目次
WordNet
- the Creator; one of the three major deities in the later Hindu pantheon
- the religious and social system of orthodox Hinduism (同)Brahminism
- the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads (同)Brahminism
- prose works attached to the Samhitas instructing the bahmins to perform the very elaborate sacrificial rituals
- an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal (同)Brahmaputra River
PrepTutorEJDIC
- ブラーマ,梵天(ぼんてん)(ヒンズー教の最高神で創造の神)
- バラモン教
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/21 19:08:59」(JST)
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This article is about the Hindu god of creation. For other uses, see Brahma (disambiguation).
For the genderless metaphysical concept of Ultimate Reality in Hindu philosophy, see Brahman.
| Brahma | |
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| God of Creation | |
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Brahma, the god who created Knowledge and the Universe[1]
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| Devanagari | ब्रह्मा |
| Sanskrit transliteration | Brahma |
| Affiliation | Deva, Trimurti |
| Abode | Brahmapura (Satyaloka - Land of Truth) |
| Symbols | Vedas, Ladle, Utensil |
| Consorts | Sarasvati, savitri devi , gayatri[2][3] |
| Mount | Haṃsa (swan/goose) |
| Part of a series on |
| Hinduism |
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Concepts
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Schools
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Deities
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Texts
Scriptures
Other texts
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Practices
Worship
Rites of passage
Festivals
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Gurus, saints, philosophers
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Brahma (/ˈbrəhmɑː/; Brahmā) is the creator god in the Trimurti of Hinduism. He has four faces.[1] Brahma is also known as Svayambhu (self-born),[4] Vāgīśa (Lord of Speech), and the creator of the four Vedas, one from each of his mouths.[1][5] Brahma is identified with the Vedic god Prajapati, as well as linked to Kama and Hiranyagarbha (the cosmic egg),[6][7] he is more prominently mentioned in the post-Vedic Hindu epics and the mythologies in the Puranas. In the epics, he is conflated with Purusha.[1] Brahma, along with Vishnu and Shiva, is part of a Hindu Trimurti; however, ancient Hindu texts mention other trinities of gods or goddesses which do not include Brahma.[8][9][note 1]
While Brahma is often credited as the creator of the universe and various beings in it, several Puranas describe him being born from a lotus emerging from the navel of the god Vishnu. Other Puranas suggest that he is born from Shiva or his aspects,[11] or he is a supreme god in diverse versions of Hindu mythology.[6] Brahma, along with all deities, is sometimes viewed as a form (sarguna) of the otherwise formless (nirguna) Brahman, the ultimate metaphysical reality and cosmic soul in Advaita philosophy.[9][7]
Brahma does not enjoy popular worship in present-age Hinduism and has lesser importance than the other members of the Trimurti, Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma is revered in ancient texts, yet rarely worshipped as a primary deity in India.[12] Very few temples dedicated to him exist in India; the most famous being the Brahma Temple, Pushkar in Rajasthan.[13] Brahma temples are found outside India, such as in Thailand at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok.[14]
Contents
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 2.1 Vedic literature
- 2.2 Post-Vedic, Epics and Puranas
- 3 Iconography
- 4 Temples
- 4.1 India
- 4.2 Other temples dedicated to Brahma
- 4.3 Southeast Asia
- 4.4 East Asia
- 5 Difference between Brahma, Brahman, Brahmin and Brahmanas
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes and references
- 7.1 Notes
- 7.2 References
- 8 External links
Etymology
Brahma sculpture at the 12th century Chennakesava temple at Somanathapura, Karnataka.
The origins of Brahma are uncertain, in part because several related words such as one for Ultimate Reality (Brahman), and priest (Brahmin) are found in the Vedic literature. The existence of a distinct deity named Brahma is evidenced in late Vedic text.[15] A distinction between spiritual concept of Brahman, and deity Brahma, is that the former is gender neutral abstract metaphysical concept in Hinduism,[16] while the latter is one of the many masculine gods in Hindu mythology.[17] The spiritual concept of Brahman is far older, and some scholars suggest deity Brahma may have emerged as a personal conception and visible icon of the impersonal universal principle called Brahman.[15]
In Sanskrit grammar, the noun stem brahman forms two distinct nouns; one is a neuter noun bráhman, whose nominative singular form is brahma; this noun has a generalized and abstract meaning.[18]
Contrasted to the neuter noun is the masculine noun brahmán, whose nominative singular form is Brahma.[note 2] This noun is used to refer to a person, and as the proper name of a deity Brahma it is the subject matter of the present article.[citation needed]
History
Vedic literature
One of the earliest mentions of Brahma with Vishnu and Shiva is in the fifth Prapathaka (lesson) of the Maitrayaniya Upanishad, probably composed in late 1st millennium BCE. Brahma is discussed in verse 5,1 also called the Kutsayana Hymn first, and expounded in verse 5,2.[19][20]
In the pantheistic Kutsayana Hymn,[19] the Upanishad asserts that one's Soul is Brahman, and this Ultimate Reality, Cosmic Universal or God is within each living being. It equates the Atman (Soul, Self) within to be Brahma and various alternate manifestations of Brahman, as follows, "Thou art Brahma, thou art Vishnu, thou art Rudra (Shiva), thou art Agni, Varuna, Vayu, Indra, thou art All."[19][21]
In verse 5,2 Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are mapped into the theory of Guṇa, that is qualities, psyche and innate tendencies the text describes can be found in all living beings.[21][22] This chapter of the Maitri Upanishad asserts that the universe emerged from darkness (Tamas), first as passion characterized by action qua action (Rajas), which then refined and differentiated into purity and goodness (Sattva).[19][21] Of these three qualities, Rajas is then mapped to Brahma, as follows:[23]
Now then, that part of him which belongs to Tamas, that, O students of sacred knowledge (Brahmacharins), is this Rudra.
That part of him which belongs to Rajas, that O students of sacred knowledge, is this Brahma.
That part of him which belongs to Sattva, that O students of sacred knowledge, is this Vishnu.
Verily, that One became threefold, became eightfold, elevenfold, twelvefold, into infinite fold.
This Being (neuter) entered all beings, he became the overlord of all beings.
That is the Atman (Soul, Self) within and without – yea, within and without !— Maitri Upanishad 5.2, [19][21]
While the Maitri Upanishad maps Brahma with one of the elements of Guṇa theory of Hinduism, the text does not depict him as one of the trifunctional elements of the Hindu Trimurti idea found in later Puranic literature.[24]
Post-Vedic, Epics and Puranas
In Puranic mythology, Brahma emerges from a lotus risen from Vishnu's navel while he rests on the serpent Shesha
The post-Vedic texts of Hinduism offer multiple theories of cosmogony, many involving Brahma. These include Sarga (primary creation of universe) and Visarga (secondary creation), ideas related to the Indian thought that there are two levels of reality, one primary that is unchanging (metaphysical) and other secondary that is always changing (empirical), and that all observed reality of the latter is in an endless repeating cycle of existence, that cosmos and life we experience is continually created, evolved, dissolved and then re-created.[25] The primary creator is extensively discussed in Vedic cosmogonies with Brahman or Purusha or Devi among the terms used for the primary creator,[25][26] while the Vedic and post-Vedic texts name different gods and goddesses as secondary creators (often Brahma in post-Vedic texts), and in some cases a different god or goddess is the secondary creator at the start of each cosmic cycle (kalpa, aeon).[11][25]
Brahma is a "secondary creator" as described in the Mahabharata and Puranas, and among the most studied and described.[27][28][29] Born from a lotus emerging from the navel of Vishnu, Brahma creates all the forms in the universe, but not the primordial universe itself.[30] In contrast, the Shiva-focussed Puranas describe Brahma and Vishnu to have been created by Ardhanarishvara, that is half Shiva and half Parvati; or alternatively, Brahma was born from Rudra, or Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma creating each other cyclically in different aeons (kalpa).[11] Thus in most Puranic texts, Brahma's creative activity depends on the presence and power of a higher god.[31]
In the Bhagavata Purana, Brahma is portrayed several times as the one who rises from the "Ocean of Causes".[32] Brahma, states this Purana, emerges at the moment when time and universe is born, inside a lotus rooted in the navel of Hari (deity Vishnu, whose praise is the primary focus in the Purana). The myth asserts that Brahma is drowsy, errs and is temporarily incompetent as he puts together the universe.[32] He then becomes aware of his confusion and drowsiness, meditates as an ascetic, then realizes Hari in his heart, sees the beginning and end of universe, and then his creative powers are revived. Brahma, states Bhagavata Purana, thereafter combines Prakriti (nature, matter) and Purusha (spirit, soul) to create a dazzling variety of living creatures, and tempest of causal nexus.[32] The Bhagavata Purana thus attributes the creation of Maya to Brahma, wherein he creates for the sake of creation, imbuing everything with both the good and the evil, the material and the spiritual, a beginning and an end.[33]
The Puranas describe Brahma as the deity creating time. They correlate human time to Brahma's time, such as a mahākalpa being a large cosmic period, correlating to one day and one night in Brahma's existence.[31]
The stories about Brahma in various Puranas are diverse and inconsistent. In Skanda Purana, for example, goddess Parvati is called the "mother of the universe", and she is credited with creating Brahma, gods and the three worlds. She is the one, states Skanda Purana, who combined the three Gunas - Sattva, Rajas and Tamas - into matter (Prakrti) to create the empirically observed world.[34]
The Vedic discussion of Brahma as a Rajas-quality god expands in the Puranic and Tantric literature. However, these texts state that his wife Saraswati has Sattva (quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, holistic, constructive, creative, positive, peaceful, virtuous), thus complementing Brahma's Rajas (quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, action qua action, individualizing, driven, dynamic).[35][36][37]
Iconography
A 19th century roundel of Brahma, depicts him as a four-headed, red-complexioned aged man, who holds the Vedas, a ladle and a lotus in his hands.
Brahma is traditionally depicted with four faces and four arms.[38] Each face of his points to a cardinal direction. His hands hold no weapons, rather symbols of knowledge and creation. In one hand he holds the sacred texts of Vedas, in second he holds mala (rosary beads) symbolizing time, in third he holds a ladle symbolizing means to feed sacrificial fire, and in fourth a utensil with water symbolizing the means where all creation emanates from. His four mouths are credited with creating the four Vedas.[1] He is often depicted with a white beard, implying his sage-like experience. He sits on lotus, dressed in white (or red, pink), with his vehicle (vahana) – hansa, a swan or goose – nearby.[38][39]
Chapter 51 of Manasara-Silpasastra, an ancient design manual in Sanskrit for making Murti and temples, states that Brahma statue should be golden in color.[40] The text recommends that the statue have four faces and four arms, have jata-mukuta-mandita (matted hair of an ascetic), and wear a diadem (crown).[40] Two of his hands should be in refuge granting and gift giving mudra, while he should be shown with kundika (water pot), akshamala (rosary), a small and a large sruk-sruva (laddles used in yajna ceremonies).[40] The text details the different proportions of the murti, describes the ornaments, and suggests that the idol wear chira (bark strip) as lower garment, and either be alone or be accompanied with goddesses Sarasvati on his right and Savitri on his left.[40]
Brahma's consort is the goddess Saraswati. She is considered to be "the embodiment of his power, the instrument of creation and the energy that drives his actions".[41]
Temples
Brahma at the Meenakshi Amman Temple, Tamil Nadu, India
India
Very few temples are primarily dedicated to Brahma and his worship in India.[12] One of the few and the most prominent Hindu temple for Brahma is the Brahma Temple, Pushkar.[13] Other temples include a temple in Asotra village in Balotra taluka of Rajasthan's Barmer district, which is known as Kheteshwar Brahmadham Tirtha.
Temples featuring Brahma also exist in Tirunavaya, the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the Thripaya Trimurti Temple and Mithrananthapuram Trimurti Temple in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, Brahma temples exist in the temple town of Kumbakonam, in Kodumudi and within the Brahmapureeswarar Temple in Tiruchirappalli.[citation needed]
There is a temple dedicated to Brahma in the temple town of Srikalahasti near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. A seven feet height of Chatrumukha (Four Faces) Brahma temple at Bangalore, Karnataka. In the coastal state of Goa, a shrine belonging to the fifth century, in the small and remote village of Carambolim in the Sattari Taluka in the northeast region of the state is found.[citation needed]
Famous murti of Brahma exists at Mangalwedha, 52 km from the Solapur district of Maharashtra and in Sopara near Mumbai. There is a 12th-century temple dedicated to him in Khedbrahma, Gujarat.[citation needed]
Other temples dedicated to Brahma
Left: 15th-century seated Brahma, produced in north-central Thailand;
Middle: 12th-century Brahma with missing book and water pot, Cambodia;
- Brahma Temple at Khokhan, in Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh
- Brahma Temple at Asotra, District Barmer, Rajasthan
- Brahma Temple at Oachira in Kollam district, Kerala
- Brahma temple at village aleo shrishty narayan, in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
- Brahma Temple at Annamputhur village srinidheeswarar in Tindivanam,Tamil Nadu
- Brahma Temple at Pushkar , Rajasthan
- Thirunavaya, Thiruvallam , Kerala
- Brahma Temple at Royakotta road in Hosur , Tamil Nadu
- Uttamar Kovil in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu
- Kumbakonam, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu
- Khedbrahma, Gujarat
- The Brahma Temple near Panaji in the village of Brahma-Carambolim in the Satari taluka, Goa
- Bramhapureeswarar temple in Tirupattur, near Trichy, Tamil Nadu
- BrahmaKuti Temple at Brahmaavart (Bithoor), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
- Brahma Temple at village Chhinch, Tehsil Bagidoa, District Banswara, Rajasthan
- Chaturmukha Brahma temple in Chebrolu, Andhra Pradesh
- As Part of Trimurti at Thripaya Trimurti Temple in Irinjalakuda, Thrissur in Kerala, India
- As Part of Trimurti at Mithrananthapuram Trimurti Temple in Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, India
- Jagatpita Brahma in Ponmeri Shiva Temple in Vatakara in Kerala, India
Southeast Asia
The four-faced Brahma (Phra Phrom) statue, Thailand.
The largest and most famous shrine to Brahma may be found in Cambodia's Angkor Wat.[citation needed] One of the three largest temples in the 9th-century Prambanan temples complex in Yogyakarta, central Java (Indonesia) is dedicated to Brahma, the other two to Shiva (largest of three) and Vishnu respectively.[42] The temple dedicated to Brahma is on southern side of Śiva temple.
A statue of Brahma is present at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, and continues to be revered in modern times.[14] The golden dome of the Government House of Thailand also contains a statue of Phra Phrom (Thai representation of Brahma). An early 18th-century painting at Wat Yai Suwannaram in Phetchaburi city of Thailand shows Brahma.[43]
The country name of Burma is derived from Brahma, and in medieval texts it is referred to as Brahma-desa.[44][45]
East Asia
Phra Phrom at Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
Brahma is a popular deity in Chinese folk religion and there are numerous temples devoted to the god in China and Taiwan. Brahma is known in Chinese as Simianshen (四面神, "Four-Faced God"), Tshangs pa in Tibetan and Bonten in Japanese.[46]
Difference between Brahma, Brahman, Brahmin and Brahmanas
Brahman (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मन्, brahman)[47] is a metaphysical concept of Hinduism referring to the ultimate reality,[48] that, states Doniger, is uncreated, eternal, infinite, transcendent, the cause, the foundation, the source and the goal of all existence.[49] It is envisioned as either the cause or that which transforms itself into everything that exists in the universe as well as all beings, that which existed before the present universe and time, which exists as current universe and time, and that which will absorb and exist after the present universe and time ends.[49] It is a gender neutral abstract concept.[49][50][51]
Brahma (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मा, brahmā)[47] is distinct from Brahman.[48] Brahma is a male deity, in the post-Vedic Puranic literature,[52] who creates but neither preserves nor destroys anything. He is envisioned in some Hindu texts to have emerged from the metaphysical Brahman along with Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer), all other gods, goddesses, matter and other beings.[49] In theistic schools of Hinduism where deity Brahma is described as part of its cosmology, he is a mortal like all gods and goddesses, and dissolves into the abstract immortal Brahman when the universe ends, then a new cosmic cycle (kalpa) restarts again.[52][53] The deity Brahma is mentioned in the Vedas and the Upanishads but is uncommon,[54] while the abstract Brahman concept is predominant in these texts, particularly the Upanishads.[55] In the Puranic and the Epics literature, deity Brahma appears more often, but inconsistently. Some text suggest that god Vishnu created Brahma,[56] others suggest god Shiva created Brahma,[57] yet others suggest goddess Devi created Brahma,[58] and these texts then go on to state that Brahma is a secondary creator of the world working respectively on their behalf.[58][59] Further, the medieval era texts of these major theistic traditions of Hinduism assert that the saguna (representation with face and attributes)[60] Brahman is Vishnu,[61] Shiva,[62] or Devi[63] respectively, and that the Atman (soul, self) within every living being is same or part of this ultimate, eternal Brahman.[64]
Brahmin (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण, Brahmin)[65] is a varna in Hinduism specialising in theory as priests, preservers and transmitters of sacred literature across generations.[66][67]
The Brahmanas, or Brahmana Granthas, (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मणग्रंथ, brāhmaṇa)[68] are one of the four ancient layers of texts within the Vedas. They are primarily a digest incorporating myths, legends, the explanation of Vedic rituals and in some cases philosophy.[69][70] They are embedded within each of the four Vedas, and form a part of the Hindu śruti literature.[71]
See also
- Brahma (Buddhism)
- Brahma Samhita
- Brahmastra
- Bonten (梵天)
- Creator deity
- Phra Phrom
- Brahma from Mirpur-Khas
- Brahmakumari
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states Jan Gonda, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of Agni, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations".[10] Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others.[8][9]
- ^ In Devanagari brahma is written ब्रह्म. It differs from Brahma ब्रह्मा by having a matra (diacritical) in the form of an extra vertical stroke at the end. This indicates a longer vowel sound: long "ā" rather than short "a".
References
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- ^ Elizabeth Dowling and W George Scarlett (2005), Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-0761928836 page 204
- ^ David Kinsley (1988), Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520063392, pages 55-64
- ^ Alf Hiltebeitel (1999), Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226340517, page 292
- ^ Barbara Holdrege (2012), Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-1438406954, pages 88-89
- ^ a b Charles Coulter and Patricia Turner (2000), Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities, Routledge, ISBN 978-0786403172, page 258, Quote: "When Brahma is acknowledged as the supreme god, it was said that Kama sprang from his heart."
- ^ a b David Leeming (2009), Creation Myths of the World, 2nd Edition, ISBN 978-1598841749, page 146;
David Leeming (2005), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195156690, page 54, Quote: "Especially in the Vedanta Hindu philosophy, Brahman is the Absolute. In the Upanishads, Brahman becomes the eternal first cause, present everywhere and nowhere, always and never. Brahman can be incarnated in Brahma, in Vishnu, in Shiva. To put it another way, everything that is, owes its existence to Brahman. In this sense, Hinduism is ultimately monotheistic or monistic, all gods being aspects of Brahman"; Also see pages 183-184, Quote: "Prajapati, himself the source of creator god Brahma – in a sense, a personification of Brahman (...) Moksha, the connection between the transcendental absolute Brahman and the inner absolute Atman." - ^ a b David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226894843, pages 4, 29
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- ^ Edward Craig (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida. Routledge. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-415-18707-7.
- ^ S. M. Srinivasa Chari (1994). Vaiṣṇavism: Its Philosophy, Theology, and Religious Discipline. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 147. ISBN 978-81-208-1098-3.
- ^ Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1981). Siva: The Erotic Ascetic. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-972793-3.
- ^ a b David Kinsley (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.
- ^ Stella Kramrisch (1992). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0-691-01930-4.
- ^ Arvind Sharma (2000). Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-564441-8.
- ^ Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 1335. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.
- ^ Stella Kramrisch (1992). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-691-01930-4.
- ^ David Kinsley (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.
- ^ William K. Mahony (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. State University of New York Press. pp. 13–14, 187. ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3.
- ^ Monier Williams (1899), brahmin, Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press
- ^ Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions. Springfield, MA, USA: Merriam-Webster. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
- ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), Brahmin, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931798, page 125
- ^ H. W. Bodewitz (1990). The Jyotiṣṭoma Ritual: Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-09120-3.
- ^ Brahmana Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
- ^ Klaus Klostermaier (1994), A Survey of Hinduism, Second Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791421093, pages 67-69
- ^ "Brahmana". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brahma. |
- Brahma at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Hinduism - Brahma And The Trimurti
- Hindu Brahma in Thai Literature - Maneepin Phromsuthirak
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English Journal
- A fully automated cell segmentation and morphometric parameter system for quantifying corneal endothelial cell morphology.
- Al-Fahdawi S1, Qahwaji R2, Al-Waisy AS2, Ipson S2, Ferdousi M3, Malik RA4, Brahma A5.
- Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.Comput Methods Programs Biomed.2018 Jul;160:11-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.03.015. Epub 2018 Mar 22.
- PMID 29728238
- Preparation and characterization of green-nano-composite material based on polyaniline, multiwalled carbon nano tubes and carboxymethyl cellulose: For electrochemical sensor applications.
- Gautam V1, Singh KP2, Yadav VL3.
- Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2018 Jun 1;189:218-228. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.029. Epub 2018 Feb 12.
- PMID 29580402
- Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of hexadentated macrocyclic complex of copper (II) derived from thiosemicarbazide against Staphylococcus aureus.
- Brahma U1, Kothari R2, Sharma P1, Bhandari V3.
- Scientific reports.Sci Rep.2018 May 23;8(1):8050. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26483-5.
- PMID 29795120
Japanese Journal
- 慧命(えみょう)の回路 : 明末・雲棲〓宏の不殺生思想
- 西村 玲
- 宗教研究 86(3), 531-552, 2012-12-30
- 明末新仏教の先駆けとなった雲棲〓宏は、生涯にわたって不殺生と放生を実行し、現代まで広く崇敬される。仏教における不殺生の原理は、梵網経を根拠として、インド由来の輪廻説と中国における孝道が一体化したものである。十六世紀末から始まったキリスト教中国布教の中心であったマテオ・リッチは、その教理書『天主実義』で、人間が動物を殺すことは天主から与えられた恩恵であると主張し、仏教の輪廻と孝による不殺生を不合理で …
- NAID 110009562639
- ブラフマーからシヴァへ : プラーナ聖典に見る両性具有的創造者の神話
- 澤田 容子
- 印度學佛教學研究 60(3), 1143-1147, 2012-03-25
- ブラフマーによる創造神話の中に男女に分裂する創造者が登場する.それはシヴァの化身であるアルダナーリーシュヴァラの前身とされる.本稿は,プラーナ聖典に記述されている神話を取り上げ内容を精査することによって,男女に分裂する創造者の神話の発展過程を明らかにすることを目的とする.12のプラーナ聖典の中には,ブラフマーとルドラそれぞれが男女に分裂して創造を行なう神話が収められている.この2者の神話には,(1 …
- NAID 110009425710
- Akirin links twist-regulated transcription with the brahma chromatin remodeling complex during embryogenesis
- Nowak Scott J.,Aihara Hitoshi,Gonzalez Katie,Nibu Yutaka,Baylies Mary K.
- PLoS Genetics 8(3), e1002547, 2012-03-01
- … To regulate transcription, Akirin colocalizes and genetically interacts with subunits of the Brahma SWI/SNF-class chromatin remodeling complex. … We propose that this Akirin-mediated link between transcription factors and the Brahma complex represents a novel paradigm for providing tissue and target specificity for transcription factor interactions with the chromatin remodeling machinery. …
- NAID 120004606862
Related Links
- Brahma. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search. This article is about the Hindu god of ... Being the husband of Saraswati or Vaac Devi (the Goddess of Speech), Brahma is also known as "Vaagish," meaning " Lord ...
- atelier brahma 背筋が伸びて、心地よい、アトリエメイドの服.
Related Pictures
