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small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)c
(music) the keynote of the scale of C major
a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
carbonの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/07 06:18:46」(JST)

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Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are a cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of therapeutic proteins.^[1] They were introduced in the 1960s, are grown as a cultured monolayer and require the amino acid proline in their culture medium.

CHO cells are used in studies of genetics, toxicity screening, nutrition and gene expression, particularly to express recombinant proteins. Today, CHO cells are the most commonly used mammalian hosts for industrial production of recombinant protein therapeutics.

History

The use of the Chinese hamster in research began in 1919 where they were used in place of mice for typing pneumococci. They were subsequently found to be excellent vectors for transmission of kala-azar (a.k.a. visceral leishmaniasis), facilitating research in epidemiology.

In 1948, the Chinese hamster was brought to the United States for breeding in research laboratories. In the following years, the Chinese hamster became noteworthy for the cell lines that were derived from its tissues. Having a very low chromosome number (2n=22) for a mammal, the Chinese hamster is an ideal model for radiation cytogenetics and tissue culture.^[2]

In 1957, Theodore T. Puck obtained a female Chinese hamster from Dr. George Yerganian's laboratory at the Boston Cancer Research Foundation and used it to derive the original Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. Since then, CHO cells have been a cell line of choice because of their rapid growth and high protein production. They have become the mammalian equivalent of Escherichia coli in research and biotechnology today, especially when long-term, stable gene expression and high yields of proteins are required.

Properties

CHO cells do not express the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which makes them ideal in the investigation of various EGFR mutations.^[3]

The first CHO cell line was derived from the original cell lines in Dr. Puck's laboratory through single cell cloning in 1957.^[4] CHO-K1 was later derived from this ancestral cell line,^[5] and it contains a slightly lower amount of DNA than the original CHO. CHO-K1 was mutagenized to generate CHO-DXB11 (also referred to as CHO-DUKX), a cell line lacking DHFR activity.^[6] These cells have a deletion of one DHFR allele and a Missense mutation in the other. Subsequently, the proline-dependent CHO-pro3- strain, another derivative of the original CHO cell line, was mutagenized to yield CHO-DG44, a cell line with deletions of both DHFR alleles.^[7] These two DHFR-minus strains require glycine, hypoxanthine, and thymidine (GHT) for growth. Although not initially intended for recombinant protein manufacture, DHFR-minus CHO cells were used for a number of pioneering experiments demonstrating stable transfection with an exogenous DHFR gene via selection in GHT-minus medium.^[8] This genetic selection scheme remains one of the standard methods to establish stably transfected CHO cell lines for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. The multistep process begins with the molecular cloning of the gene of interest (GOI) and the dhfr gene in a single or in separate mammalian expression vectors. The plasmid DNA(s) carrying the two genes are then delivered into cells by transfection, and the cells are grown under selective conditions in GHT-minus medium. Each surviving cell will have one or more copies of the exogenous DHFR gene, usually along with the GOI, integrated in its genome.^[9] The integrated plasmid copy number varies widely from one recombinant cell to another, but there is almost always only one integration site per cell even if multiple plasmids are transfected.^[10] The growth rate and the level of recombinant protein production of each cell line also vary widely. To obtain a few stably transfected cell lines with the desired phenotypic characteristics, it may be necessary to evaluate several hundred candidate cell lines.

The CHO and CHO-K1 cell lines can be obtained from a number of biological resource centres such as the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) which is part of the Health Protection Agency Culture Collections. CHO-K1^[11] data, such as growth curves, timelapse videos of growth, images and subculture routine information are available from ECACC.

References

^ Jayapal K. P., Wlaschin K. F., Yap M. G. S., Hu W-S., (2007). "Recombinant protein therapeutics from CHO cells — 20 years and counting." (PDF). Chem. Eng. Prog. 103 (10): 40–47.
^ Tjio J. H., Puck T. T., (1958). "Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. II. chromosomal constitution of cells in tissue culture.". J. Exp. Med. 108: 259–271. doi:10.1084/jem.108.2.259. PMC 2136870. PMID 13563760.
^ Ahsan, A., S. M. Hiniker, M. A. Davis, T. S. Lawrence, and M. K. Nyati. "Role of Cell Cycle in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor-Mediated Radiosensitization." Cancer Research 69.12 (2009): 5108-114. Print.
^ Wurm FM, Hacker D. "First CHO genome." Nat Biotechnol 2011;29(8):718–20.
^ Lewis, NE, et al. "Genomic landscapes of Chinese hamster ovary cell lines as revealed by the Cricetulus griseus draft genome." Nat Biotechnol 31, 759–765 (2013). doi: 10.1038/nbt.2624
^ (Urlaub and Chasin, 1980)
^ (Urlaub et al., 1983)
^ (Ringold et al., 1981; Kaufman and Sharp, 1982; Scahill et al., 1983)
^ (Ringold et al., 1981; Kaufman and Sharp, 1982; Scahill et al., 1983)
^ (Wurm 1990)
^ "General Cell Collection: CHO-K1". Hpacultures.org.uk. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2013-05-21.

External links

CHO cells Transfection and Selection Data
Chinese Hamster Genome Database
http://pef.aibn.uq.edu.au/wordpress/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/Support/Mammalian/Literature/Recombinant_Protein_Therapeutics_from_CHO_Cells-20_years_and_counting_Jayapal.pdf
Puck TT, Cieciura SJ, Robinson A (December 1958). "Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. III. Long-term cultivation of euploid cells from human and animal subjects". J. Exp. Med. 108 (6): 945–56. doi:10.1084/jem.108.6.945. PMC 2136918. PMID 13598821.

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