zoo and the Lincoln Park Conservatory. The River North Gallery District features the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City. Lakeview has Boystown, which, along with Andersonville, are the best-known LGBT neighborhoods.
The South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park contains the University of Chicago (U of C), ranked one of the world's top ten universities;[165] and the Museum of Science and Industry. The 6-mile (9.7 km) long Burnham Park stretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sits Washington Park. The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called the Midway Plaisance, running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African American Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic, which travels from Bronzeville to Washington Park. Ford Motor Company has an automobile assembly plant located in Hegewisch, and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.
The West Side holds the Garfield Park Conservatory, one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here include Humboldt Park's Institute of Puerto Rican Arts and Culture and the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as the National Museum of Mexican Art and St. Adalbert's Church in Pilsen. The Near West Side holds the University of Illinois at Chicago and Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios.
Renowned Chicago theater companies include the Goodman Theatre in the Loop; the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and Victory Gardens Theater in Lincoln Park; and the Chicago Shakespeare Theater at Navy Pier. Broadway In Chicago offers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: the Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre, Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University, and Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place. Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park. Since 1968, the Joseph Jefferson Awards are given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modern improvisational theater, and includes the prominent groups The Second City and I.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic).
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) performs at Symphony Center, and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.[166] Also performing regularly at Symphony Center is the Chicago Sinfonietta, a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park and Millennium Park. Ravinia Festival, located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. The Civic Opera House is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago. The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[167] and presents operas in Lithuanian.
The Joffrey Ballet and Chicago Festival Ballet perform in various venues, including the Harris Theater in Millennium Park. Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Dance Crash.
Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage include Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, and gospel. The city is the birthplace of house music and is the site of an influential hip-hop scene. In the 1980s, the city was a center for industrial, punk and new wave. This influence continued into the alternative rock of the 1990s. The city has been an epicenter for rave culture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicago indie. Annual festivals feature various acts, such as Lollapalooza and the Pitchfork Music Festival. A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by the University of Chicago Cultural Policy Center ranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances."[168]
Chicago has a distinctive fine art tradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings.
Chicago contains a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, Miró's Chicago, Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz, Monument with Standing Beast by Jean Dubuffet, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg, Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor, Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall.
Chicago also has a nationally televised Thanksgiving parade that occurs annually. The McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade is seen across the nation on WGN-TV and WGN America, featuring a variety of diverse acts from the community, marching bands from across the country, and is the only parade in the city to feature inflatable balloons every year.[169]
In 2014[update], Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.[170] These visitors contributed more than US$13.7 billion to Chicago's economy.[170] Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the fourth most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[171] Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south of Soldier Field. The historic Chicago Cultural Center (1897), originally serving as the Chicago Public Library, now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries and exhibit halls. The ceiling of its Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot (12 m) Tiffany glass dome. Grant Park holds Millennium Park, Buckingham Fountain (1927), and the Art Institute of Chicago. The park also hosts the annual Taste of Chicago festival. In Millennium Park, there is the reflective Cloud Gate sculpture. Cloud Gate, a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park. Also, an outdoor restaurant transforms into an ice rink in the winter season. Two tall glass sculptures make up the Crown Fountain. The fountain's two towers display visual effects from LED images of Chicagoans' faces, along with water spouting from their lips. Frank Gehry's detailed, stainless steel band shell, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, hosts the classical Grant Park Music Festival concert series. Behind the pavilion's stage is the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, an indoor venue for mid-sized performing arts companies, including the Chicago Opera Theater and Music of the Baroque.
Navy Pier, located just east of Streeterville, is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Its 150-foot (46 m) tall Ferris wheel is one of the most visited landmarks in the Midwest, attracting about 8 million people annually.[172] Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a ferris wheel.
On June 4, 1998, the city officially opened the Museum Campus, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) lakefront park, surrounding three of the city's main museums, each of which is of national importance: the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, the Field Museum of Natural History, and the Shedd Aquarium. The Museum Campus joins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include the Chicago History Museum, the Driehaus Museum, the DuSable Museum of African American History, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Polish Museum of America, the Museum of Broadcast Communications, the Pritzker Military Library, the Chicago Architecture Foundation, and the Museum of Science and Industry.
With an estimated completion date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the University of Chicago in Hyde Park and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation.[173]
The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists. The Willis Tower has an observation deck open to tourists year round with high up views overlooking Chicago and Lake Michigan. The observation deck includes an enclosed glass balcony that extends 10 feet out on the side of the building. Tourists are able to look straight down.
In 2013, Chicago was chosen as one of the "Top Ten Cities in the United States" to visit for its restaurants, skyscrapers, museums, and waterfront, by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler.[174][175]
Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno.[176] The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.[177]
The Chicago-style hot dog, typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish, yellow mustard, pickled sport peppers, tomato wedges, dill pickle spear and topped off with celery salt on a poppy seed bun.[178] Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style dog frown upon the use of ketchup as a garnish, but may prefer to add giardiniera.[179][180][181]
There are several distinctly Chicago sandwiches, among them the Italian beef sandwich, which is thinly sliced beef simmered in au jus and served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. Another is the Maxwell Street Polish, a grilled or deep-fried kielbasa — on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[182]
Ethnically originated creations include chicken Vesuvio, with roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. Another is the Puerto Rican-influenced jibarito, a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. There is also the tamale with chile, mother-in-law sandwich.[183] The tradition of serving the Greek dish, saganaki while aflame, has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.[184] The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused with Metaxa and flambéed table-side.[185]
A number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless. In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination."[186]
Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition of social realism. In the Encyclopedia of Chicago, Northwestern University Professor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.[187] Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,[188] and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.[189] Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.
At least, three short periods in the history of Chicago have had a lasting influence on American Literature.[190] These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of the Great Depression through the 1940s.
What would become the influential Poetry magazine was founded in 1912 by Harriet Monroe, who was working as an art critic for the Chicago Tribune. The magazine discovered such poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, James Merrill, and John Ashbery.[191] T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", was first published by Poetry. Contributors have included Ezra Pound, William Butler Yeats, William Carlos Williams, Langston Hughes, and Carl Sandburg, among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching the Imagist and Objectivist poetic movements.
Sporting News named Chicago the "Best Sports City" in the United States in 1993, 2006, and 2010.[192] Along with Boston, Chicago is the only city to continuously host major professional sports since 1871, having only taken 1872 and 1873 off due to the Great Chicago Fire. Additionally, along with Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia, Chicago is one of the six cities in the United States to have won championships in the four major professional sports leagues and, along with New York and Los Angeles, is one of three cities to have won soccer championships as well. Several major franchises have won championships within recent years – the Bears (1985), the Bulls (91, '92, '93, '96, '97, and '98), the White Sox (2005), the Blackhawks (2010, 2013, 2015), and the Fire (1998).
The city has two Major League Baseball (MLB) teams: the Chicago Cubs of the National League (NL), who play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and the Chicago White Sox of the American League (AL), who play in U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side. Chicago is the only city that has had more than one MLB franchise every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York only hosted one between 1958 and early 1962). The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city; they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games and have more wins than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876.[193] They have won two World Series titles, but have the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in American professional sports: They have not won their sport's title since 1908, and have not participated in a World Series since 1945, both records.
The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901, with all three of their home fields throughout the years being within mere blocks of one another. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The Sox are fifth in the American League in all-time wins, and sixth in pennants.
The Chicago Bears, one of the last two remaining charter members of the National Football League (NFL), have won nine NFL Championships, including Super Bowl XX. The other remaining charter franchise, the Chicago Cardinals, also started out in the city, but is now known as the Arizona Cardinals. The Bears have won more games in the history of the NFL than any other team,[citation needed] and only the Green Bay Packers, their longtime rivals, have won more championships. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. Soldier Field re-opened in 2003 after an extensive renovation. However, because of this renovation, the stadium lost its National Historic Landmark designation in 2006.
The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[citation needed] During the 1990s, with Michael Jordan leading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.[194][195] They also boast the youngest player to win the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, Derrick Rose, who won it for the 2010–11 season.[196]
The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six" teams of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team has won six Stanley Cups, including in 2015. Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.
Club | League | Sport | Venue | Attendance | Founded | Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicago Bears | NFL | Football | Soldier Field | 62,358 | 1919 | 9 NFL Championships (1 in Super Bowl era) |
Chicago Cubs | MLB | Baseball | Wrigley Field | 42,495 | 1870 | 2 World Series wins |
Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | Ice hockey | United Center | 21,775 | 1926 | 6 Stanley Cups |
Chicago Bulls | NBA | Basketball | United Center | 21,716 | 1966 | 6 NBA Championships |
Chicago White Sox | MLB | Baseball | U.S. Cellular Field | 40,615 | 1900 | 3 World Series |
Chicago Fire | MLS | Soccer | Toyota Park | 16,409 | 1997 | 1 MLS Cup, 1 Supporters Shield |
The Chicago Fire Soccer Club is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview, after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field. The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois, playing in the Eastern Conference in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Allstate Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.
The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of six World Marathon Majors.[197]
Five area colleges play in Division I conferences: the Chicago State Cougars (Western Athletic Conference); the DePaul Blue Demons (Big East Conference); the Loyola Ramblers (Missouri Valley Conference); the Northwestern Wildcats (Big Ten Conference); and the UIC Flames (Horizon League).[198]
When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the motto Urbs in Horto, a Latin phrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, the Chicago Park District consists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of municipal parkland. There are 31 sand beaches, a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.[199] Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors after Central Park in New York City, and the National Mall and Memorial Parks in Washington, D.C.[200]
With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[201] In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as the Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown, DuSable Park on the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.
The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves, a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie, wetland, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,[202] including both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield.[203] Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago.
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city.[204] The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions and approves the city budget.[205]
The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement and the Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney; in the Federal court it is the United States Attorney.
During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations.[206] For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue" in presidential elections since 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since 1927, when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding. Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but 8 of Illinois' 19 U.S. Representatives have part of Chicago in their districts.
Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.[207] During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election of Harold Washington (in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley. On May 16, 2011, Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.
Formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a US Senator, the city is home of United States President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama.
Chicago had a murder rate of 18.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012, ranking 16th among cities with 100,000 people or more.[208] This was higher than in New York City and Los Angeles, the two largest cities in the United States, which have lower murder rates and lower total homicides. However, it was less than in many smaller American cities, including New Orleans, Newark, and Detroit, which had 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012.[209]
According to reports in 2013, "[m]ost of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories",[210] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel, which by 2006 had decided to seek to control illicit drug distribution, over against local street gangs.[211] Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.[210] In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;[212] the murder rate was 10.4 -- while high crime districts saw 38.9, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.[213]
The number of murders in Chicago peaked at 970 in 1974, when the city's population was over 3 million people (a murder rate of about 29 per 100,000), and it reached 943 murders in 1992, (a murder rate of 34 per 100,000).[214] However, Chicago and other major U.S. cities, experienced a significant reduction in violent crime rates through the 1990s, falling to 448 homicides in 2004, its lowest total since 1965 and only 15.65 murders per 100,000). Chicago's homicide tally remained low during 2005 (449), 2006 (452), and 2007 (435) but rose to 510 in 2008, breaking 500 for the first time since 2003.[215][216] In 2009, the murder count fell to 458 (10% down).[217] and in 2010 Chicago's murder rate fell to 435 (16.14 per 100,000), a 5% decrease from 2009 and lowest levels since 1965.[218] In 2011, Chicago's murders fell another 1.2% to 431 (a rate of 15.94 per 100,000).[219] but shot up to 506 in 2012.[220][221]
In 2012, Chicago ranked 21st in the United States in numbers of homicides per person, but in the first half of 2013 there was a significant drop per-person, in all categories of violent crime, including homicide (down 26%).[222] Chicago ended 2013 with 415 murders, the lowest number of murders since 1965, and overall crime rates dropped by 16 percent.[223] (In 1965, there were 397 murders.[224])
Jens Ludwig, director of the University of Chicago Crime Lab, estimated that shootings cost the city of Chicago $2.5 billion in 2012.[225]
In 2014, the Chicago police department reported a total murder count of 390 through December 20, 2014, according to the Chicago Suntimes. That means that Chicago was able to record their lowest number of murder totals in close to five years for the second continuous calendar year, despite an overall increase in shootings. The Cook County medical examiner's office had reported a total of 410 homicides with 16 of those including fatal police shootings, all within the same time period.
Chicago Public Schools (CPS) is the governing body of the school district that contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are ten selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools,[226] designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement (AP) courses.[227] Northside College Preparatory High School is ranked number one in the city of Chicago. Walter Payton College Prep High School is ranked second. The oldest magnet school in the city, Whitney M. Young Magnet High School, which was opened in 1975, is ranked third. The magnet school with the largest enrollment is Lane Technical College Prep High School.[citation needed] Lane is one of the oldest schools in Chicago and in 2012 was designated a National Blue Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education.[228]
Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[229] The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013-2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third largest in the U.S.[230] On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources and other issues.[231] According to data complied in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).[232]
Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools,[233] and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. Several private schools are completely secular, such as the Latin School of Chicago in the Near North Side neighborhood, the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools in Hyde Park, the British School of Chicago and the Francis W. Parker School in Lincoln Park, the Lycée Français de Chicago in Uptown, the Feltre School in River North and the Morgan Park Academy. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts, a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts, a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates Catholic schools, that include Jesuit preparatory schools and others including St. Rita of Cascia High School, De La Salle Institute, Josephinum Academy, DePaul College Prep, Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Brother Rice High School, St. Ignatius College Preparatory School, Mount Carmel High School, Queen of Peace High School, Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School, Marist High School, St. Patrick High School and Resurrection High School.
The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries, including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city.
Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities that are in the city proper or in the immediate environs. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by U.S. News & World Report. Top universities in Chicago are: the University of Chicago; Northwestern University; Loyola University Chicago; Illinois Institute of Technology; DePaul University; and University of Illinois at Chicago.[234] Other notable schools include: Chicago State University; the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago; East–West University; National Louis University; North Park University; Northeastern Illinois University; Columbia College Chicago; Robert Morris University; Roosevelt University; Saint Xavier University; Rush University; and Shimer College.
William Rainey Harper, the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in 1901.[235] His legacy continues with the multiple community colleges in the Chicago proper, including the seven City Colleges of Chicago: Richard J. Daley College, Kennedy–King College, Malcolm X College, Olive–Harvey College, Truman College, Harold Washington College and Wilbur Wright College, in addition to the privately held MacCormac College.
Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as the Adler School of Professional Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, the Erikson Institute, The Institute for Clinical Social Work, the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, the Catholic Theological Union, the Moody Bible Institute, the John Marshall Law School and the University of Chicago Divinity School.
The Chicago metropolitan area is the third-largest media market in North America, after New York City and Los Angeles.[236] Each of the big four U.S. television networks, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox, directly owns and operates a high-definition television station in Chicago (WBBM, WLS, WMAQ and WFLD, respectively). WGN-TV, which is owned by the Tribune Company, is carried with some programming differences, as "WGN America" on cable and satellite TV nationwide and in parts of the Caribbean. The city has also been the base of several talk shows, including, formerly, The Oprah Winfrey Show. Chicago Public Radio produces programs such as PRI's This American Life and NPR's Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me! Chicago's PBS station can be seen on WTTW, producer of shows such as Sneak Previews, The Frugal Gourmet, Lamb Chop's Play-Along and The McLaughlin Group, just to name a few and WYCC.
Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such as Chicago, the Dziennik Związkowy (Polish Daily News), Draugas (the Lithuanian daily newspaper), the Chicago Reader, the SouthtownStar, the Chicago Defender, the Daily Herald, Newcity,[237][238] StreetWise and the Windy City Times. The entertainment and cultural magazine Time Out Chicago and GRAB magazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazine Chicago Innerview. In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion, as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.V. Club.[239]
Chicago is a filming-friendly location. Since the 1980s, many motion pictures have been filmed in the city, most notably The Blues Brothers; Ferris Bueller's Day Off; Sixteen Candles; Home Alone; The Fugitive; I, Robot; Wanted; Batman Begins; The Dark Knight; Transformers: Dark of the Moon; Transformers: Age of Extinction; Divergent; Insurgent; Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice; and Sinister 2.
Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows, including the situation comedies Perfect Strangers and its spinoff Family Matters, Married...with Children, Kenan & Kel, The League, The Bob Newhart Show, and Shake It Up. The city served as the venue for the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope, as well as the fantasy drama series Early Edition and the 2005–2009 drama Prison Break. Discovery Channel films two shows in Chicago: Cook County Jail and the Chicago version of Cash Cab. Chicago is currently the setting for CBS's The Good Wife and Mike and Molly, Showtime's Shameless, and NBC's Chicago Fire, Chicago P.D. and Chicago Med.
Chicago has five 50,000 watt AM radio stations: the CBS Radio-owned WBBM and WSCR; the Tribune Broadcasting-owned WGN; the Cumulus Media-owned WLS; and the ESPN Radio-owned WMVP. Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings.
Chicago is also featured in a few video games, including Watch Dogs and Midtown Madness, a real-life, car-driving simulation game. In 2005, indie rock artist Sufjan Stevens created a concept album about Illinois titled Illinois; many of its songs were about Chicago and its history.
Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.[240]
Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways (55, 57, 65 (only in Indiana), 80 (also in Indiana), 88, 90 (also in Indiana), 94 (also in Indiana), 190, 290, 294, and 355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson.
The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.[241]
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus (North America).
Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington, D.C., New York City, Indianapolis, New Orleans, Portland, Seattle, Milwaukee, Quincy, St. Louis, Carbondale, Boston, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, Pontiac, Los Angeles, and San Antonio. An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via the Chicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad. Parts of this were built, but it was ultimately never completed.
Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.[243] Six of the seven Class I railroads meet in Chicago, with the exception being the Kansas City Southern Railway.[244] As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).[245] According to U.S. DOT, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.[246] CREATE, the Chicago Region Environmental and Transport Efficiency program, comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.[247]
Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport,[248] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second busiest by total passenger traffic (due to government enforced flight caps).[249] Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago. Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternate Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.[250] The City of Chicago is the world headquarters for United Airlines, the world's third largest airline.
The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[251]
Electricity for most of northern Illinois is provided by Commonwealth Edison, also known as ComEd. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division of Exelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.[252][253][254]
Natural Gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group, which is headquartered in Chicago.
Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled, mainly in the Calumet area. From 1995 to 2008, the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.[255] Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.[256]
The Illinois Medical District is on the Near West Side. It includes Rush University Medical Center, ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2014–15, the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Jesse Brown VA Hospital, and John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.[257]
Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes the Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report for 2010–11;[258] the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital by U.S. News & World Report;[259] the new Prentice Women's Hospital; and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
The University of Illinois College of Medicine at UIC is the largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana–Champaign).[260]
In addition, the Chicago Medical School and Loyola University Chicago's Stritch School of Medicine are located in the suburbs of North Chicago and Maywood, respectively. The Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine is in Downers Grove.
The American Medical Association, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, American Osteopathic Association, American Dental Association, Academy of General Dentistry, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American College of Healthcare Executives and the American Hospital Association, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association are all based in Chicago.
Chicago has 28 sister cities around the world.[261] Like Chicago, many of them are or were the second most populous city or second most influential city of their country, or they are the main city of a country that has had large amounts of immigrants settle in Chicago. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational, and other ties.[262]
To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza, which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities.[261] In addition, the Chicago Sister Cities program hosts a number of delegation and formal exchanges.[261] In some cases, these exchanges have led to further informal collaborations, such as the academic relationship between the Buehler Center on Aging, Health & Society at the Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University and the Institute of Gerontology of Ukraine (originally of the Soviet Union), that was originally established as part of the Chicago-Kiev sister cities program.[263]
Sister cities[261]
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In 1946 Chicago acquired land for O'Hare Airport, including a portion of northeast DuPage.
In order to consolidate its control over the airport area, Chicago annexed it in March 1956, including the western edge, in DuPage County.
... no self-respecting Chicagoan would think of using ketchup as a condiment ...
Make sure to never add ketchup to your Chicago-style hot dog: a major no-no among hot dog aficionados.
397 slayings in 1965
A vast expanse of the local cultural landscape lay unexplored between the realm of free arts weeklies like NewCity and the Reader and commercial ventures like Chicago magazine ... NewCity wasn't quite as sophisticated two years ago as it is now.
The competition ... Newcity are in the digital space, ...
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