ブラディリゾビウム、ブラジリゾビウム、ラディリゾビウム属、ブラジリゾビウム属、Bradyrhizobium属、ダイズ根粒菌属

関: Bradyrhizobiaceae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/10 18:49:46」(JST)

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Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria, many of which fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) they must use nitrogen compounds such as nitrates.

Characteristics [edit]

Bradyrhizobium species are Gram-negative bacilli (rod shaped) with a single subpolar or polar flagellum. They are a common soil dwelling microorganism that can form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plant species where they fix nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates from the plant. Like other rhizobia, they have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into forms readily available for other organisms to use. They are slow growing in contrast to Rhizobium species, which are considered fast growing rhizobia. In a liquid media broth, it takes Bradyrhizobium species 3–5 days to create a moderate turbidity and 6–8 hours to double in population size. They tend to grow best with pentoses as a carbon source.^[3]

Nodulation [edit]

Nodule Formation [edit]

Nodules are a growth on the roots of leguminous plants where the bacteria reside. The plant roots secrete amino acids and sugars into the rhizosphere. The rhizobia move toward the roots and attach to the root hairs. The plant then releases flavanoids, which induce the expression of nod genes within the bacteria. The expression of these genes results in the production of enzymes called Nod factors that initiate root hair curling. During this process, the rhizobia are curled up with the root hair. The rhizobia penetrate the root hair cells with an infection thread that grows through the root hair into the main root. This causes the infected cells to divide and form a nodule. The rhizobia can now begin nitrogen fixation.

Nod Genes [edit]

There are over 55 genes known to be associated with nodulation.^[4] NodD is essential for the expression of the other nod genes.^[5] There are two different nodD genes nodD₁ and nodD₂. Research has found that only nodD₁ is needed for successful nodulation.^[4]

Nitrogen fixation [edit]

Bradyrhizobium and other rhizobia take atmospheric nitrogen and fix it into ammonia (NH₃) or ammonium (NH₄⁺). Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen; they must use a combined or fixed form of the element. After photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation (or uptake) is the second most important process for the growth and development of plants.^[6] The levels of ureide nitrogen in a plant correlate with the amount of fixed nitrogen the plant takes up.^[7]

Genes [edit]

Nif and fix are important genes involved in nitrogen fixation among Bradyrizobium species. Nif genes are very similar to genes found in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a free living diazotroph. The genes found in Bradyrhizobia have similar function and structure to the genes found in K. pneumoniae. Fix genes are important for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and were first discovered in rhizobia species. The nif and fix genes are found in at least two different clusters on the chromosome. Cluster I contains most of the nitrogen fixation genes. Cluster II contains three fix genes located near nod genes.^[8]

Diversity [edit]

This genus of bacteria can form either specific or general symbioses.^[3] This means that one species of Bradyrhizobium may only be able to nodulate one legume species, whereas other Bradyrhizobium species may be able to nodulate several legume species. Ribosomal RNA is highly conserved in this group of microbes, making Bradyrhizobium extremely difficult to use as an indicator of species diversity. DNA-DNA hybridizations have been used instead and show more diversity. However, there are few phenotypic differences and therefore not many species have been named.^[9]

Significance [edit]

Grain legumes are cultivated on about 1.5 million km² of land per year.^[6] The amount of nitrogen fixed annually is about 44–66 million tons worldwide, providing almost half of all nitrogen used in agriculture.^[10]

Application [edit]

Bradyrhizobium fix more nitrogen that the plant can use. The excess nitrogen is left in the soil and available for other plants or later crops. Intercropping with a legume has the potential to decrease the need for applied fertilizer. There are commercial inoculants of Bradyrhizobium available, these can be applied as a peat or liquid directly to the seed before planting.

Species [edit]

Bradyrhizobium betae was isolated from tumor like root deformations on sugar beets; they have an unknown symbiotic status.^[9]
Bradyrhizobium elkanii, B. liaonigense establish symbiosis with soybeans.^[9]
Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodulates soybeans, cowpeas, mung beans, and siratro.^[9]
Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense nodulates Lespedeza.^[9]
Bradyrhizobium canariense nodulates Genistoid legumes endemic to the Canary Islands. It has also been found in Lupin and serradella nodules in western Australia and southern Africa.^[9]

References [edit]

^ Anzai, et al.; Kim, H; Park, JY; Wakabayashi, H; Oyaizu, H (2000, Jul). "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50 (4): 1563–89. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563. PMID 10939664.
^ "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature —Bradyrhizobium". Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ ^a ^b P. Somasegaran (1994). Handbook for rhizobia: methods in legume-rhizobium technology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–6, 167. ISBN 0-387-94134-7.
^ ^a ^b Stacey, Gary (1995). "Bradyrhizobium japonicumnodulation genetics". FEMS Microbiology Letters 127 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07441.x. PMID 7737469.
^ Stacey, G; Sanjuan, J.; Luka, S.; Dockendorff, T.; Carlson, R.W. (1995). "Signal exchange in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean symbiosis". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27 (4–5): 473. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)98622-U.
^ ^a ^b Caetanoanolles, G (1997). "Molecular dissection and improvement of the nodule symbiosis in legumes". Field Crops Research 53: 47. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00022-1.
^ van Berkum, P.; Sloger, C.; Weber, D. F.; Cregan, P. B.; Keyser, H. H. (1985). "Relationship between Ureide N and N2 Fixation, Aboveground N Accumulation, Acetylene Reduction, and Nodule Mass in Greenhouse and Field Studies with Glycine max L. (Merr)". Plant Physiol. 77 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1104/pp.77.1.53. PMC 1064455. PMID 16664027.
^ Hennecke, H (1990). "Nitrogen fixation genes involved in the Bradyrhizobium japonicum-soybean symbiosis". FEBS Letters 268 (2): 422–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(90)81297-2. PMID 2200721.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rivas, Raul; Martens, Miet; De Lajudie, Philippe; Willems, Anne (2009). "Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Bradyrhizobium☆". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 32 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.12.005. PMID 19201125.
^ Alberton, O; Kaschuk, G; Hungria, M (2006). "Sampling effects on the assessment of genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with soybean and common bean". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38 (6): 1298. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.018.

English Journal

Thioredoxin-like proteins in F and other plasmid systems.

Hemmis CW, Schildbach JF.SourceDepartment of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
Plasmid.Plasmid.2013 Sep;70(2):168-89. doi: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.05.004. Epub 2013 May 28.
Bacterial conjugation is the process by which a conjugative plasmid transfers from donor to recipient bacterium. During this process, single-stranded plasmid DNA is actively and specifically transported from the cytoplasm of the donor, through a large membrane-spanning assembly known as the pore com
PMID 23721857

Centrosema is a promiscuous legume nodulated by several new putative species and symbiovars of Bradyrhizobium in various American countries.

Ramírez-Bahena MH, Chahboune R, Velázquez E, Gómez-Moriano A, Mora E, Peix A, Toro M.SourceInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, IRNASA-CSIC, c/Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; Unidad Asociada Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC 'Interacción Planta-Microorganismo', Salamanca, Spain.
Systematic and applied microbiology.Syst Appl Microbiol.2013 Sep;36(6):392-400. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2013.03.007. Epub 2013 May 17.
Centrosema is an American indigenous legume that can be used in agroecosystems for recovery of acidic and degraded soils. In this study, a Centrosema-nodulating rhizobial collection of strains isolated in a poor acid savanna soil from Venezuela was characterized, and the members of the collection we
PMID 23688383

Changes in soil microbial community structure with planting years and cultivars of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa).

Xue D, Huang X.SourceDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China, xuedong78@163.com.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.World J Microbiol Biotechnol.2013 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]
To understand the effects of planting tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) on soil microbial community structure, soil samples were collected from the tree peony gardens with three peony cultivars and three planting years, and adjacent wasteland at Luoyang, Henan Province of China. Soil microbial commu
PMID 23933807

Japanese Journal

Visualization and Direct Counting of Individual Denitrifying Bacterial Cells in Soil by nirK-Targeted Direct in situ PCR

RYUDA NORIKO,HASHIMOTO TOMOYOSHI,UENO DAISUKE,INOUE KOICHI,SOMEYA TAKASHI
Microbes and environments 26(1), 74-80, 2011-03-01
… Almost all (97.3%-100%) of the nirK-type denitrifying bacteria (Agromonas oligotrophica, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter denitrificans, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and Pseudomonas chlororaphis) were detected by direct in situ PCR, whereas no E. …
NAID 10028099025

Ce^<3+>-induced exopolysaccharide production by Bradyrhizobium sp. MAFF211645(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Fitriyanto Nanung Agus,Nakamura Masashi,Muto Shuji,Kato Koji,Yabe Tomio,Iwama Tomonori,Kawai Keiichi,Pertiwiningrum Ambar
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(2), 146-152, 2011-02
… The bacterium was identified as Bradyrhizobium sp. …
NAID 110008460326

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リンク元	「ダイズ根粒菌属」「ブラジリゾビウム」「ブラジリゾビウム属」「ブラディリゾビウム」「ブラディリゾビウム属」
拡張検索	「Bradyrhizobium属」「Bradyrhizobium japonicum」「Bradyrhizobium elkanii」

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Bradyrhizobium
	Cross section though a soybean (Glycine max 'Essex') root nodule.Bradyrhizobium japonicum infects the roots and establishes a nitrogen fixing symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroids within their symbiosomes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alphaproteobacteria
Order:	Rhizobiales
Family:	Bradyrhizobiaceae
Genus:	Bradyrhizobium; Jordan 1982
Type species
	Bradyrhizobium japonicum;
Species
	B. betae Rivas et al. 2004; B. canariense Vinuesa et al. 2005; B. elkanii Kuykendall et al. 1993; B. iriomotense Islam et al. 2010; B. japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982; B. j. bv. genistearum B. jicamae Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2009; B. lablabi Chang et al. 2011; B. liaoningense Xu et al. 1995; B. pachyrhizi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2009; B. yuanmingense Yao et al. 2002; incertae sedis 'Pseudomonas' carboxydohydrogena

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ラ: Bradyrhizobium
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ブラディリゾビウム・ジャ・ニクム

「Bradyrhizobium elkanii」

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ブラディリゾビウム・エルカニ

[1] Anzai, et al.; Kim, H; Park, JY; Wakabayashi, H; Oyaizu, H (2000, Jul). "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50 (4): 1563–89. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563. PMID 10939664.

[2] "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature —Bradyrhizobium". Retrieved 20 July 2010.

[Som-3] P. Somasegaran (1994). Handbook for rhizobia: methods in legume-rhizobium technology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–6, 167. ISBN 0-387-94134-7.

[stacey-4] Stacey, Gary (1995). "Bradyrhizobium japonicumnodulation genetics". FEMS Microbiology Letters 127 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07441.x. PMID 7737469.

[Stacey_et_al-5] Stacey, G; Sanjuan, J.; Luka, S.; Dockendorff, T.; Carlson, R.W. (1995). "Signal exchange in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean symbiosis". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27 (4–5): 473. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)98622-U.

[anoll-6] Caetanoanolles, G (1997). "Molecular dissection and improvement of the nodule symbiosis in legumes". Field Crops Research 53: 47. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00022-1.

[berkum-7] van Berkum, P.; Sloger, C.; Weber, D. F.; Cregan, P. B.; Keyser, H. H. (1985). "Relationship between Ureide N and N2 Fixation, Aboveground N Accumulation, Acetylene Reduction, and Nodule Mass in Greenhouse and Field Studies with Glycine max L. (Merr)". Plant Physiol. 77 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1104/pp.77.1.53. PMC 1064455. PMID 16664027.

[henn-8] Hennecke, H (1990). "Nitrogen fixation genes involved in the Bradyrhizobium japonicum-soybean symbiosis". FEBS Letters 268 (2): 422–6. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(90)81297-2. PMID 2200721.

[rivas-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rivas, Raul; Martens, Miet; De Lajudie, Philippe; Willems, Anne (2009). "Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Bradyrhizobium☆". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 32 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2008.12.005. PMID 19201125.

[albert-10] Alberton, O; Kaschuk, G; Hungria, M (2006). "Sampling effects on the assessment of genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with soybean and common bean". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38 (6): 1298. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.018.

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Bradyrhizobium