Bothrops

アメリカヘビ属

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Bothrops jararaca、fer-de-lance、jararaca

　

WordNet

1. fer-de-lance (同)genus Bothrops
2. large extremely venomous pit viper of Central America and South America (同)Bothrops atrops

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 熱帯アメリカに住む三角頭の大きな毒蛇

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/01/15 17:01:44」(JST)

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Bothrops
Bothrops alternatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Subfamily:	Crotalinae
Genus:	Bothrops Wagler, 1824
Synonyms
Bothrops Wagler, 1824 Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881

Bothrops is a genus of pit vipers endemic to Central and South America. The generic name, Bothrops, is derived from the Greek words βόθρος, bothros, meaning "pit", and ώπς, ops, meaning "eye" or "face", together an allusion to the heat-sensitive loreal pit organs. Members of this genus are responsible for more human deaths in the Americas than any other group of venomous snakes. Currently, 45 species are recognized.

Description

These snakes range from small, never growing to more than 50–70 cm (19.5–27.5 in), to large at over 200 cm (6.6 ft) in total length. Most are characterized by having a sharp canthus rostralis and an unelevated snout.

The arrangement of the scales on top of the head is extremely variable; the number of interorbital scales may be 3-14. Usually there are 7-9 supralabials and 9-11 sublabials. There are 21-29 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 139-240 ventral scales, and 30-86 subcaudals, which are generally divided.

Common names

Lacépède originally applied the name "lanceheads" to all of these snakes, which he considered conspecific. Thus, older writings, as well as popular and sometimes scientific writings (including the American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, and New Shorter Oxford dictionaries), still often call them fer-de-lance (French, "iron of the lance"). However, many scientists and hobbyists now restrict this name to the Martinican species, B. lanceolatus. Other common names include American lanceheads and American lance-headed vipers.

Geographic range

Found in northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas) southward through Central and South America to Argentina, Bothrops species also occur on the islands of Saint Lucia and Martinique in the Lesser Antilles, as well as on Ilha da Queimada Grande off the coast of Brazil. B. atrox is also found on the island of Trinidad in the Southern Caribbean off the eastern coast of Venezuela.

Behavior

Most species are nocturnal, although a few found at higher altitudes are active during the day. Otherwise, they may be seen on cloudy days or during periods of rain. Most are terrestrial, though all are capable of climbing. One species, B. insularis, which is endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, is considered to be semiarboreal. This species, unlike most Bothrops, preys primarily on birds, due to the absence of native mammal species on Queimada Grande. This feeding habit probably accounts for their more arboreal lifestyle compared with their mainland cousins. Many species of Bothrops exhibit tail vibration behavior when disturbed.

Venom

Members of this genus are responsible for more fatalities in the Americas than any other group of venomous snakes. In this regard, the most important species are B. asper, B. atrox and B. jararaca. Without treatment, the fatality rate is estimated to be about 7%, but with treatment this is reduced to 0.5-3%.

Typical symptoms of bothropic envenomation include immediate burning pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, headache, massive swelling of the bitten extremity, hemorrhagic blebs, local necrosis, bleeding from the nose and gums, ecchymosis, erythemia, hypotension, tachycardia, coagulopathy with hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia, hematemesis, melena, epistaxis, hematuria, intracerebral hemorrhage and renal failure secondary to hypotension and bilateral cortical necrosis. There is usually some discoloration around the bite site, and rashes may develop on the torso or the extremities.

In general, death results from hypotension secondary to blood loss, renal failure, and intracranial hemorrhage. Common complications include necrosis and renal failure secondary to shock and the toxic effects of the venom.

Species

Species	Taxon author	Subsp.*	Common name	Geographic range
B. alcatraz	Marques, Martins, & Sazima, 2002	0		Northeastern Brazil.
B. alternatus	A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854	0	Urutu, yarará, víbora de la cruz	Southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina (in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, La Pampa, Misiones, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán.
B. ammodytoides	Leybold, 1873	0	Patagonian lancehead	Argentina in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, Chubut, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Negro, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz and Tucumán
B. asper	(Garman, 1884)	0	terciopelo (preferred), Fer-de-lance (commonly used, but incorrect)	Atlantic lowlands of eastern Mexico and Central America, including Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, a disjunct population occurs in southeastern Chiapas (Mexico) and southwestern Guatemala, northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela Also in Ecuador.
B. atrox	(Linnaeus, 1758)	0	Common lancehead	Tropical lowlands of South America east of the Andes, including southeastern Colombia, southern and eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and the northern half of Brazil
B. ayerbei	Folleco-Fernandez, 2010	0	Patian lancehead, Ayerbe's lancehead	Cauca, Colombia
B. barnetti	Parker, 1938	0	Barnett's lancehead	Along the Pacific coast of northern Peru at low elevations in arid, tropical scrub
B. bilineatus	(Wied-Neuwied, 1825)	2	Two-striped forest-pitviper	Amazon region of South America: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. An isolated population is known from the Atlantic versant of southeastern Brazil.
B. brazili	Hoge, 1954	0	Brazil's lancehead	Equatorial forests of southern Colombia, eastern Peru, eastern Ecuador, southern and eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil and northern Bolivia
B. caribbaeus	(Garman, 1887)	0	Saint Lucia lancehead	St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles, apparently restricted to the low elevation periphery of all but the southern third and extreme northern tip of the island
B. chloromelas	(Boulenger, 1912)	0		central Andes of Peru
B. cotiara	(Gomes, 1913)	0	Cotiara	Araucaria forests of southern Brazil in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, northeastern Argentina in Misiones Province
B. diporus	Cope, 1862	0		Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
B. erythromelas	Amaral, 1923	0	Caatinga lancehead	Northeastern Brazil in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, extreme eastern Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe
B. fonsecai	Hoge & Belluomini, 1959	0	Fonseca's lancehead	Southeastern Brazil in the states of northeastern São Paulo, southern Rio de Jeneiro and extreme southern Minas Gerais
B. insularis	(Amaral, 1922)	0	Golden lancehead	Queimada Grande Island, Brazil
B. itapetiningae	(Boulenger, 1907)	0	São Paulo lancehead	Southeastern Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, São Paulo, and on the Paraná Plateau
B. jararaca	(Wied-Neuwied, 1824)	0	Jararaca	Southern Brazil, northeastern Paraguay and northern Argentina (Misiones)
B. jararacussu	Lacerda, 1884	0	Jararacussu	Eastern Brazil (from Bahia to Santa Catarina), Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia and northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province)
B. jonathani	(Harvey, 1994)	0	Cochabamba lancehead	The Altiplano of central Bolivia in the department of Cochabamba, occurring at elevations of 2800–3200 m in dry, rocky grassland
B. lanceolatusT	(Bonnaterre, 1790)	0	Fer-de-lance, Martinique lancehead	Martinique, Lesser Antilles
B. leucurus	Wagler, 1824	0	Bahia lancehead	Eastern Brazil along the Atlantic coast from northern Espírito Santo north to Alagoas and Ceará, occurs more inland in several parts of Bahia, uncertain identity of disjunct populations west of the Rio São Francisco
B. lojanus	Parker, 1930	0	Lojan lancehead	Southern Ecuador in the provinces of Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe at elevations of 2100–2250 m
B. lutzi	(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915)	0	Cerrado lancehead	Northeastern Brazil in northern Piaui state
B. marajoensis	Hoge, 1966	0	Marajó lancehead	Northern Brazil in the coastal lowlands of the Amazon Delta
B. marmoratus	Da Silva & Rodrigues, 2008	0	Marbled lancehead	Goiás, Brazil
B. matogrossensis	Amaral, 1925	0		Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Peru
B. medusa	(Sternfeld, 1920)	0	Venezuelan forest-pitviper	Venezuela, including the Cordillera de la Costa (coastal range), the Federal District and the states of Aragua, Bolívar and Carabobo.
B. moojeni	Hoge, 1966	0	Brazilian lancehead	Central and southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misiones) and likely eastern Bolivia
B. muriciensis	Ferrarezzi & Freire, 2001	0		Northeastern Brazil
B. neuwiedi	Wagler, 1824	7	Neuwied's lancehead	South America east of the Andes and south of 5°S, including Brazil (southern Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, an isolated population in Amazonas, Rondônia and all southern states), Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán) and Uruguay
B. oligolepis	(F. Werner, 1901)	0	Peruvian forest-pitviper	Eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru and Bolivia.
B. osbornei	Freire-Lascano, 1991	0		Ecuador, Northwestern Peru
B. otavioi	Barbo, Grazziotin, Sazima, Martins, & Sawaya, 2012	0		São Paulo, Brazil
B. pauloensis	Amaral, 1925	0		Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
B. pictus	(Tschudi, 1845)	0	Desert lancehead	Peru on the hills of the Pacific coastal region and versant up to about 1800 m elevation
B. pirajai	Amaral, 1923	0	Piraja's lancehead	Brazil in central and southern Bahia state and possibly also Minas Gerais
B. pubescens	(Cope, 1870)	0		Brazil, Uruguay
B. pulchra	(W. Peters, 1862)	0	Andean forest-pitviper	Eastern slopes of the Andes from south-central Colombia to southern Ecuador.
B. punctatus	(García, 1896)	0	Chocoan lancehead	From the Darién of Panama along the Pacific slope of Colombia and Ecuador to extreme northern Peru.
B. rhombeatus	(García, 1896)	0	Cat lancehead, Cauca Valley yellow lancehead	Valle del Cauca, Colombia
B. sanctaecrucis	Hoge, 1966	0	Bolivian lancehead	Bolivia in the Amazonian lowlands from the departments of El Beni to Santa Cruz
B. sazimai	Barbo, Gasparini, Almeida, Zaher, Grazziotin, Gusmão, Ferrarini, & Sawaya, 2016	0	Franceses Island lancehead	Ilha dos Franceses, Brazil
B. taeniatus	(Wagler, 1824)	2	Speckled forest-pitviper	Widespread in the equatorial forests of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and Bolivia.
B. venezuelensis	Sandner-Montilla, 1952	0	Venezuelan lancehead	Northern and central Venezuela, including the Cordillera de la Costa (coast range) and the states of Aragua, Carabobo, the Federal District, Miranda, Mérida, Trujillo, Lara, Falcón, Yaracuy and Sucre

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
^T) Type species

See also

• List of crotaline species and subspecies
• Bothrops by common name
• Bothrops by taxonomic synonyms
• Crotalinae by common name
• Crotalinae by taxonomic synonyms
• Snakebite

External links

• Bothrops at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 6 December 2007.
• Video of Bothrops jararacussu on YouTube. Accessed 6 December 2007.
• Video of Bothrops jararacussu on YouTube. Accessed 6 December 2007.
• Video of Bothrops moojeni on YouTube. Accessed 6 December 2007.

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 世界中でのヘビ咬傷：マネージメント snakebites worldwide management
• 2. 世界各地における蛇咬傷：臨床症状および診断 snakebites worldwide clinical manifestations and diagnosis
• 3. 米国でのマムシ亜科のヘビ（ガラガラヘビ、ウォーターモカシン［ヌママムシ］、アメリカマムシ）による咬傷の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of crotalinae rattlesnake water moccasin cottonmouth or copperhead bites in the united states
• 4. 凝固検査の臨床使用 clinical use of coagulation tests

English Journal

• Aqueous two-phase systems: A simple methodology to obtain mixtures enriched in main toxins of Bothrops alternatus venom.

• Gomez G1, Leiva L1, Nerli BB2.
• Protein expression and purification.Protein Expr Purif.2016 Aug;124:68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.012. Epub 2015 Sep 12.
• Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and protease (P) are enzymes responsible of myotoxic, edematogenic and hemostasis disorder effects observed in the envenomation by Bothrops alternatus pitviper. Their partitioning coefficient (Kp) in different polyethyleneglycol/potassium phosphate aqueous two-phase systems (
• PMID 26374988

• Bothrops erythromelas () venom induces apoptosis on renal tubular epithelial cells.

• de Sousa FC1, Jorge AR1, de Menezes RR1, Torres AF2, Mello CP2, Lima DB2, Borges Nojosa DM3, Havt A1, Alves RS2, Martins AM4, Monteiro HS1.
• Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2016 Aug;118:82-5. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.040. Epub 2016 Apr 23.
• Bothrops erythromelas is responsible for a large number of snakebite incidents in Northeastern Brazil. Previously, we showed the effects of whole B. erythromelas venom in an isolated kidney model. To continue the study with B. erythromelas venom, the present work aims to study the effects of this
• PMID 27112269

• The role of TLR2 in the acute inflammatory response induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom.

• Moreira V1, Teixeira C1, Borges da Silva H2, D'Império Lima MR2, Dos-Santos MC3.
• Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.Toxicon.2016 Aug;118:121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.042. Epub 2016 Apr 21.
• Envenomation by snakes of the species Bothrops atrox induces local and systemic effects. Local effects include drastic tissue damage and a marked inflammatory response as a result of the synthesis and release of a variety of protein and lipid mediators. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways ca
• PMID 27109323

Japanese Journal

• Do snakes represent the principal predatory threat to callitrichids? Fatal attack of a viper (Bothrops leucurus) on a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in the Atlantic Forest of the Brazilian Northeast

• Ferrari Stephen F.,Beltrao-Mendes Raone
• Primates : journal of primatology 52(3), 207-209, 2011-07-01
• NAID 10029615600

• Brain nitric oxide production by a proline-rich decapeptide from Bothrops jararaca venom improves baroreflex sensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats

• LAMEU Claudiana,PONTIERI Vera,GUERREIRO Juliano R,OLIVEIRA Eduardo F,DA SILVA Carlos Alberto,GIGLIO Joyce M,MELO Robson L,CAMPOS Ruy R,DE CAMARGO Antonio Carlos Martins,ULRICH Henning
• Hypertension research : clinical and experimental : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 33(12), 1283-1288, 2010-12-01
• NAID 10027682324

• Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops alcatraz (Serpentes, Viperidae): Evidence from RFLP Analysis

• Suzuki Hana,Furtado Maria de Fatima D.
• Current Herpetology 27(2), 81-92, 2008
• … Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was characterized for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to evaluate the genetic variability of continental and island populations of Bothrops jararaca and the closely related B. …
• NAID 130002072836

Related Links

• Bothrops - Homeopathy - Herbs To Herbs

Fundamental facts about bothrops, and its important role in homeopathy. ... Yellow pit viper / Fer de lance Bothrops lanceolatus / Lachesis lanceolatus The homeopathic remedy bothrops is prepared using the freshly obtained venom ...

• Bothrops とは - コトバンク

世界大百科事典 第2版 Bothropsの用語解説 - 熱帯アメリカで恐れられるクサリヘビ科アメリカハブ属Bothropsに属する毒ヘビの総称。49種が中央･南アメリカに広く分布している。

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Bothrops

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「Bothrops jararaca」

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Bothrops、fer-de-lance、jararaca