WordNet
- a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes (同)Golden State, CA, Calif.
- tall tree of Baja California having deciduous bark and large alternate palmately lobed leaves and ball-shaped clusters of flowers (同)Platanus racemosa
- shrubby California perennial having large pink or violet flowers; cultivated as an ornamental (同)Lathyrus splendens
- large deciduous tree of the Pacific coast having deeply parted bristle-tipped leaves (同)Quercus kelloggii
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- 『カリフォルニア州』(米国太平洋岸の州;州都Sacramento;《略》『Calif.,Cal.,CA』)
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/27 14:33:25」(JST)
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| 「カリフォルニア」はこの項目へ転送されています。その他の用法については「カリフォルニア (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
- カリフォルニア州
- State of California
-
（州旗） （州章） - 州の愛称: ゴールデンステート
The Golden State - 州のモットー: 私は見つけた
（ギリシャ語: Εὕρηκα） -
州都 サクラメント 最大の都市 ロサンゼルス 州知事 ジェリー・ブラウン 公用語 英語 面積
- 総計
- 水域
- 陸地
全米第3位
423,970 km²
20,047 km² (4.7%)
403,932 km²
人口（2010年）
- 総計
- 人口密度
全米第1位
37,253,956人
90.49人/km²
合衆国加入
- 順番
- 加入年月日
31番目
1850年9月9日
時間帯 UTC -8
DST -7緯度 北緯32°32' - 42° 経度 西経114°8' - 124°26' 東西の幅 402.5 km 南北の長さ 1,240 km 標高
-最高標高
-最低標高
-平均標高
4,418 m
-86 m
884 m
略称 (ISO 3166-2:US) US-CA ウェブサイト カリフォルニア州政府 上院議員 ダイアン・ファインスタイン
バーバラ・ボクサー（英語版）
カリフォルニア州（英: State of California）は、アメリカ合衆国西部、太平洋岸の州。アメリカ西海岸の大部分を占める。州都は、サクラメントである。
目次
- 1 概要
- 2 歴史
- 2.1 名称の由来
- 3 地理
- 3.1 気候
- 3.2 生態
- 3.3 河川
- 4 人口動勢
- 4.1 人口
- 4.2 人種構成
- 4.2.1 インディアン
- 4.2.1.1 インディアン・カジノ
- 4.2.1 インディアン
- 4.3 言語
- 4.4 宗教
- 5 重要な都市および町
- 5.1 カリフォルニア州内の25の豊かな場所
- 6 法律および行政
- 6.1 州政府
- 6.1.1 参考文献
- 6.2 国政
- 6.1 州政府
- 7 経済
- 7.1 主な会社など
- 8 交通
- 9 教育
- 9.1 カリフォルニア大学機構
- 9.2 カリフォルニア州立大学機構
- 9.3 カリフォルニア・コミュニティ・カレッジ機構
- 9.4 私立大学
- 10 芸術・文化
- 10.1 美術館・博物館
- 10.2 オーケストラなど
- 10.3 食文化
- 11 日本との関係
- 11.1 日系人
- 11.2 日本の企業進出
- 11.3 日本語教育
- 11.4 誘致・親善
- 12 その他
- 12.1 同州出身の有名人
- 12.2 日本の姉妹都市
- 13 脚注
- 14 関連項目
- 15 外部リンク
概要[編集]
合衆国の州のうちでは最大の人口を誇り[1]、大統領選の選挙人数も最多である。ブラジルのサンパウロ州に続いて南北アメリカ大陸で2番目に人口の多い行政区画である。大都市は人口の多いものからロサンゼルス、サンディエゴ、サンノゼ、サンフランシスコとなっている[2]。州内には全国で2位（ロサンゼルス）と6位（サンフランシスコ・ベイエリア）の都市圏があり、人口の多い都市50傑には8つの市が入っている。
ワシントン州、オレゴン州と共にリベラルな気風で、保守的な中西部に対して「レッドウッド・カーテンの向こう側」と称される。
かつて日本では漢字で「加利福尼亜」と表記されることもあったが、現在ではあまり用いられない。この略である「加州」は、新聞の見出しのような字数制限のある場合など、現在でも用いられることがある。なお、「州」がない「加」一文字は、カリフォルニア州ではなくカナダの略称である。
カリフォルニア州は多様な気候と地形があり、また多くの民族が住んでいる。合衆国の州のうちで面積ではアラスカ州とテキサス州に次いで3番目である[3]。北はオレゴン州、北東はネバダ州、南東はアリゾナ州に接し、南はメキシコのバハ・カリフォルニア州に接している。地理的には太平洋岸から東のシエラネバダ山脈まで、南東はモハーヴェ砂漠、北西にはセコイアやベイマツの森林がある。州の中央には世界でも最高水準の生産性の高さを誇る農業地帯、セントラル・バレーがある。アメリカ合衆国本土では最高の標高地点（ホイットニー山）と最低の地点（デスバレー）がある。面積のおよそ40%は森林であり[4]、比較的乾燥した地域としては森林が多い。
18世紀の後半からアルタ・カリフォルニアと呼ばれた地域はスペイン帝国の植民地となった。1821年にアルタ・カリフォルニアを含みメキシコが第一メキシコ帝国となって帝政を布いた後に共和国に変わった。1846年、ソノマにいたアメリカ人開拓者の集団がカリフォルニア共和国の独立を宣言した。その直後の米墨戦争の結果、メキシコはカリフォルニアをアメリカ合衆国に割譲した。カリフォルニアは1850年9月9日にアメリカ合衆国第31番目の州となった。
19世紀半ば、カリフォルニア・ゴールドラッシュによって、カリフォルニアでは社会、経済および人口に劇的な変化が起こった。人々が流入し好景気が訪れたことでサンフランシスコはテントの集まった小村から世界にも知られたブームの町に成長した。20世紀初期の重要な発展としては娯楽産業の中心としてのロサンゼルスの勃興と巨大な州全体に広がる観光産業があった。豊かな農業に加えて航空宇宙産業、石油産業および情報技術が経済発展に貢献した。
カリフォルニア州が1つの国であるとすれば、GDPではイタリアに匹敵する第10位である。人口でも第35位、国土では第59位になる。
カリフォルニア州では一部地域の分離・独立の試みが繰り返し行われており、1800年代から2011年までに少なくとも27回が失敗に終わっている[5]。
歴史[編集]
詳細は「カリフォルニア州の歴史」を参照
「スペインによるアメリカ大陸の植民地化」および「メキシコ独立革命」も参照
サンフランシスコ・ベイエリアを中心とする北部と、農業が盛んな中部、ロサンゼルス〜サンディエゴ帯を中心とする南部に分かれる。ベイエリアにはシリコンバレーが含まれ、全米で最も経済的に進んだ地域のひとつである。ロサンゼルスはハリウッドを抱えるなど、エンターテイメント産業の世界的中心である。
アジアやメキシコに近いため、移民が多い。移民はそれぞれの居住区に固まる傾向が強く、「民族のサラダボウル」という形容が当てはまる。チャイナタウン、コリアンタウン、リトルトーキョー、リトルサイゴン（英語版）、リトルインディア（英語版）などが有名である。なかでも隣接したメキシコからの移民が多く、スペイン語は州準公用語となっている。
南部の多くはかつてメキシコの領土で、元々はスペイン人によって開拓されたが、1848年の米墨戦争の結果、ニューメキシコとともにメキシコからアメリカに1,500万ドルで割譲され、アメリカ領となった（同時にテキサスのアメリカ領有も確定した）。そのため、カリフォルニア州にはスペイン語由来の地名が非常に多い。
後にアメリカ合衆国大統領となった、ロナルド・レーガンはカリフォルニア州知事（英語版）を経験している。2003年10月には、俳優でオーストリア生まれのアーノルド・シュワルツェネッガーが州知事に当選し、2011年1月まで務めた。
名称の由来[編集]
「カリフォルニア」という名称は当初、今日のカリフォルニア州に加えてネバダ州、ユタ州、アリゾナ州およびワイオミング州の一部とメキシコのバハ・カリフォルニア半島からなる地域を指していた。
カリフォルニアの語源は黒人のアマゾン族の人々が住み、女王カリフィア（恐らくはカリフが語源[6]）が支配する空想上の天国から派生したというのが最も普通に信じられている。カリフィアの神話は、スペイン人冒険家で作家のガルチ・ロドリゲス・デ・モンタルボによって騎士道物語『アマディス・デ・ガウラ』の続編として書かれた1510年の作品『エスプランディアンの功績』に記録されている[6][7][8]。モンタルボに拠れば、女王カリフィアの王国はグリフォンなど奇妙な怪獣が住み、金が豊富な遠隔の土地であるとされていた。
ご存知のようにインドの右手にはカリフォルニアという名前の島があり、地球上の天国の一部に大変近い。黒人の女性が住んでおり、一人も男は居ない。アマゾン族の様式で生活している。彼女達は頑健な体をしており、強く情熱的な心と偉大な美徳がある。この島自体は目立つゴツゴツした岩のために世界でも最も荒々しい島の1つである。その武器はすべて金で作られている。島のどこにも金や高価な石で溢れ、その上に他の金属は見つからない[9]。
カリフォルニアという地名はアメリカ合衆国でヨーロッパ人が付けた地名としては5番目に古く今も使われているものであり、エルナン・コルテスの命令で1553年にバハ・カリフォルニアの南端に上陸したディエゴ・デ・バセラとフォルトゥン・ヒメネスが率いたスペイン遠征隊によって「カリフォルニア島」として命名された。[10][11]。
地理[編集]
詳細は「カリフォルニア州の地理」を参照
アメリカ大陸の西部、シエラネバダ山脈の西側の太平洋に面した地域である。環太平洋造山帯に含まれ度々マグニチュード8クラスの地震を経験している。
州は南北に長い形状で、最南端の都市サンディエゴにはメキシコとの国境があり、不法移民の入国も絶えない。北部はオレゴン州に、東側はネバダ州・アリゾナ州に隣接している。
シャスタ山の麓にあるマウントシャスタの町並み
州の中央にはセントラル・バレーがあり、西の海岸山脈と東のシエラネバダ山脈に、北はカスケード山脈、南はテハチャピ山地に囲まれている。セントラル・バレーはカリフォルニアの農業中心であり、国内食糧生産高の約3分の1を生産している[12]。セントラル・バレーはサクラメント＝サンホアキン・デルタによって2つに分かれており、北側のサクラメント・バレーにはサクラメント川が流れ、南側のサンホアキン・バレーにはサンホアキン川が流れている。どちらのバレーもそこを横切る川の名前が採られている。サクラメント川とサンホアキン川を浚渫することで両川は十分な深さが保たれ、内陸の都市幾つかでも海港になっている。そのデルタは州内の重要な水の供給源にもなっている。水はデルタ地域から汲み上げられ、セントラルバレー・プロジェクトや州水道プロジェクトなどを含み、州の長さに相当するような広範な運河網を使って運ばれる。デルタ地帯からの水は州人口の3分の2にあたる2,300万人近い住人の飲料水になり、サンホアキン・バレーの西では農業用水になっている。南部海岸にはチャンネル諸島が浮かんでいる。
氷河の支脈で造られたU字形渓谷から流れ出るブライダルベールの滝
シエラネバダ山脈（スペイン語で雪の山脈）にはアメリカ合衆国本土では最高峰であるホイットニー山（標高14,505フィート、4,421 m）がある[13]。この山脈には、氷河が削ったことで有名なヨセミテ・バレーや、地球上最大の生物セコイアの木で覆われたセコイア国立公園、貯水量で州内最大の淡水湖タホ湖がある。
シエラネバダ山脈の東には渡り鳥の生息地オーエンズヴァレーとモノ湖がある。州西部には水面積で州内最大のクリア湖がある。タホ湖の方が大きいがカリフォルニア州とネバダ州の州境で分けられている。シエラネバダ山脈は冬季に北極並みの気温まで下がり、アメリカ合衆国では一番南にあるパリセイド氷河など、多くの小さな氷河も残っている。
州内陸地表面積の約45%は森林で覆われており、アラスカ州を除けばアメリカ合衆国の州で最も森林の多い州である。松類の多様さは他の州に無いものである。ホワイト山地（英語版）の樹木の多くは世界最古のものである。ブリストルコーン松の場合は樹齢4,700年のものがある。
南部には大きな内陸塩湖であるソルトン湖がある。中南部の砂漠はモハーヴェ砂漠と呼ばれている。その北東にデスバレーがあり、北アメリカでは最も低く、最も暑い地点、バッドウォーター・ベースンを含んでいる。デスバレーの最低地点からホイットニー山の最高地点までの距離は200マイル (320 km) に満たない。南東部の大半は乾燥して暑い砂漠であり、夏季には極端に高い温度を記録することが多い。
カリフォルニア州海岸に沿って、ロサンゼルス大都市圏、サンフランシスコ・ベイエリア、サンディエゴなど幾つかの大都市圏が並んでいる。
カリフォルニア州は環太平洋火山帯の一部であり、津波、洪水、旱魃、サンタアナ風（偏西風）、山火事、地すべりおよび幾つかの火山活動など自然災害が多い。南部から西部にかけてのサンアンドレアス断層など幾つかの断層のために比較的震源が浅い地震（直下型地震）が多い。
ヨセミテ国立公園、デスヴァレー国立公園など特徴のある著名な国立公園が随所にあり、年中多くの人々を楽しませている。
州土は日本全土より約46000km²（北海道の約半分程度）ほど大きい。
気候[編集]
詳細は「カリフォルニア州の気候」を参照
ビッグサーの海岸線
気候は主にまばゆい太陽が輝き乾燥した夏と冷涼で雨の多い冬の地中海性気候の地域が多く、また亜寒帯気候に入る地域まである。冷たいカリフォルニア海流のために海岸近くで霧が発生することが多い。降水量は多くなく、シエラネバダ山脈に降った雪解け水の伏流水を井戸で汲み上げているところが多い。しかし急激な人口増加で新たな水源の確保が課題となっている。
州の形状や長い海岸線、高低差などのために、州の南端と北端または海岸部と内陸部ではかなり気温や気候が異なることがある。内陸部では寒い冬と暑い夏がある。そのため、南部の海岸でサーフィンをする人がいる一方、内陸の山地帯ではスキーをする人がいたりもする。
州北部は南部よりも年間降水量が多い。山岳部も気候に影響する。州内で雨の多い場所は山岳の西側斜面である。北西部は温暖な気候であり、セントラル・バレーは地中海性気候だが海岸部よりも温暖差が激しい。シエラネバダ山脈など高山では、冬は雪の多い山岳気候であり、夏は比較的過ごしやすい暑さになる。
山岳部の東側は雨蔭となり、広大な砂漠を生んでいる。東部の高度が高い砂漠では夏に暑く冬は寒いが、南部山岳の東にある低地砂漠は暑い夏とほとんど霜の降りない温暖な冬となる。海面より低い所が広がるデスバレーは北アメリカで最も暑い場所と考えられている。1913年7月10日に西半球での最高温度 134°F(57℃) を記録した。
カラベラス大木州立公園
生態[編集]
カリフォルニアは世界でも最も豊かで最も多様な地域の1つであり、最も絶滅が危惧される生態系も幾つかある。生物地理区では新北区に属し、多くの生物地理学的地域に跨っている。
カリフォルニアには数多い固有種がおり、カタリーナ・アイアンウッド (Lyonothamnus floribundus) のような、他所では死に絶えた遺存種が残っている。カリフォルニア・ライラック (Ceanothus) のように多様な生息条件を利点にして、共通の祖先から多くの種が派生した分化あるいは適応放散によって発生した固有種が多い。カリフォルニアの固有種の多くは、都市化、伐採、過放牧および外来種の導入がその生息地に侵入することで絶滅が危惧されている。
カリフォルニの植物相の集合には幾つか最上級のものがある。最大の樹木（セコイアデンドロン）、最高の樹木（セコイア）および最古の樹木（ブリストルコーン松）である。野草は多年生植物である[14]。ヨーロッパ人が到来して以降、これらは概してヨーロッパの一年草外来種に置き換わってきた。現代ではカリフォルニアの丘陵は夏に特徴ある金茶色に変わる。
河川[編集]
カリフォルニア州内の最も著名な河川はサクラメント川、ピット川およびサンホアキン川である。どれもシエラネバダ山脈の西斜面からセントラル・バレーを流れ、サンフランシスコ湾を通って太平洋に流れ入る。その他重要な河川は北部のクラマス川とトリニティ川、南東部州境のコロラド川である。オーエンズ川はシエラネバダ山脈の南東斜面から流れ出てオーエンズ湖に流れ込んでいる。イール川とサリナス川はそれぞれサンフランシスコ湾の北と南で海岸に注いでいる。モハーヴェ川はモハーヴェ砂漠の主要水路であり、サンタアナ川はトランスバース山脈から流れ出て州南部を横切っている。
人口動勢[編集]
詳細は「カリフォルニア州の人口動態」を参照
人口[編集]
カリフォルニア州の人口密度分布図
| 人口推移 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 年 | 人口 | 変動率 |
| 1850 | 92,597 | — |
| 1860 | 379,994 | 310.4% |
| 1870 | 560,247 | 47.4% |
| 1880 | 864,694 | 54.3% |
| 1890 | 1,213,398 | 40.3% |
| 1900 | 1,485,053 | 22.4% |
| 1910 | 2,377,549 | 60.1% |
| 1920 | 3,426,861 | 44.1% |
| 1930 | 5,677,251 | 65.7% |
| 1940 | 6,907,387 | 21.7% |
| 1950 | 10,586,223 | 53.3% |
| 1960 | 15,717,204 | 48.5% |
| 1970 | 19,953,134 | 27.0% |
| 1980 | 23,667,902 | 18.6% |
| 1990 | 29,760,021 | 25.7% |
| 2000 | 33,871,648 | 13.8% |
| 2010 | 37,253,956 | 10.0% |
2009年現在、その人口は36,961,664人と推計され、国内で13番目に増加率の高い州である。前回2000年の国勢調査から3,090,016人増えており、自然増（出生5,058,440、死亡2,179,958[15]）ならびに州内への移住者純増306,925人が含まれている。アメリカ合衆国外からの移住で1,816,633人増加し、合衆国内部への移住で1,509,708人減少した[15]。
カリフォルニア州は最も人口の多い州であり、アメリカ合衆国人口の12%を占める。人口においてアメリカの上位50都市の8都市を有している。ロサンゼルスは人口3,833,995人（2008年推計[16]）と合衆国内で2番目の大都市である。以下、サンディエゴ（7位）、サンノゼ（10位）、サンフランシスコ（12位）、フレズノ（36位）、サクラメント（37位）、ロングビーチ（38位）、オークランド（44位）と続く。ロサンゼルス郡の人口は9,862,049人とアメリカ合衆国の郡では最大であり、国内42の州よりも多い[17][18]。州の人口重心はバトンウィロウ（国勢調査指定地域）があるカーン郡となっている[19][20]。
人種構成[編集]
アメリカ合衆国統計局は、自分や先祖が中南米のスペイン語圏出身であるという意識を持つヒスパニック系を2つのカテゴリー分けている。ヒスパニック系は「ヒスパニック」だけではなく、白人またはアジア系に分類される場合、単純に「その他の人種」と分類される場合がある。そのために国勢調査データが分かりにくいと言われている。
下記は「ヒスパニック系」を明確に分類し、各グループのヒスパニック系以外の数値（ヒスパニック系以外の白人、ヒスパニック系以外のエスキモー、ヒスパニック系以外の混血など）を掲載した。人種および国勢調査上のもっと多くの情報につい詳しくは米国国勢調査における人種と民族（英語版）を参照
| 2000年国勢調査 [1] | 2008年推計 [21] | |
|---|---|---|
| ヒスパニック以外の白人 | 47.4% | 42.3% |
| ラティーノ（人種を問わないヒスパニック） | 32.4% | 36.6% |
| アジア系アメリカ人 | 11.0% | 12.5% |
| 黒人 | 6.5% | 6.7% |
| 2つまたはそれ以上の人種 | 1.9% | 2.6% |
| インディアンおよび エスキモー | 0.5% | 1.2% |
| ハワイ諸島および太平洋諸島系先住民族 | 0.3% | 0.3% |
白人の数では22,189,514人と国内最大の州であり、アフリカ系アメリカ人は2,250,630人と国内5位である。アジア系アメリカ人は440万人と推計され、国内のアジア系人口1,310万人の約3分の1がカリフォルニア州に住んでいることになる。インディアン人口は285,162人でこれも国内最高である[22]。
出自はメキシコ系 (25%) が最多であり、次にアジア系、イギリス系、ドイツ系、およびアイルランド系と続く。メキシコ系特にチカーノの多くは、カリフォルニア州南部、セントラル・バレー、サリナス、およびサンフランシスコ湾地域に居住している。アングロサクソン民族の多くは、シエラネバダ東部、北縁、および北部海岸に居住している。カリフォルニアはもとより、北アメリカでアジア系が最も集中しているのが、サンフランシスコ近辺である。
インディアン[編集]
カリフォルニア州のインディアン保留地
同州にはかつて、60を数えるインディアン民族が先住していた。温暖な気候と豊富な漁業・狩猟資源に恵まれ、農業は発展しなかった。
18世紀にやってきたスペイン人は、さまざまな民族を捕えて強制的にキリスト教化し、農場の労務や他のインディアン民族の監督に使役し、これを「ミッション・インディアン（英語版）（伝道インディアン）」と呼んだ。現在、カリフォルニア独自のインディアン集団となっている。
1849年を中心とするゴールド・ラッシュでは、金目当てにやってきた白人（フォーティーナイナー）が北部のインディアン民族の土地を蹂躙した。ヤヒ族のように根絶やしにされた民族もあった。
同州は、インディアンによる初の完全自治運営による短期大学「DQ大学（英語版）」が開校された記念すべき州でもある。この学校は、朝鮮戦争時に連邦政府に没収され、ミサイルレーダー基地にされていたインディアン保留地が以後放置されていたものを返還させ跡地利用したものである。現在、州はこの大学の認定を取り消して廃校処分としており、インディアン学生による抗議運動が続けられている。
1960年代に巻き起こったインディアンの権利回復要求運動「レッド・パワー運動（英語版）」では、全米でインディアンによる占拠抗議が行われた。同州で決行されたアルカトラズ島占拠事件は、中でも最大級のものであった。
インディアンによるアルカトラズ島占拠の記念碑
1969年の11月20日、モホーク族のリチャード・オークス、サンテ・スー族のジョン・トラデル（英語版）ら老若男女79人のインディアンの人たちがアルカトラズ島に上陸、条約に基づく権利として「アルカトラズ島をインディアンの文化センターとする」と宣言、数百人のインディアンが全米から集まった。リチャード・ニクソン大統領が調停に入り、「レッド・パワー運動」は全世界に轟いた。占拠は1971年6月11日まで続いた。
小規模民族が多く、同州では「保留地 (Reservation)」は主に「集落 (Rancheria)」と呼ばれている。温暖な気候を利用し、果樹園を営む人々もある。リゾート観光事業に特化した人々も多いが、ほとんどの民族は産業を持てず貧困にあえぐ状況である。
サンフランシスコの観光名所であるショッピング・センター「ベイ・ストリート・モール」は、ムウェクマ・オーロネ族の伝統墓地と貝塚を破壊して建てられた
絶滅扱いされ、民族認定されていないサンフランシスコの「オーロネ族（英語版）・ムウェクマ・バンド」は、伝統の墓地と貝塚を破壊されて、ショッピングセンター「ベイ・ストリート・モール（英語版）」を建てられた。民族の反対を押し切って行われた墓暴きでは、首長ローズマリー・ギャンブラが妨害行為を行ったとして逮捕された。発掘されたオーロネ族の数万個に上る遺骨片は、バークレー大学のインディアン博物館に押収展示されており、この民族はこの返還を求め係争中である。
クラマス族による水利漁業権回復要求デモ（2006年）
同州を流れるクラマス川には、上流に鮭の遡上を遮る四つのダムがあり、伝統的な鮭漁が営めないとして、クラマス族（英語版）、ユロク族（英語版）はダムの撤廃を訴え、2004年と2005年にダムを所有する実業家の住むスコットランドへ赴き、現地で熱狂的に迎えられた。この際に魚道の確保や一部ダムの撤廃などを約束されたが、2006年にダムの所有者が移ったため、運動は振り出しに戻っている。また、カルク族（英語版）はクラマス川で行われている砂金採りのレクリエーションイベントが河床を荒らし、鮭漁に有害であると抗議している。2009年1月、カリフォルニア漁業狩猟庁はこれが特別「非常事態」でもないとして却下した。カルク族のクレイグ・タッカーは「我々の漁場が非常事態でないと思うんなら、そいつらは頭のスイッチがいかれてるんだろう」とコメントした。
同州には19世紀に東部や南部から強制移住させられた民族もおり、多数の民族が現在、連邦政府の公式認定を要求し、係争中である。
詳細は「カリフォルニア州のインディアン部族一覧」を参照
インディアン・カジノ[編集]
1987年、「ミッション・インディアン・カバゾン・バンド」が民族の命運をかけて開設した高額賭け率のビンゴ場の「ファンタジー・スプリングス・リゾート・カジノ」は、これを違法とする州政府と「ミッション・インディアン・カバゾン・バンド訴訟（英語版）」で争った末に最高裁で合法判決を勝ち取った。この判例は全米のインディアン民族に民族カジノ開設を競わせ、「インディアン・カジノ」は「現代のバッファロー」と呼ばれる民族のビジネス・モデルとなった。
1988年、連邦政府は「インディアン賭博規制法」を制定し、インディアン民族による賭博を三等級に分け、最上級のカジノ運営に関し、連邦認定された（つまり、保留地を所有する）インディアン民族に限って内務省管轄でこれを認めることとした。一方、同じインディアン民族でありながら連邦政府から「絶滅民族」とされ、連邦との条約規定を解消されて保留地や福利厚生の権利を没収された多数のバンドは、カジノを持つことも出来ず、自立の機会を奪われている。
現在、同州全体で58のカジノと、90のポーカー場を運営している。「宮殿」を名乗るカジノもあるが、実際に宮殿並みの外観を備え、ホテル、温泉や保養施設、レストランなどを揃えた一大リゾート施設となったものも多い。
同州のインディアン民族の人が経営するカジノ・賭博施設についてはカリフォルニア州のインディアン・カジノ一覧を参照。
言語[編集]
2005年現在、5歳以上のカリフォルニア州民の57.59%は家庭で英語を話し、28.21%はスペイン語を話している。以下、タガログ語2.04%、中国語1.59%、ベトナム語1.4%、および朝鮮語1.05%と続く。全体で42.4%は英語以外を話している[23][24]。
選挙公報、確定申告など公的文書にもスペイン語表記があるため、連邦や州の公用語だと誤解しがちである。アメリカ合衆国に公用語はない。一方、約30州が州の公用語を定めており、カリフォルニア州では1986年の州法改定で、共通語であり公用語であるのは英語である旨を明文化している[25][26]。
2009年10月24日、知事シュワルツェネッガーは、チュマシュ族インディアン・サンタイネス・バンドを筆頭とするカリフォルニア・インディアン民族が提唱したインディアン部族語の保存援助を目的とする新しい州法案に署名した。州のこの新法は、同州のインディアン民族に、民族語再教育のためのライセンスや各種基準を認めるものである。同州にはかつて100以上の民族語が存在したが、「インディアン寄宿学校」による合衆国の民族浄化政策によって、半数以上が絶滅言語となってしまっている。
宗教[編集]
Cathedralサンノゼのセントジョセフ・バシリカ
カリフォルニア州の住民の宗教は以下の通り。
- キリスト教 - 75%
- プロテスタント - 38%
- バプテスト - 8%
- 長老派教会 - 3%
- メソジスト - 2%
- ルーテル教会 - 2%
- 他のプロテスタントまたは一般的なプロテスタント - 23%
- ローマ・カトリック - 34%
- 他のキリスト教 - 3%
- プロテスタント - 38%
- ユダヤ教 - 2%
- その他の宗教 - 3%
- 無宗教 - 20%
多くの他の西部の州と同じく、カリフォルニア州でも無宗教の比率が合衆国の他の地域に比して高い。
重要な都市および町[編集]
-
サクラメント
-
ロサンゼルス
-
サンディエゴ
-
サンフランシスコ
-
サンノゼ
-
ロングビーチ
-
オークランド
-
フレズノ
カリフォルニア州は大都市圏内に大多数が属する、480都市を有している（市が458、町が22。カリフォルニアの州法では市も町も明確な区別は無く、どちらを選んでもよい[27]）。カリフォルニア州の人口の68%は、ロサンゼルス大都市圏、サンフランシスコ湾岸地域およびリバーサイド・サンバーナーディーノの3大都市圏に住んでいる。その他に規模は小さくなるがサンディエゴとサクラメントの都市圏にもそこそこの人口が集まっている。
サクラメントが1850年に市政を布いたのが最初の市になった[28]サンノゼ、サンディエゴおよびベニシアが同年3月27日に続いた[29][30][31]。 2008年10月1日に市になったメニフィーが最新で480番目である[32]。
カリフォルニア州はチャーターと一般法の2種の市を認めている[27]。一般法の市は州法でその存在を認められ、州の管轄を受ける。チャーター市は市自体のチャーターで統治される。19世紀に市政を布いた市はチャーター市が多かった。人口の多い10都市もすべてチャーター市である。
上の地域内の重要な郊外の一覧、参照：en:List of urbanized areas in California (by population)。
カリフォルニア州内の25の豊かな場所[編集]以下のリストは住人の平均個人所得による順位である：
カリフォルニア州の場所の平均個人所得ランキング（英語版） 2000年の調査によると、マリン郡はアメリカ合衆国内で最も豊かな郡である。 法律および行政[編集]州政府[編集]詳細は「カリフォルニア州の政治」および「カリフォルニア州知事の一覧」を参照
サクラメントにあるカリフォルニア州議会議事堂
カリフォルニア州は共和制の三権分立制を採っている。すなわち知事とその他選挙で選ばれる憲法で定めた行政官からなる執行府、下院と上院からなる立法府および最高裁判所と下級裁判所からなる司法府である。また直接請求、住民投票、リコールおよび批准という手段で有権者が直接政治に参加できる仕組みがある。政党は閉鎖的予備選挙あるいは党員と無所属の者のみが投票できる予備選挙のどちらかを選択できる。 知事とその他選挙で選ばれる憲法で定めた行政官の任期は4年間であり、再選は1回のみ可能である。州議会は上院が定数40人、下院が80人である。上院は4年任期、下院は2年任期である。下院議員は3期まで、上院議員は2期までという上限がある。 2011年-2012年の会期では、下院が民主党議員52人、共和党議員28人、上院が民主党議員24人、共和党議員13人で3人が空席である。知事は民主党のジェリー・ブラウンである。 カリフォルニアの法体系は明確にイギリスのコモン・ローに基づいている[34]が、夫婦共有財産のようにスペインの大陸法から継承したものもある。死刑は合法であり、現在国内最多の「処刑待ち」死刑囚を抱えている。死刑囚監房はサンフランシスコの北、マリン郡にあるサン・クエンティン州立刑務所にある。人権問題が提起されているので、死刑執行は現在無期限に止められている。[35]。州内の刑務所に居る受刑者の数は1980年の25,000人から2007年の17万人以上にまで膨れ上がっている[36]。 カリフォルニア州の司法府は合衆国の州の中で最大であり、判事が1,600人居る（連邦司法府は約840人に過ぎない）。最高裁判所の判事は7人である。最高裁判所と控訴裁判所の判事は知事によって指名されるが、12年ごとに有権者の審査を受けることになっている。 全米10大都市にランクされるロサンゼルスやサンフランシスコなどの大都市圏をかかえるカリフォルニア州は、かつての大気汚染などの問題もあり、メーカー等の産業廃棄物処理・排水規制などの法人対象の法や、ベルモント市（英語版）の2009年より個人所有のアパートなどを含む共有空間での喫煙を禁じる条例など、早期から取り締まられた排気ガス規制など環境関連の規制が全米で最も厳しい。 1970年代はアメリカでもっともすばらしい政治運営がなされている場所と評価されていたが、重要な法案を州民投票で直接選択する方針を採ってからは行政運営が上手くいっておらず、かつては全米一と言われていた教育水準も年々低下している。 参考文献[編集]
国政[編集]
カリフォルニア州には特有の政治文化がある。妊娠中絶を認めた2番目の州であり、同性の結婚を認めたのも2番目だった（同性の結婚は司法判断であり、後に住民請求による投票で撤回された。しかし2013年6月26日、連邦最高裁が、同性婚を否定する住民投票「プロップ8」を違憲と判断した州裁判所の判決を支持したため、再び同性婚は合法化されるはこびである）。 1990年代以降の国政選挙では概して民主党候補を選んでいるが、知事には共和党候補を選んできた。ただしシュワルツェネッガーのように共和党知事の多くは「中庸共和党」、中央政党より中道であると見なされる傾向がある。 民主党の地盤はロサンゼルス郡やサンフランシスコ・ベイエリアなど海岸地域である。またサクラメントでも多数派である。共和党の地盤は東部である。南部のオレンジ郡も共和党が強い。 カリフォルニアの政治傾向は民主党が強くなり、共和党が弱くなっている。この傾向は大統領選挙で顕著である。さらに民主党は1992年以降アメリカ合衆国上院議員選挙をすべて制しており、州議会の両院でも多数党である。アメリカ合衆国下院では、第110会期で民主党議員34人、共和党議員19人となっている。州内の選挙区はどちらかの政党が優位となっており、接戦になる選挙区は少ない。かつて共和党を選んでいた大変保守派の州だったが、現在は民主党優位となった。政治評論家に拠れば、下院議員および大統領選挙人の数は現在の55人よりも3人多い58人であるべきとしている[37]。 経済[編集]詳細は「カリフォルニア州の経済」を参照
カリフォルニア州が1つの国であれば、国内総生産は7位から10位の間に入る。[38][39][40]
カリフォルニア州のGDP産業別内訳、2008年[41]
2007年時点で州の総生産は約1兆8,120億ドルであり、国内の州では最大で、アメリカ合衆国のGDPの13%を占めている。世界の国と比較してもGDPで9位、購買力平価説購買力平価で12位になる。しかし、2009年-2010年会計年度では263億ドルの赤字だった[42]。2008年後半の経済減退と世界金融危機への対応が緊急課題となったために州予算の成立が3か月も遅れたが、単に赤字を2009年に繰り越しただけだった。1つの問題は州の歳入のかなりの部分が、少数の富裕な州民から上がる所得税に頼っていることである。例えば2004年の場合、納税者の3%が収税すべてのうちの60%を払っていた[43]。課税できる収入はキャピタルゲインに頼っているために、証券市場の減退が大きく影響してきた。州知事は歳出の大幅なカットと増税を提案してきたが、議会との間で続くこじれのために法案の通過は困難な状況にある。 州の歳出は1998年の560億ドルから2008年の1,310億ドルまで増加し、2008年には400億ドルの赤字になった[44]。2010年には720億ドル[45]とさらに赤字が増加する可能性がある[46]。 雇用数を比較すると貿易・交通および公共事業の分野、地方自治体、専門職と事業経営分野、教育と健康分野および観光娯楽分野が3つの大きな分野である。生産高でみると、金融が大きく、続いて貿易・交通および公共事業の分野、教育と健康分野、地方自治体、製造分野の順になる。2010年1月の失業率は12.5%と国内では5番目に高く、2007年の5.9%からかなり上昇した[47][48]。 カリフォルニア州の経済は貿易と国際商取引への依存率が高く、およそ州経済の4分の1に相当している。2008年の輸出額は1,440億ドルであり、2006年の1,270億ドル、2007年の1,340億ドルから増加してきている[49]。中でもコンピュータと電子製品が2008年の輸出額の42%と飛びぬけて高い [49]。 農業はカリフォルニア州経済の大変重要な分野であり続けている。過去30年間の農業関連売上高は、1974年の73億ドルから2004年の310億ドルと約4倍になった[50]。この期間、農業用地は15%減り、農業用水供給量は慢性的不安定な状態だったがこれだけ売上高は上がった。これは農業適地を集中的に使ったことと、技術的改善で収量を上げたことが貢献している[50]。 2007年のカリフォルニア州1人当たり所得は38,956ドルであり、国内の州では8位になっている[51]。これは地域や職業で幅広く異なっている。セントラル・バレーでは移民農場労働者が最低賃金以下で働いているので最も貧しい地域になっている。近年サンホアキン・バレー地域がアパラチア地域と並んで、合衆国で最も経済的に落ち込んだ地域の1つになってきた[52]。海岸にある多くの都市の中には一人当たり所得で合衆国の最も富める地域になっている所がある。北部のハイテク産業が集積したシリコンバレー、サンタクララ郡とサンマテオ郡はインターネット・バブルによる不況から立ち直ってきた。 カリフォルニア州は6等級で変わる所得累進課税方式を採っており、最高税率は9.3%である。所得税総額は年400億ドルになる。消費税率は8.25%であり、地方消費税を含むと10.75%になる[53]。固定資産税は購入時の適正市場価格に基づいて課税され、実勢市場価格に合わせて増税されることはない。 2009年の経済危機でカリフォルニア州は破産状態になっている[54]。6月にアーノルド・シュワルツェネッガー知事は「我々の財布は空であり、銀行は閉じ、信用は無くなった」と語った[55]。現在240億ドルの歳出カットを提案している[55]。 主な会社など[編集]カリフォルニア州に本拠地のある企業には以下のようなものがある。
交通[編集]
サンフランシスコの金門橋、カリフォルニアでも最も有名なランドマークになっている。
カリフォルニアの広大な領域はフリーウェイ、イクスプレスウェイおよびハイウェイ（公道）で繋がれている。車社会であり、都市部は交通渋滞が激しい。州道の建設と保守、および州全体の交通計画は州交通局が担当している。人口の急増で交通網に歪みを来たしており、積極的にフリーウェイの交通網拡張を継続すべきか、都会における大量交通手段の改良に集中すべきかというのが州政の課題で有り続けている。 州内でも有名なランドマークの1つが1937年に完工した金門橋である。オレンジ色に塗られ湾を見下ろすパノラマのような景色が観光客に人気であり、歩行者や自転車も通ることができる。エル・カミノ・レアル（スペイン語で「王の道」）や太平洋岸ハイウェイとも呼ばれる州道1号線の一部であるアメリカ国道101号線として同時に指定された。サンフランシスコ・ベイエリアに架かる7つの橋の中で、1936年に完工したサンフランシスコ・オークランド・ベイブリッジも有名である。二階建てのこの橋は1日28万台の交通量があり、イエルバ・ブエナ島で2つの部分に分かれている。 太平洋および合衆国本土内との交通はロサンゼルス国際空港とサンフランシスコ国際空港が大きな中継点になっている。州内には他にも約12の商業空港と多くの一般用と空港がある。 重要な海港も幾つかある。南部のロサンゼルス港とロングビーチ港で作られる巨大な海港は国内でも最大であり、コンテナ取扱量では国内の約4分の1となっている。オークランド港は国内4位であり、環太平洋地域との貿易を扱い、北カリフォルニアから全米に入る海洋コンテナの大半を送り出している。
高規格道路のインターチェンジ
都市間鉄道はアムトラック・カリフォルニアが運行しており、合衆国の北東回廊の次に運行本数の多い路線が3線ある。ロサンゼルス（ロサンゼルス郡都市圏交通局）やサンフランシスコ（サンフランシスコ市営鉄道）の都市圏には地下鉄やライトレールのネットワークがある。ライトレールはサンノゼ、サンディエゴ、サクラメントおよびサンディエゴ郡北部でも運行されている。さらに通勤列車としては、サンフランシスコ・ベイエリアのアルタモント通勤急行、バート、カルトレイン、ロサンゼルス大都市圏のメトロリンク、サンディエゴ郡のコースターがある。カリフォルニア高速鉄道局が1996年に創設され、サンフランシスコとロサンゼルス間を2時間半で結ぶ計画である。総延長は700マイル (1127 km) になる可能性がある。100億ドル近い資金（州債）が投入される建設は2008年11月の住民投票で承認された。ほとんど全郡でバス路線を運行しており、多くの都市にもバス便がある。都市間のバス路線はグレイハウンドとアムトラックのスルーウェイコーチが運行している。
教育[編集]
トランス高校はカリフォルニア州で開校を続けている最古の高校であり、テレビや映画の撮影で人気がある。
公立の中等教育には貿易、言語および教養科目で選択コースを教えている高校があり、天分に恵まれた者、カレッジを指向する者および工業系を指向する生徒のためのものである。カリフォルニア州の公共教育システムは特徴ある憲法修正条項で支持されており、幼稚園性から12年生までとコミュニティ・カレッジの最低予算を手当てしている。コミュニティ・カレッジは経済の発展と共に成長し入学者が増えている[56]。 2005年-2006年学校年では620万人の生徒がいた。カリフォルニは他州にくらべて予算や教師のレベルで遅れを取っている。生徒一人当たり費用はワシントンD.C.を含めて51州のうち29番目であり、生徒一人当たり教職員の数は49番目である。生徒対教師の比率も49番目であり、教師1人あたり生徒21人となっている[57]。 カリフォルニア州の公共高等教育は、カリフォルニア大学機構、カリフォルニア州立大学機構およびカリフォルニア・コミュニティ・カレッジ機構の特徴ある3階層のシステムである。
カリフォルニア大学機構[編集]カリフォルニア大学機構は世界で最も多くのノーベル賞受賞者を雇用している世界でも有数の公立大学機構である。多くの研究型大学を擁する。以下の13のキャンパスを持つ。略称はUC。
また、カリフォルニア大学機構には含まれないが、法科大学院であるカリフォルニア大学ヘイスティングス校ロースクールがサンフランシスコにある。 カリフォルニア大学機構はアメリカ合衆国エネルギー省・ローレンス・リバモア国立研究所、ローレンス・バークレー国立研究所、および ロスアラモス国立研究所の国立研究所の管理を行っている。 カリフォルニア州立大学機構[編集]カリフォルニア州立大学機構も世界の中でも有数の教育機構の1つだと考えられている。45万人以上の学生を抱えるカリフォルニア州立大学機構はアメリカ合衆国最大の大学機構で、高校生の上位3分の1を受け入れる事を目的としている。主に学部生の教育が意図されている[58]。以下の23の大学、分校などを含む。略称はCSU。
カリフォルニア・コミュニティ・カレッジ機構[編集]カリフォルニア・コミュニティ・カレッジ機構は低い次元の教科学習を提供し、基本技能や職業訓練に重きを置いている。アメリカ合衆国の中でも最大の高等教育網であり110のカレッジに290万人以上の学生がいる[59]。 私立大学[編集]以下の私立大学が有名である。他にも数百の私立カレッジや大学があり、この中には宗教系や特殊目的の学校もある。
芸術・文化[編集]詳細は「カリフォルニア州の文化」を参照 美術館・博物館[編集]
オーケストラなど[編集]
食文化[編集]インディアンの他、世界各国からの移民によって構成されているため、都市部では世界各国の料理（またはそれらをアメリカ風にアレンジしたもの）を気軽に楽しむことが可能である。特にもともとメキシコの領土であったことや、メキシコからの移民が多いこともありメキシコ料理が非常に一般的であるほか、イタリア料理や中華料理、ベトナム料理などが日常的に楽しまれている。 21世紀初頭の現在、アメリカの大都市はもちろん、全米各地で寿司や照り焼きをはじめとする日本料理が人気を博しており、一般のスーパーマーケットでも豆腐、醤油、麺類などの食材を調達することが可能であるが、カリフォルニアでは既に1970年代からその兆しがあった。アジア系住民が多く気候も温暖であることから、大根、白菜などのアジア系野菜、カリフォルニア米と呼ばれる中粒や日本のあきたこまちなどの短粒ジャポニカ種の北米における主要生産地となっており、新鮮なアジア系食材が入手しやすい地域である。カリフォルニアロールやフォーチュン・クッキーなど既存のアジア食を西洋風にアレンジしたものを全米に浸透させる発信地となることも多い。 日本との関係[編集]日系人[編集]カリフォルニアはハワイと並んで、日本人と関係の深い州のひとつである。古くはジョン万次郎、福澤諭吉、勝海舟から、この地を訪れた日本人は多い。意外なところでは、竹久夢二もこの地を訪れている。 明治以降は日本人の移民が相次ぎ、1924年に日本人の移民を禁じる排日移民法が制定される。この差別的待遇は太平洋戦争によってさらに悪化し、日系人は土地や財産を没収され、10か所の強制収容所に収容されることになる（キャンプは陸軍省下のWRAによって管理されたものと、司法省によって管理されるキャンプがあった。日系アメリカ人強制収容所と一般に言われる場合には前者のことをさす場合が多い）。これら大戦前の移民の出身地は、圧倒的に山陽地方および北部九州が多く、その理由として、かつては「山陽道は旅人の往来が多く、他所への移住に抵抗感が少ない地域であるから」とされたが、「この地方は中世以来水軍の活動が顕著で、鎖国が解かれ再び出国ラッシュとなったから」と云う説もある。このためか、かつては「アメリカ日系人の標準語は広島弁である」とまで言われた。 戦後、日系人は戦時中に活躍した日系アメリカ人部隊（陸軍第442連隊戦闘団・第100歩兵大隊）の存在や、日系アメリカ人議員の輩出などで、その地位と名誉を回復する。1988年には強制収容所での不当な扱いに対して補償法案を通過させ、生存者への金銭的補償を勝ち取った。一般に、日系人は経済的には平均より恵まれているといえるが、依然としてグラス・シーリング「見えない天井」という社会問題が残されている（そもそも日系アメリカ人は大都市に多く住み、ゆえに所得も平均以上となるのは当然と言われている）。米国の農場主は圧倒的に白人が多い中、カリフォルニアでは、サクラメント近郊等にかなりの割合で日系農場主が存在している。 日系人社会はおよそ1世と2世、そして戦後から1980年代までの戦後移民、バブル以降の新移民に大別することができる。1世は経済難民的で、苦労して現在の地位を築き上げてきた功労者といえるが、アメリカ社会には同化しにくく、他の移民集団と同様にリトル・トーキョーに代表されるエスニック・タウンを形成する傾向がある。戦前・戦中の迫害経験から社会に対する猜疑心が強い、とも言われるが、とりわけ強制収容所での経験は1世の父権主義を心理的に崩壊させ、2世リーダーの台頭によって完全にその権威が失われてしまった。 2世以降は父祖の地としての日本に興味はあるものの、それ以上の感情は持たず、思考や行動はアメリカ人的である。ただ2世は親と生地という2つの文化に自己を引き裂かれるというアイデンティティ・クライシスを経験することが多く、日系アメリカ人文学のテーマとして描かれることが多い。アメリカで生まれ、幼少時より日本で教育を受けた後、再びアメリカに戻った人を帰米という。この場合は、心情的にも日本人とほとんどかわらないが、彼らのアメリカでの苦労もまた2世と同様に苦難を伴う場合が多かった。 戦後移民は米軍人妻（戦争花嫁）や、成功を目指して渡米した人が多い。ロッキー青木やショー・コスギが代表例である。この集団は個々に分散して、1つのエスニック・グループとしては形成されていない。しかし高齢化するにつれ、日本回帰の現象も見られる。 新移民はバブル以降の日本の「国際化」（＝英米化）を受けて、アメリカで生活することを選んだ人たちである。脱サラ者や定年退職者、留学生などが多いが、彼らの生活は日本との関係に依存している面が多く、近年の不況から、帰国を選択するものも増えてきている。 日本の企業進出[編集]1951年にサンフランシスコを中心とするカリフォルニア州北部にある日系企業、北加日本商工会議所 (JCCNC) が設立された。2007年現在、約300社が加盟している。1960年代には、ロサンゼルスやサンディエゴを中心とする南カリフォルニア日系企業協会 (JBA) が設立され、2007年現在の加盟社数は約500に達する。両団体とも、州の認可を受けた非営利団体である。他州にある日系企業団体や日本人会同様、会員対象のセミナーや親睦行事、日系企業実態の調査、地元地域への日本文化紹介や奉仕活動などを行っている。 2000年にJBAが行った調査『南カリフォルニア日系企業実態』[60]によると、調査対象企業の70%がロサンゼルス郡に集中しており、ロサンゼルス（108社）とトーランス（94社）が突出している。次いで20%がオレンジ郡に拠点があり、アーバインとサイプレスに多い。またメキシコ国境に近いサンディエゴ郡にも20社存在する。ただし製造業は過密状態のロサンゼルスよりも、オレンジ郡やサンディエゴ郡のメキシコ国境沿いの工業地帯（マキドーラ Maquidora）に多い。日系企業の南カリフォルニアへの進出数は1980年代をピークに減ってはいるものの、新規設立は続いている。62.4%が米国の法人本社、24.3%が支店として設立しており、アメリカ進出への足掛け地点となっている。雇用者は72.8%の現地採用者が占め、その多くが金融・保険業、製造業に就いている。日本からの派遣社員は不動産業と建設業に多いが、全体の3.1%程度で減少傾向にある。従業員100人以上の中・大規模レベルの企業数と雇用数は減少しており、逆に全体の70%が小規模な企業であり、雇用を増やしている。対象企業の80%が増収、あるいは前年と同程度の利益を見込んでいる。不動産、卸・小売、製造、金融・保険といった業界が好調である。 2002年にはJCCNCが『ベイエリア日系企業実態調査』を行っている。2000年度の調査と比較して、ベイエリアの企業が減少、1社あたりの平均雇用数も49人と大幅に減少している。日本からの派遣社員は平均4人で変化はない。80%が日本企業の現地法人である。拠点は80%がサンタクララ、サンフランシスコ、サンマテオ郡にある。60%がサービス業または製造業である。売上が過去2年間に増加した企業が36%、減少は46%であり、営業利益は赤字が約34%、今後1、2年の見通しが改善あるいは横ばいと答えた企業が約90%であった。全体の25%が何らかのボランティア活動を行い、アメリカの団体等に対する寄付は総額1940万ドルにのぼっている。 毎年、JCCNCとJBAの代表者が合同でサクラメントの州議会を表敬訪問している[61] [62]。2007年度はシュワルツェネッガー州知事に面会する機会があり、日系企業の投資（1739社による290億ドル）および雇用（15万人）に対する感謝を受けた。州議員には、医療保険や運転免許証といった個人生活レベルから、コンテナ課税、施設に対する消費税、環境法案など企業レベルでの問題に対する改善を要請すると同時に、州の企業誘致に対するアドバイスを与えた。アジア系議員とのパイプ作りに昼食会もおこなった。 日本語教育[編集]日本人が多く、日本と係わり合いの深い地域のため、カリフォルニア州には全日制私立在外教育施設の西大和学園や、州内各地に文部科学省認可の補習授業校が6校ある。2002年の文科省の発表では、ロサンゼルス補習校（通称：あさひ学園）、サンフランシスコ補習校、サンディエゴ補習校（通称：みなと学園）の3校は生徒数において、世界187校のうち上位10校に入る規模である。なかでも上位1、2位を占めるロサンゼルスとサンフランシスコの補習校は、ともに複数校舎を持ち、在籍生徒数が1000名を超えるマンモス校である。 非認可の補習校も2校あるほか、日本語イマージョンや日本語が教科にある公立校もあり、州内のカリキュラムに沿った日本語教師を対象にした研修[63]が行われるなど、日本語教育が盛んである。 サブカルチャーに対して積極的な風土から、日本のアニメ・マンガに対しても関心を持つ者が多く、日本語学習の契機となる例が多く見られる。[要出典] 誘致・親善[編集]2004年、アーノルド・シュワルツェネッガー知事が日本を訪問し産業・観光をアピール。2008年から2009年には「なんでもアリフォルニア カリフォルニア」のコピーで州政府観光局が広告活動をしている[64]。 最近ではフジテレビ系列「ワンナイR&R」のキャラクター「松浦ゴリエ」がカリフォルニア州政府公認の親善大使を務める。 その他[編集]同州出身の有名人[編集]
日本の姉妹都市[編集]
脚注[編集]
関連項目[編集]
外部リンク[編集]
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For other uses, see California (disambiguation).
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California (i/ˌkælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is the most populous U.S. state,[11] home to one out of eight Americans (38 million people), and is the third largest state by area (after Alaska and Texas). California is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and the Mexican State of Baja California to the south. It is home to the nation's second and fifth most populous census statistical areas (Greater Los Angeles area and San Francisco Bay Area, respectively), and eight of the nation's 50 most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach, and Oakland).[12] The capital city is Sacramento.
What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. It was then claimed by the Spanish Empire as part of Alta California in the larger territory of New Spain. Alta California became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence, but would later be ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican-American War. The western portion of Alta California was soon organized as the State of California, which was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic change, with large scale immigration from the U.S. and abroad and an accompanying economic boom.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by the Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the 3rd longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence because of the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually, but most are too small to feel.[13]
At least half of the fresh fruit produced in the United States are now cultivated in California, and the state also leads in the production of vegetables.[14] Other important contributors to its economy include aerospace, education, manufacturing, and high-tech industry. If it were a country, it would be the 9th largest economy in the world[15] and the 34th most populous.
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Geography
- 2.1 Climate
- 2.2 Ecology
- 2.3 Flora and fauna
- 2.4 Rivers
- 2.5 Regions
- 3 History
- 3.1 19th century
- 3.2 20th century
- 4 Demographics
- 4.1 Population
- 4.1.1 Immigration
- 4.2 Racial and ancestral makeup
- 4.3 Languages
- 4.4 Armed forces
- 4.1 Population
- 5 Culture
- 5.1 Religion
- 6 Economy
- 6.1 State finances
- 7 Infrastructure
- 7.1 Energy
- 7.2 Transportation
- 7.3 Water
- 8 Government and politics
- 8.1 State government
- 8.2 Politics
- 8.2.1 LGBT
- 9 Cities, towns and counties
- 10 Education
- 11 Sports
- 12 See also
- 13 Notes
- 14 References
- 15 Further reading
- 16 External links
Etymology
Main article: Origin of the name California
The word California originally referred to the entire region composed of the Baja California peninsula of Mexico, the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming.
The name California is most commonly believed to have derived from a fictional paradise peopled by Black Amazons and ruled by Queen Calafia.[16][17] The story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.[18][19][20] The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a remote land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts, and rich in gold.
Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons. They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks.
— Chapter CLVII of The Adventures of Esplandián[21]
The name California is the fifth oldest surviving European place-name in the US and was applied to what is now the southern tip of Baja California peninsula as the Island of California by a Spanish expedition led by Diego de Becerra and Fortún Ximénez, who landed there in 1533 at the behest of Hernán Cortés.[note 1]
Shortened forms of the state's name include CA, Cal., Cali., Calif. and us-CA.
Geography
Main article: Geography of California
A topographic map of California
A view of the Pacific coast in Big Sur
Aerial view of the California Central Valley
Yosemite National Park
California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas.[23]
In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley, bounded by the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Sierra Nevada to the east, the Cascade Range in the north and the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's agricultural heartland.
Divided in two by the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the northern portion, the Sacramento Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento River, while the southern portion, the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River; both areas derive their names from the rivers that transit them. With dredging, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained sufficiently deep that several inland cities are seaports.
The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta serves as a critical water supply hub for the state. Water is routed through an extensive network of canals and pumps out of the delta, that traverse nearly the length of the state, including the Central Valley Project and the State Water Project. Water from the Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people, almost two-thirds of the state's population, and provides water to farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. The Channel Islands are located off the southern coast.
The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range") includes the highest peak in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m).[5][6][7] The range embraces Yosemite Valley, famous for its glacially carved domes, and Sequoia National Park, home to the giant sequoia trees, the largest living organisms on Earth, and the deep freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume.
To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential migratory bird habitat. In the western part of the state is Clear Lake, the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California. Though Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States.
About 45 percent of the state's total surface area is covered by forests,[24] and California's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state. California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world; an individual Bristlecone pine has an age over 5,000 years.[25][26]
In the south is a large inland salt lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America, the Badwater Basin at −282 feet (−86 m).[9] The horizontal distance from the nadir of Death Valley to the summit of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles (140 km). Indeed, almost all of southeastern California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer. The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water.
Along the California coast are several major metropolitan areas, including Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area.
As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It sees numerous earthquakes due to several faults, in particular the San Andreas Fault.
Climate
Main article: Climate of California
Snow on the Sierra Nevada in eastern California
Death Valley, in the desert regions of the Inland Empire
Potato Harbor on Santa Cruz Island
A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park
Much of the state has a Mediterranean climate, with cool, rainy winters and dry summers. The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast. Farther inland, one encounters colder winters and hotter summers.
Northern parts of the state average higher annual rainfall than the south. California's mountain ranges influence the climate as well: some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern California has a temperate climate, and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have an alpine climate with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer.
The east side of California's mountains produce a rain shadow, creating expansive deserts. The higher elevation deserts of eastern California see hot summers and cold winters, while the low deserts east of the southern California mountains experience hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. Death Valley, a desert with large expanses below sea level, is considered the hottest location in the world; the highest temperature in the world,[27][28] 134 °F (57 °C), was recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was −45 °F (−43 °C) in 1937 in Boca.
Ecology
Main article: Ecology of California
See also: Environment of California
California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions.[29]
California's large number of endemic species includes relict species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina Ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac (Ceanothus). Many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat.
Flora and fauna
See also: Fauna of California
California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora: the largest trees, the tallest trees, and the oldest trees. California's native grasses are perennial plants.[30] After European contact, these were generally replaced by invasive species of European annual grasses; and, in modern times, California's hills turn a characteristic golden-brown in summer.[31]
Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain, the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran (desert); upper Sonoran (foothill regions and some coastal lands), transition (coastal areas and moist northeastern counties); and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic Zones, comprising the state's highest elevations.[32]
Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters. Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt, characterized by forests of small shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, mint, Phacelia, Viola, and the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) – the state flower – also flourish in this zone, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world.[32]
The transition zone includes most of California's forests with the redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the "big tree" or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), among the oldest living things on earth (some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years). Tanbark oak, California laurel, Sugar Pine, madrona, broad-leaved maple, and Douglas-fir also grow here. Forest floors are covered with swordfern, alumnroot, barrenwort, and trillium, and there are thickets of huckleberry, azalea, elder, and wild currant. Characteristic wild flowers include varieties of mariposa, tulip, and tiger and leopard lilies.[33]
The high elevations of the Canadian zone allow the Jeffrey Pine, red fir, and Lodgepole Pine to thrive. Brushy areas are abundant with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus; the unique Sierra puffball is also found here. Right below the timeberline, in the Hudsonian zone, the whitebark, foxtail, and silver pines grow. At about 10,500 feet (3,200 m), begins the Arctic zone, a treeless region whose flora include a number of wildflowers, including Sierra primrose, yellow columbine, alpine buttercup, and alpine shooting star.[32][34]
Common plants that have been introduced to the state include the eucalyptus, acacia, pepper tree, geranium, and Scotch broom. The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower, Antioch Dunes evening primrose, Solano Grass, San Clemente Island larkspur, salt marsh bird's beak, McDonald's rock-cress, and Santa Barbara Island Liveforever. As of December 1997[update], 85 plant species were listed as threatened or endangered.[32]
In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone, the mammals include the jackrabbit, kangaroo rat, squirrel, and opossum. Common birds include the owl, roadrunner, Cactus Wren, and various species of hawk. The area's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper, desert tortoise, and horned toad. The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such as the antelope, brown-footed woodrat, and Ring-tailed cat. Birds unique to this zone are the California Thrasher, bushtit, and California Condor.[32][35][36][37]
In the transition zone, there are Colombian Black-tailed Deer, black bears, gray foxes, cougars, bobcats, and Roosevelt elk. Reptiles such as the garter snakes and rattlesnakes inhabit the zone. In addition, amphibians such as the water puppy and redwood salamander are common too. Birds such as the kingfisher, chickadee, towhee, and hummingbird thrive here as well.[32][38]
The Canadian zone mammals include the Mountain weasel, Snowshoe hare, and several species of chipmunks. Conspicuous birds include the blue-fronted jay, Sierra chickadee. Sierra Hermit Thrush, water ouzel, and Townsend's Solitaire. As one ascends into the Hudsonian zone, birds become scarcer. While the Sierra rosy finch is the only bird native to the high Arctic region, other bird species such as the hummingbird and Clark's Nutcracker. Principal mammals found in this region include the Sierra coney, White-tailed jackrabbit, and the Bighorn Sheep. As of April 2003[update], the Bighorn Sheep was listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer, coyote, mountain lion, Northern Flicker, and several species of hawk and sparrow.[32]
Aquatic life in California thrives, from the state's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline. Numerous trout species are found, among them rainbow, golden, and cutthroat. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include sea bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several types of whale. Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species.[32]
As of April 2003, 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Point Arena mountain beaver, Pacific pocket mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rat), Amargosa vole, California Least Tern, California Condor, Loggerhead Shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered[39] and two that are threatened are on the federal list.[citation needed] Among threatened animals are the coastal California Gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern sea otter, and Northern Spotted Owl. California has a total of 290,821 acres (1,176.91 km2) of National Wildlife Refuges.[32] As of September 2010[update], 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.[40] Also, as of the same year[update], 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list.[40]
Rivers
Main article: List of rivers of California
The vast majority of rivers in California are dammed as part of two massive water projects: the Central Valley Project, providing water to the agricultural central valley, the California State Water Project diverting water to from northern to southern California. The state's coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission.
The two most prominent rivers within California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River, which drain the Central Valley and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and flow to the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Several major tributaries feed into the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, including the Pit River, the Tuolumne River, and the Feather River.
The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and south of San Francisco Bay, respectively, and the Eel River is the largest river in the state to remain in its natural un-dammed state. The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California. Some other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River in the far north coast, and the Colorado River on the southeast border with Arizona.
Regions
for more, see List of regions of California and List of places in California.
Mount Whitney (l), the highest point in the Contiguous U.S., is less than 90 miles (140 km) away from Badwater Basin in Death Valley (r), the lowest point in North America
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History
Main article: History of California
Mission San Diego de Alcalá drawn as it was in 1848. Established in 1769, it is the first of the California Missions established
Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000, which was about one-third of all native Americans in what is now the United States.[41] The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups.
The first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565.[42] Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain.
Finally, after the Portola expedition of 1769-70, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper)California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). Two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose.
19th century
The Russians from Alaska established their largest settlement in California, Fort Ross, in 1812
Map showing Alta California in 1838 when it was a sparsely populated Mexican province.[43]
Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor in 1850 or 1851
Chinese gold miners in California
In 1821 the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico (including California) independence from Spain; for the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote northern province of the nation of Mexico.
Cattle ranches, or ranchos, emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. After Mexican independence from Spain, the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and were secularized by 1834.[44] The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians) who had received land grants, and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants.
Beginning in the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the U.S. and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts surrounding California. In this period, Imperial Russia explored the California coast and established a trading post at Fort Ross.
In between 1831 to 1836, California experienced a series of revolts against Mexico;[45] this culminated in the 1836 California revolt lead by Juan Bautista Alvarado, which ended after Mexico appointed him governor of the department.[46] The revolt, which had momentarily declared California an independent state, was successful with the assistance of American and British residents of California,[47] including Isaac Graham;[48] after 1840, 100 of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham affair in 1840.[47]
In 1846 settlers rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide,[49] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt.
The California Republic was short lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican-American War (1846–1848). When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the U.S. forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California.
Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war, the region was divided between Mexico and the U.S.; the western territory of Alta California, was to become the U.S. state of California, and Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah became U.S. Territories, while the lower region of California, the Baja Peninsula, remained in the possession of Mexico.
In 1846 the non-native population of California was estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans down from about 300,000 prior to Hispanic settlement in 1769.[50] After gold was discovered, the population burgeoned with U.S. citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come.[51] Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.[52] On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the United States undivided as a free state, denying the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast.
California's native population precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which they had no natural immunity.[53] Like in other states, the native inhabitants were forcefully removed from their lands by incoming miners, ranchers, and farmers. And despite the fact that California entered the union as a free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved by Mexican and Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians.[54] There were several massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed. Between 1850 and 1860, California paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government)[55] to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In subsequent decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often very small and isolated and lacked adequate natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them.[54] As a result, the rise of California brought great hardship for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.[56]
The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule was located at Monterey from 1777 until 1845.[44] Pio Pico, last Mexican governor of Alta California, moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate was also located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.
In 1849, the Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the tasks was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854[57] with only a short break in 1861 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento.
Initially, travel between California and the rest of the continental U.S. was time consuming and dangerous. A more direct connection came in 1869 with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad through Donner Pass in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Once completed, hundreds of thousands of U.S. citizens came west, where new Californians were discovering that land in the state, if irrigated during the dry summer months, was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
20th century
Hollywood film studios, 1922
Migration to California accelerated during the early-20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white.[58] The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history.[59]
In order to meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.
Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states.[60] After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries,[61] whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War.[61][62] Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley.[63] As a result of these efforts, California is currently regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the U.S. center of agricultural production. Just before the "Dot Com Bust" California had the 5th largest economy in the world among nations.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of California
The population density of California
Population
| Historical population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 92,597 |
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| 1860 | 379,994 | 310.4% | |
| 1870 | 560,247 | 47.4% | |
| 1880 | 864,694 | 54.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,213,398 | 40.3% | |
| 1900 | 1,485,053 | 22.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,377,549 | 60.1% | |
| 1920 | 3,426,861 | 44.1% | |
| 1930 | 5,677,251 | 65.7% | |
| 1940 | 6,907,387 | 21.7% | |
| 1950 | 10,586,223 | 53.3% | |
| 1960 | 15,717,204 | 48.5% | |
| 1970 | 19,953,134 | 27.0% | |
| 1980 | 23,667,902 | 18.6% | |
| 1990 | 29,760,021 | 25.7% | |
| 2000 | 33,871,648 | 13.8% | |
| 2010 | 37,253,956 | 10.0% | |
| Est. 2013 | 38,332,521 | 2.9% | |
| Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010[64][65] Chart does not include Indigenous population figures. |
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Los Angeles is the second largest city in the United States
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 38,332,521 on July 1, 2013, a 2.9% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4] Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths).[67] During this time period, international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net in-migration of 306,925 people.[67] The State of California's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009.[12] However, according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most leaving to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona.[68]
California is the second-most-populous sub-national entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas, with a population second to that of State of São Paulo, Brazil.[69] California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world.[70][71] Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous U.S. county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 U.S. states.[72][73] In addition, California is home to eight of the 50 most populous cities in the United States: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), San Francisco (13th), Fresno (34th), Sacramento (35th), Long Beach (36th), and Oakland (47th). The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County.[note 2]
Immigration
Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the state's population.[75] In 2011, California saw a shift in its immigration pattern, with more coming from Asia and less from Latin America.[76] In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. 57% came from Asian countries vs. 22% from Latin American countries.[76]
The state's population of illegal immigrants has been shrinking in recent years, due to increased enforcement and a slumping economy.[77] The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest plunged from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to just 367,000 in 2011.[78] Illegal alien constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state's population, the third highest percentage of any state in the country,[79][note 3] totaling nearly 2.6 million.[80] More than half originate from Mexico.[80] Illegal aliens make up more than ten percent of the population in Los Angeles, Monterey, San Benito, Imperial, and Napa Counties – the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor.[81]
Racial and ancestral makeup
According to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2011:[82]
- 74.0% White (39.7% Non-Hispanic White, 34.3% Hispanic White)
- 13.6% Asian (3% Filipino, 3% Chinese, 1.6% Vietnamese, 1.4% Indian, 1.2% Korean, 0.7% Japanese, 0.2% Hmong, 0.2% Cambodian, 0.2% Laotian, 0.1% Thai, 0.1% Pakistani)
- 6.6% Black or African American
- 1.7% Native American
- 3.6% Multiracial (1.3% White and "Some Other Race", 1.2% White and Asian, 0.6% White and Native American, 0.5% White and Black, 1.3% Other)
- 0.5% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (0.1% Samoan, 0.1% Guamanian or Chamorro, 0.1% Native Hawaiian, 0.2% "Other Pacific Islander")
- 38.1% are Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (31% Mexican, 1.5% Salvadoran, 0.9% Guatemalan, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Nicaraguan, 0.2% Honduran, 0.2% Cuban, 0.2% Colombian, 0.2% Peruvian)
- 61.9% of the population is Non-Hispanic (of any race)
| Racial composition | 1990[83] | 2000[84] | 2010[85] |
|---|---|---|---|
| White | 69.0% | 59.5% | 57.6% |
| Asian | 9.6% | 10.9% | 13.1% |
| Black | 7.4% | 6.7% | 6.2% |
| Native | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% |
| Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
- | 0.3% | 0.4% |
| Other race | 13.2% | 16.8% | 17.0% |
| Two or more races | - | 4.8% | 4.9% |
The principal ancestries of California's residents in 2009 has been surveyed to be:[86]
- 31% Mexican
- 10% German
- 8% Irish
- 7% English
- 4% Italian
With regard to demographics, California has the largest population of White Americans in the U.S., an estimated 22,200,000 residents, although most demographic surveys do not measure actual genetic ancestry. The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the U.S., an estimated 2,250,000 residents. California's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million, about a third of the nation's 13 million Asian Americans. California's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state.[87] While the population of minorities accounts for 102 million of 301 million U.S. residents, 20% of the national total live in California.[87][88]
According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 60% of the state population.[65] In 2000, Hispanics comprised 32% of the population; that number grew to 38% in 2011.[89] Non-Hispanic whites decreased from 80% of the state's population in 1970 to 40% in 2011.[65][90]
The population younger than age 1 was 75% minority in 2011.[91] Approximately 26% of California's public school students in the 2011–12 school year identified themselves as white (non-Hispanic), and 52% of the state's students identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino. The following ethnic groups that made up the statewide public school student body were Asians (11%), African Americans (7%), Native Americans (0.7%), and Pacific Islanders (0.6%). Students of mixed race made up 2% of the public schools. Hispanics made up the majority of the state's public schools since 2010. Los Angeles Unified School District, the largest school district in California and second largest in the nation, is 73% Hispanic, 10% African American, 9% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 6% Asian, 0.5% Native American, and 0.4% Pacific Islander.[92]
Languages
| Language | Percentage of population (as of 2010)[93] |
|---|---|
| Spanish | 28.46% |
| Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) | 2.80% |
| Tagalog | 2.20% |
| Vietnamese | 1.43% |
| Korean | 1.08% |
| Armenian and Persian (tied) | 0.52% |
| Japanese | 0.43% |
| Russian | 0.42% |
| Hindi and Arabic (tied) | 0.38% |
| French | 0.36% |
As of 2010, 57.02% (19,429,309) of California residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 28.46% (9,696,638) spoke Spanish, 2.80% (954,751) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 2.20% (749,047) Tagalog, 1.43% (486,577) Vietnamese, 1.08% (368,693) Korean, 0.52% (177,048) Armenian, and Persian was spoken as a main language by 0.52% (176,366) of the population over the age of five. In total, 42.98% (14,644,136) of California's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[93]
Comparatively, according to the 2007 American Community Survey, 42.6 percent of California's population older than five spoke a language other than English at home, with 73 percent of those also speaking English well or very well, while 9.8 did not speak English at all.[2]
California had the highest concentration of Vietnamese or Chinese speakers in the United States, second highest concentration of Korean or Spanish speakers in the United States, and third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers in the United States.[2] California was historically one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, and is home to more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families.[94][95] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers.[96]
Over 200 languages are known to be spoken and read in California, with Spanish used as the state's "alternative" language. California has more than 100 indigenous languages, making California one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world. All of California's indigenous languages are endangered, although there are now efforts toward language revitalization.[note 4]
The official language of California has been English since the passage of Proposition 63 in 1986.[97] However, many state, city, and local government agencies still continue to print official public documents in numerous languages.[98] For example, the California Department of Motor Vehicles offers the written exam for the standard C Class driver's license in 31 languages along with English, and the audio exam in 11 languages.[99] The politics of language is a major political issue in the state, especially in regard to language policy controlling the teaching and official use of immigrant languages.
As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken English in California since the late 20th century. This dialect, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the dialects used in other regions of the country.[100]
Armed forces
United States Armed Forces in California. From left to right: Fort Irwin, Camp Pendleton, NAS North Island, Beale Air Force Base, and Coast Guard Island
In California, as of 2009[update], the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines, 18,339 were Airmen, and 11,097 were Soldiers, with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees. Additionally, there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California.[101]
In 2010, Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county, with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military.[102] However, as of 2002, Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population.[103]
In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of U.S. military service: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War).[104] As of 2010[update], there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and just over four thousand served before World War II (the largest population of this group of any state).[105]
California's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve (militia), and the California Cadet Corps.
Culture
Main article: Culture of California
The Hollywood Sign, a symbol of the American Film industry
The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many Hispanic influences. As a border and coastal state, Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America.[106]
California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early 20th century, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers.
The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts.
Religion
Main article: Religion in California
Mission San Diego de Alcalá, one of the first Spanish missions in California
The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2008 were the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions is 0.5% Muslim, 1% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[107] The American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006.[108] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives(ARDA) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints with 763,818; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953.[109]
The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain. Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States.
A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US: 62 percent of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of their belief in God, while in the nation 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is "very important," compared to 56 percent nationally.[110]
Economy
Main article: Economy of California
See also: California locations by per capita income
Gross Domestic Product of California by sector for 2008.[111]
Were California an independent country, its gross domestic product would be ranked between eighth and eleventh in the world.[112]
The economy of California is large enough to be comparable to that of the largest of countries. As of 2012[update], the gross state product (GSP) is about $2.003 trillion, the largest in the United States.[113] California is responsible for 12.9 percent of the United States' approximate $15.5 trillion gross domestic product (GDP).[113] California's GDP is larger than that of all but 8 countries in dollar terms (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, France, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Italy). California's GDP is larger than the GDPs of Russia, India, Canada, Australia, and Spain; in terms of Purchasing Power Parity,[114] it is larger than all but 9 countries (the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, Italy), larger than Mexico, South Korea, Spain, Canada, and Turkey.
In terms of jobs, the five largest sectors in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In terms of output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing.[115] As of November 2013[update], California has the 6th highest unemployment rate in the nation at 8.5%.[116]
California's economy is very dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for approximately one-quarter of the state's economy. In 2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006.[117] Computers and electronic products are California's top export, accounting for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.[117]
Agriculture is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004.[118] This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production.[118] In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue.[119] In 2011, that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue.[120] According to the USDA in 2011, the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream, shelled almonds, and grapes.[121]
Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956, ranking eleventh in the nation.[122] Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley is the most impoverished, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service, the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the U.S., on par with the region of Appalachia.[123] California has a poverty rate of 23.5%, the highest of any state in the country.[124] Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust.
In 2010, there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more than any other state in the nation.[125] In 2010, California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754.[126]
State finances
Main articles: California state finances and 2008–12 California budget crisis
Economic regions of California
State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011.[127][128] California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.[129] California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states, as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion.[130] In January 2011 the California's total debt was at least $265 billion.[131] On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget (no deficit) for the state, its first in decades; however the state's debt remains at $132 billion.[132][133]
With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012, California now levies a 13.3% maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets, ranging from 1% at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3% for annual individual income over $1,000,000. California has a state sales tax of 7.5%, though local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes. Many of these taxes are temporary for a seven-year period (as stipulated in Proposition 30) and afterwards will revert to a previous maximum marginal income tax bracket of 10.3% and state sales tax rate of 7.25%.[134]
All real property is taxable annually; the tax is based on the property's fair market value at the time of purchase or new construction. Property tax increases are capped at 2% per year (see Proposition 13).
Infrastructure
Energy
Moss Landing Power Plant, the state's largest power production source.
Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernadino County, California.
Main article: Energy use in California
Because it is the most populous U.S. state, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. However because of its high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement, its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any U.S. state.[135] Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[136]
As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.[137] Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert. California's wind farms include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. Several dams across the state provide hydro-electric power.
The state's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of State electricity generation.
California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre. However, voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal.[138][note 5] In addition, several cities such as Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear-free zones.
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in California
The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, one of California's most famous landmarks
Caltrans builds tall "stack" interchanges with soaring ramps that offer impressive views
California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access highways ('freeways'), limited-access roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving California's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed "Caltrans". The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States.[140][141] The Reason Foundation's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first.[142]
The state has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the state's more visible landmarks, the Golden Gate Bridge, was once the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet (1,300 m) when it opened in 1937. With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists. The San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge (often abbreviated the "Bay Bridge"), completed in 1936, transports approximately 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks. Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel, at 76 feet (23 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m) high.[143] The Arroyo Seco Parkway, connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena, opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States.[144] It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as the first stack interchange ever built.[145]
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), the 6th busiest airport in the world, and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), the 21st busiest airport in the world, are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state.
California also has several important seaports. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country.
The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in terms of employment with over 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California's state maintained highways and on state property.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver's licenses and ID cards on file.[146] In 2010, there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force.[147]
Intercity rail travel is provided by Amtrak California, which manages the three busiest intercity rail lines in the U.S. outside the Northeast Corridor, all of which are funded by Caltrans. This service is becoming increasingly popular over flying and ridership is continuing to set records, especially on the LAX-SFO route.[148] Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles (Metro Rail) and San Francisco (MUNI Metro). Light rail systems are also found in San Jose (VTA), San Diego (San Diego Trolley), Sacramento (RT Light Rail), and Northern San Diego County (Sprinter). Furthermore, commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area (ACE, BART, Caltrain), Greater Los Angeles (Metrolink), and San Diego County (Coaster).
The California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 700 miles (1,100 km) rail system. Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election, a $9.95 billion state bond will go toward its construction.[149] Nearly all counties operate bus lines, and many cities operate their own city bus lines as well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound and Amtrak Thruway Coach.
Water
Main article: Water in California
An aerial view of the California Aqueduct, at the Interstate 205 crossing west of Tracy, conveying water from Northern to Southern California
California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over 40,000,000 acre feet of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects.[150] Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists.
The California Water Wars, a struggle between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley for water rights, is one of the most well-known examples of the lengths people will go to in order to secure adequate water supplies.[151] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water."[152]
Government and politics
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State government
Main article: Government of California
The California State Capitol building in Sacramento
California is governed as a republic, with three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. California allows each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote. The state's capital is Sacramento.
The Governor of California and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms, and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms.
California's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law[153] (as is the case with all other states except Louisiana) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law, such as community property. Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest "Death Row" population in the country (though Texas is far more active in carrying out executions). California's "Death Row" is in San Quentin State Prison situated north of San Francisco in Marin County. Executions in California are currently on hold indefinitely as human rights issues are addressed.[154] California's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007.[155]
California's judiciary is the largest in the United States (with a total of 1,600 judges, while the federal system has only about 840). It is supervised by the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years.
Politics
Main article: Politics of California
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 37.12% 4,839,958 | 60.24% 7,854,285 |
| 2008 | 36.91% 5,011,781 | 60.94% 8,274,473 |
| 2004 | 44.36% 5,509,826 | 54.40% 6,745,485 |
| 2000 | 41.65% 4,567,429 | 53.45% 5,861,203 |
| 1996 | 38.21% 3,828,380 | 51.10% 5,119,835 |
| 1992 | 32.61% 3,630,574 | 46.01% 5,121,325 |
| 1988 | 51.13% 5,054,917 | 47.56% 4,702,233 |
| 1984 | 57.51% 5,467,009 | 41.27% 3,922,519 |
| 1980 | 52.69% 4,524,858 | 35.91% 3,083,661 |
| 1976 | 49.35% 3,882,244 | 47.57% 3,742,284 |
| 1972 | 55.01% 4,602,096 | 41.54% 3,475,847 |
| 1968 | 47.82% 3,467,664 | 44.74% 3,244,318 |
| 1964 | 40.79% 2,879,108 | 59.11% 4,171,877 |
| 1960 | 50.10% 3,259,722 | 49.55% 3,224,099 |
California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter.[156] In terms of socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states.
Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by voters (including Proposition 8 in 2008). Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state's primary election process. California has also experienced disputes over water rights; and a tax revolt, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting state property taxes.
The state's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Jerry Brown; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party.
Governor Jerry Brown is one of the many Democrats currently in office in California
The Democrats also now hold a majority in both houses of the state legislature. There are currently 56 Democrats and 24 Republicans in the Assembly; and 26 Democrats and 12 Republicans in the Senate.
The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections; Republicans have not won California's electoral votes since 1988. Additionally, both the state's current Democratic U.S. Senators, Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Barbara Boxer, a former congresswoman from Marin County, have held onto their seats since they were first elected in 1992.
In the U.S. House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of gerrymandering, the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party, and very few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new system took effect, Democrats gained 4 seats and held a 38-15 majority in the delegation.
In general, Democratic strength is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area. Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state. Orange County also remains mostly Republican. One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities; and Bakersfield, Orange, Escondido, Garden Grove, and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities.[157]
In October 2012, out of the 23,802,577 people eligible to vote, 18,245,970 people were registered to vote.[158] Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats (7,966,422), Republicans (5,356,608), and Decline to State (3,820,545).[158] Los Angeles County had the largest number of registered Democrats (2,430,612) and Republicans (1,037,031) of any county in the state.[158]
LGBT
Main articles: LGBT rights in California and LGBT history in California
Pro and Anti-Proposition 8 protesters clash at a rally in front of San Francisco City Hall
California is considered generally liberal in its policies regarding the LGBT community, and the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people have received greater recognition since 1960 at both the state and municipal level. California is home to a number of gay villages such as the Castro District in San Francisco, Hillcrest in San Diego, and West Hollywood. Through the Domestic Partnership Act of 1999, California became the first state in the United States to recognize same-sex relationships in any legal capacity. In 2000, voters passed Proposition 22, which restricted state recognition of marriage to opposite-sex couples. This was struck down by the California Supreme Court in May 2008, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage; however, this was overruled later that same year when California voters passed Proposition 8. After further judicial cases, in 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the amendment unconstitutional, allowing same-sex marriages in California to resume.
Cities, towns and counties
For lists of cities, towns, and counties in California, see List of counties in California, List of largest California cities by population, List of cities and towns in California, List of California urban areas, and California locations by per capita income.
The state's local government is divided into 58 counties and 482 incorporated cities and towns; of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)".[159]
Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850.[160] San Jose, San Diego and Benicia tied for California's second incorporated city, each receiving incorporation on March 27, 1850.[161][162][163] Jurupa Valley became the state's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1, 2011.[164][165]
The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas: the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Riverside-San Bernardino Area, the San Diego metropolitan area and the Sacramento metropolitan area.
The state recognizes two kinds of cities: charter and general law.[159] General law cities owe their existence to state law and are consequentially governed by it; charter cities are governed by their own city charters. Cities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter cities. All ten of the state's most populous cities are charter cities.
Education
Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in continuous use in California and a popular location for television and motion picture production
Main article: Education in California
See also: List of colleges and universities in California
Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K–12 and community colleges that grows with the economy and student enrollment figures.[166]
California had over 6.2 million school students in the 2005–06 school year. Funding and staffing levels in California schools lag behind other states. In expenditure per pupil, California ranked 29th (of the 50 states and the District of Columbia) in 2005–06. In teaching staff expenditure per pupil, California ranked 49th of 51. In overall teacher-pupil ratio, California was also 49th, with 21 students per teacher. Only Arizona and Utah were lower.[167]
A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was "broken".[168]
California's public postsecondary education offers a unique three tiered system:
- The research university system in the state is the University of California (UC), a public university system. As of fall 2011, the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students.[169] There are ten general UC campuses, and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system. The system was intended to accept the top 10% of California high school students, but under severe budget restrictions, this has since been diminishing. The UC system was originally given direct authority in awarding Ph.Ds, but this has since changed several years ago, California's Master Plan for Higher Education granting the CSU to award several Doctoral degrees.
- The California State University (CSU) system has almost 430,000 students, making it the largest university system in the United States. CSU was intended to accept the top one-third of high school students, but under severe budget woes and record amount of applications, this has since changed. The CSU originally began as an educational system primarily intended for undergraduate education, but has since changed under California's Master Plan for Higher Education. The CSU has been granted the authority to award an ample amount of Doctoral degrees today.
- The California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training. It is the largest network of higher education in the US, composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million.
California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and the Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.
Sports
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the only stadium in the world to host the Olympic Games twice: in 1932 and 1984
Main articles: Sports in California and List of professional sports teams in California
The State of California is the only US state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl in Pasadena hosting eight matches including the final, while Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto hosted six matches.
California has nineteen major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises, it is also the largest metropolitan area not to have a team from the National Football League. San Diego has two major league teams, and Sacramento has one. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium.
Home to some of the most prominent universities in the United States, California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.
California has also long been a hub for motorsports and auto racing. The city of Long Beach holds an event every year in the month of April, which is host to IndyCar Series racing through the streets of downtown. Long Beach has hosted Formula One events there in the past, and also currently hosts an event on the American Le Mans Series schedule. Auto Club Speedway is a speedway in Fontana and currently hosts one NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race a year. Sonoma Raceway is a multi-purpose facility outside Sonoma, featuring a road course and a drag strip. The road course is home to a NASCAR event and an IndyCar event. The drag strip hosts a yearly NHRA event. Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca is a road course in Monterey that currently hosts an ALMS event, a round of the Rolex Sports Car Series and the Rolex Monterey Motorsports Reunion. The Auto Club Raceway at Pomona has hosted NHRA drag racing for over 50 years.
Below is a list of major sports teams in California:
| Club | Sport | League |
|---|---|---|
| Oakland Raiders | American football | National Football League |
| San Diego Chargers | American football | National Football League |
| San Francisco 49ers | American football | National Football League |
| Sacramento Mountain Lions | American football | United Football League |
| San Jose SaberCats | Arena football | Arena Football League |
| Los Angeles KISS | Arena football | Arena football League |
| Los Angeles Dodgers | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Oakland Athletics | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| San Diego Padres | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| San Francisco Giants | Baseball | Major League Baseball |
| Golden State Warriors | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Los Angeles Clippers | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Los Angeles Lakers | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Sacramento Kings | Basketball | National Basketball Association |
| Los Angeles Sparks | Basketball | Women's National Basketball Association |
| Anaheim Ducks | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| Los Angeles Kings | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| San Jose Sharks | Ice hockey | National Hockey League |
| C.D. Chivas USA | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| Los Angeles Galaxy | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| San Jose Earthquakes | Soccer | Major League Soccer |
| San Diego Sockers | Soccer | Professional Arena Soccer League |
See also
- Outline of California – organized list of topics about California
- Index of California-related articles
Notes
- ^ Florida, Dry Tortugas, Cape Canaveral, and Appalachia appeared earlier, ... From Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas's accounts, published in 1601.[22]
- ^ The coordinates of the center of population are at 35°27′31″N 119°21′19″W / 35.458606°N 119.355165°W / 35.458606; -119.355165.[74]
- ^ behind Nevada and Arizona
- ^ The following are a list of the indigenous languages: Root languages of California: Athabaskan Family: Hupa, Mattole, Lassik, Wailaki, Sinkyone, Cahto, Tolowa, Nongatl, Wiyot, Chilula; Hokan Family: Pomo, Shasta, Karok, Chimiriko; Algonquian Family: Whilkut, Yurok; Yukian Family: Wappo; Penutian Family: Modok, Wintu, Nomlaki, Konkow, Maidu, Patwin, Nisenan, Miwok, Coast Miwok, Lake Miwok, Ohlone, Northern Valley Yokuts, Southern Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts; Hokan Family: Esselen, Salinan, Chumash, Ipai, Tipai, Yuma, Halchichoma, Mohave; Uto-Aztecan Family: Mono Paiute, Monache, Owens Valley Paiute, Tubatulabal, Panamint Shoshone, Kawaisu, Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Gabrielino, Juaneno, Luiseno, Cuipeno, Cahuilla, Serrano, Chemehuevi
- ^ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants, which has been in place since 1994.[139]
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Robert A. Kleinhenz; Kimberly Ritter-Martinez; Rafael De Anda; Elizabeth Avila (August 2012). "The Aerospace Industry in Southern California". laedc.org. Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. p. 10. Retrieved June 25, 2013. "In 1987, California accounted for one in four aerospace jobs nationally, and in Los Angeles County, the share was one in ten. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the Department of Defense (DOD) sharply curtailed procurement spending. In 1995, DOD spending fell below $50 billion for the first time since 1982. Nowhere in the country were the changes in Pentagon outlays more apparent than in Southern California."
Eric John Heikkila; Rafael Pizarro (January 1, 2002). Southern California and the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-275-97112-0. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
James Flanigan (2009). Smile Southern California, You're the Center of the Universe: The Economy and People of a Global Region. Stanford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8047-5625-9. Retrieved June 25, 2013. - ^ Markoff, John (April 17, 2009). "Searching for Silicon Valley". New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved February 26, 2011.
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- ^ Pew Hispanic Center
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- ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
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- ^ a b "California – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
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- ^ a b "California". Modern Language Association. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
- ^ Coyote Press. Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (Map) (1966 ed.). http://www.californiaprehistory.com/tribmap.html. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
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- ^ "Indigenous Farmworker Study – Indigenous Mexicans in California Agriculture. Section V. Language and Culture". 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
- ^ Wesson, Herb (July 17, 2001). "AB 800 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis". California State Assembly. p. 3. Retrieved December 27, 2009. "In 1986, California voters amended the state constitution to provide that the: The [sic] Legislature and officials of the State of California shall take all steps necessary to insure that the role of English as the common language of the State of California is preserved and enhanced. The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California.""
- ^ Hull, Dana (May 20, 2006). "English already is "official" in California". San Jose Mercury News (San Jose, California: MediaNews Group). "English has been the "official" language of California since 1986, when voters passed Proposition 63. You'd barely know it. The Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters prints ballots in English, Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese and Tagalog. California drivers can take the written license exam in 31 languages, from Amharic, which is spoken in Ethiopia, to Thai. You can view the state's online Megan's Law database of registered sex offenders in Portuguese or Punjabi. [..] Proposition 63, which received 73 percent of the vote in 1986, was largely symbolic, sending a message to immigrants that they should learn to speak English if they expected to live in California. The measure directed the state to "preserve, protect and strengthen the English language," but did not call for any specific action or enforcement. Twenty-six other states have official-English laws on the books."
- ^ "What other languages is the written or audio test available in?//Driver License and Identification (ID) Card Information". California Department of Motor Vehicles.
- ^ Bucholtz, Mary; et all (December 2007). "Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal? : The Perceptual Dialectology of California". Journal of English Linguistics 35 (4): 325–352. doi:10.1177/0075424207307780. Retrieved November 4, 2010. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- ^ "Table 508. Military and Civilian Personnel in Installations: 2009". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ^ "Military recruitment 2010". National Priorities Project. June 30, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ^ Segal, David R.; Segal, Mady Wechsler (2004). "America's Military Population". Population Bulletin (Population Research Bureau) 59 (4): 10. ISSN 0032-468X. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ^ "California – Armed forces". city-data.com. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
- ^ "Table 7L: VETPOP2011 Living Veterans By State, Period Of Service, Gender, 2010–2040". Veteran Population. Department of Veterans Affairs. September 30, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ^ Park, Bborie (December 2003). "A World of Opportunity – Which New Languages Davis Students Would Like to Study and Why" (PDF). UC Davis Student Affairs Research and Information. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ "Religious Affi liation by State in the U.S" (PDF). U.S Religious Landscape Study. Pew Research Center. p. 103. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
- ^ Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, "Jewish Population of the United States, 2006," American Jewish Year Book 2006, Volume 106 [1]
- ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
- ^ Helfand, Duke (June 24, 2008). "State has a relaxed view on religion – Survey finds Californians are less certain about the existence of God than others in the U.S". The Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- ^ "Regional Economic Accounts (interactive tables)". Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ "Country Comparison :: GDP (purchasing power parity)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
- ^ a b "GDP by State". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
- ^ "Calif. retains economy that would be 8th largest". Businessweek.com. December 2, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- ^ "2011 CalFacts". Lao.ca.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
- ^ a b "Trade Statistics". California Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ a b "Cal Facts 2006 State Economy". Legislative Analyst's Office of California. August 6, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
- ^ "California Agricultural Production Statistics 2009–2010". cdfa.ca.gov (California Department of Food and Agriculture. 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
- ^ "California Agricultural Production Statistics 2011". cdfa.ca.gov (California Department of Food and Agriculture. 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
- ^ Vic Tolomeo; Kelly Krug; Doug Flohr; Jason Gibson (October 31, 2012). "California Agricultural Statistics: 2011 Crop Year". National Agricultural Statistics Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
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- ^ Brunswick, Mark (April 30, 2009). "Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants". Star Tribune (Minnesota: Chris Harte). Retrieved January 29, 2010.
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- ^ "A bridge too far gone". The Economist. August 9, 2007.
- ^ http://reason.org/files/19th_annual_highway_report.pdf
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- ^ Pool, Bob (June 25, 2010). "Pasadena Freeway getting a new look and a new name". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
- ^ "L.A.'s Famous Four-Level Freeway Interchange, 'The Stack,' Turns 58". KCET. September 22, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
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- ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (January 8, 2011). "Calif. Amtrak ridership rising on state trains". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (August 17, 2010). "Plan for high-speed rail system released". The San Francisco Chronicle.
- ^ Hundley, N. (2001). The great thirst: Californians and water. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
- ^ Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water. Penguin.
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Further reading
- Chartkoff, Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984). The archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1157-7. OCLC 11351549. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
- Fagan, Brian (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2794-8. OCLC 226025645.
- Hart, James D. (1978). A Companion to California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502400-1.
- Matthews, Glenna. The Golden State in the Civil War: Thomas Starr King, the Republican Party, and the Birth of Modern California. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- Moratto, Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-506182-X. OCLC 228668979. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
External links
| Find more about California at Wikipedia's sister projects | |
| Definitions and translations from Wiktionary | |
| Media from Commons | |
| Quotations from Wikiquote | |
| Source texts from Wikisource | |
| Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
| Travel guide from Wikivoyage | |
| Learning resources from Wikiversity | |
- State of California
- California State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Geographic data related to California at OpenStreetMap
- California on the Open Directory Project
- 1973 documentary featuring aerial views of the California coastline from Mt. Shasta to Los Angeles
- Time-Lapse Tilt-Shift Portrait of California by Ryan and Sheri Killackey
| Preceded by Wisconsin |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on September 9, 1850 (31st) |
Succeeded by Minnesota |
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Pacific Ocean | Oregon | ||
| Pacific Ocean | Nevada Arizona |
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| Hawaii / Pacific Ocean | Baja California Mexico |
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Coordinates: 37°N 120°W / 37°N 120°W / 37; -120
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