関: toadfish

WordNet

bottom-dwelling fish having scaleless slimy skin and a broad thick head with a wide mouth (同)Opsanus tau

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/26 12:58:50」(JST)

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The Batrachoididae are the only family in the ray-finned fish order Batrachoidiformes. Fish in this family are usually called toadfish: both the English common name and scientific name refer to their toad-like appearance (batrakhos is Greek for frog).

Toadfish are benthic ambush predators that favor sandy or muddy substrates where their cryptic coloration helps them avoid detection by their prey. Toadfish are well known for their ability to "sing", males in particular using the swim bladder as a sound-production device used to attract mates.

Description

Toadfish are usually scaleless, with eyes set high on large heads. Their mouths are also large, with both a maxilla and premaxilla, and often decorated with barbels and skin flaps. They are generally drab in colour, although those living on coral reefs may have brighter patterns. They range in size from 7.5 cm (3.0 in) length in Thlassophryne megalops, to 57 cm (22 in) in the Pacuma toadfish.^[2]

The gills are small and occur only on the sides of the fish. The pelvic fins are forward of the pectoral fins, usually under the gills, and have one spine with several soft rays.^[2] For the two separate dorsal fins, the first is smaller with spines, while the second has from 15 to 25 soft rays. The number of vertebrae range from 25 to 47.

Toadfishes of the genus Porichthys, the midshipman fishes, have photophores and four lateral lines. All toadfishes possess sharp spines on the first dorsal fin and on the opercle (gill cover). In fish of the subfamily Thalassophryninae, these are hollow and connect to venom glands capable of delivering a painful wound to predators.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

Toadfishes are found worldwide. Most toadfish are marine, though some are found in brackish water and one subfamily, the Thalassophryninae, is found exclusively in freshwater habitats in South America. In particular, Daector quadrizonatus and Thalassophryne amazonica are known from the Atrato River in Colombia and the Amazon River, respectively.

Habits and reproduction

Toadfishes are bottom-dwellers, ranging from near-shore areas to deep waters. They tend to be omnivorous, eating sea worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and other fish. They often hide in rock crevices, among the bottom vegetation, or even dig dens in the bottom sediments, from which they ambush their prey. Toadfish can survive out of water for as long as 24 hours, and some can move across exposed mudflats at low tide using their fins.^[2]

Males make nests, and then attract females by "singing", that is, by releasing air by contracting muscles on their swim bladders. The sound has been called a 'hum' or 'whistle', and can be loud enough to be clearly audible from the surface. The eggs are sticky on one side, so the female can attach them to the side of the nest. Each male attracts numerous females to his nest, so the eggs within have multiple mothers.

The male then guards the nest against predators. During this period, the male must survive on a limited supply of food, as he is not able to leave the immediate vicinity to hunt. The eggs rapidly develop into embryos, but these remain attached to the side of the nest until the age of about three to four weeks. After this time, they continue to cluster around and hide behind the male, until they are large enough to fend for themselves. This degree of parental care is very unusual among fishes.^[2]

Genera

About 80 species of toadfishes are grouped into 21 genera, as:^[1]

Order Batrachoidiformes

Family Batrachoididae
- Subfamily Batrachoidinae
  - Genus Amphichthys (two species)
  - Genus Batrachoides (9 species)
  - Genus Opsanus (six species)
  - Genus Potamobatrachus (one species)
  - Genus Sanopus (six species)
  - Genus Vladichthys (one species)
- Subfamily Halophryninae
  - Genus Allenbatrachus (three species)
  - Genus Austrobatrachus (two species)
  - Genus Barchatus (one species)
  - Genus Batrachomoeus (five species)
  - Genus Batrichthys (two species)
  - Genus Bifax (one species)
  - Genus Chatrabus (three species)
  - Genus Colletteichthys (three species)
  - Genus Halobatrachus - Lusitanian toadfish (one species)
  - Genus Halophryne (four species)
  - Genus Perulibatrachus (three species)
  - Genus Riekertia - broadbodied toadfish (one species)
  - Genus Triathalassothia (two species)
- Subfamily Porichthyinae
  - Genus Aphos (one species)
  - Genus Porichthys - midshipmen (14 species)
- Subfamily Thlassophryininae
  - Genus Daector (five species)
  - Genus Thalassophryne (six species)

Timeline of genera

Economics

Toadfish are not normally commercially exploited, but they are taken by local fishermen as a food fish, and by trawlers where they usually end up as a source of fishmeal and oil. Some smaller toadfish from brackish-water habitats have been exported as freshwater aquarium fishes.

The western Atlantic species Opsanus tau, known as the oyster toadfish, is quite widely used as a research animal, while a few species, most notably Thalassophryne amazonica, are occasionally kept as aquarium fish.

References

^ ^a ^b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2008). "Batrachoididae" in FishBase. December 2008 version.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hutchins, J. Barry (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

Nelson, Joseph S. (2006) "Order Batrachoidiformes" Fishes of the World (4th ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9 pp. 248–249.
Collette, B. B. "Order Batrachoidiformes, Batrachoididae, Toadfishes." In Carpenter, Kent E. (ed.) (2002) The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic Vol. 2, Bony fishes. Pt. 1 Acipenseridae to Grammatidae Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Special publication of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists no. 5) ISBN 92-5-104826-6
Collette, B.B. and J. L. Russo (1981) "A Revision of the Scaly Toadfishes, Genus Batrachoides, with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Eastern Pacific" Bulletin of Marine Science 31(2): pp. 197–233.
Hutchins, J.B. (1976) "A revision of the Australian frogfishes (Batrachoididae)" Records of the Western Australian Museum 4(1): pp. 3–43.
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: p.560. Retrieved 2011-05-17. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
CBC Radio Quirks and Quarks show podcast segment on unique toad fish habits with links to primary sources.

External links

FishBase entry on Batrachoididae

English Journal

Immunohistochemical localization of urea and ammonia transporters in two confamilial fish species, the ureotelic gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and the ammoniotelic plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus).

Bucking C, Edwards SL, Tickle P, Smith CP, McDonald MD, Walsh PJ.Author information Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. carolbucking@gmail.comAbstractThis study aims to illustrate potential transport mechanisms behind the divergent approaches to nitrogen excretion seen in the ureotelic toadfish (Opsanus beta) and the ammoniotelic plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus). Specifically, we wish to confirm the expression of a urea transporter (UT), which is found in the gill of the toadfish and which is responsible for the unique "pulsing" nature of urea excretion and to localize the transporter within specific gill cells and at specific cellular locations. Additionally, the localization of ammonia transporters (Rhesus glycoproteins; Rhs) within the gill of both the toadfish and midshipman was explored. Toadfish UT (tUT) was found within Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (NKA)-enriched cells, i.e., ionocytes (probably mitochondria-rich cells), especially along the basolateral membrane and potentially on the apical membrane. In contrast, midshipman UT (pnUT) immunoreactivity did not colocalize with NKA immunoreactivity and was not found along the filaments but instead within the lamellae. The cellular location of Rh proteins was also dissimilar between the two fish species. In toadfish gills, the Rh isoform Rhcg1 was expressed in both NKA-reactive cells and non-reactive cells, whereas Rhbg and Rhcg2 were only expressed in the latter. In contrast, Rhbg, Rhcg1 and Rhcg2 were expressed in both NKA-reactive and non-reactive cells of midshipman gills. In an additional transport epithelium, namely the intestine, the expression of both UTs and Rhs was similar between the two species, with only subtle differences being observed.
Cell and tissue research.Cell Tissue Res.2013 Jun;352(3):623-37. doi: 10.1007/s00441-013-1591-0. Epub 2013 Mar 20.
This study aims to illustrate potential transport mechanisms behind the divergent approaches to nitrogen excretion seen in the ureotelic toadfish (Opsanus beta) and the ammoniotelic plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus). Specifically, we wish to confirm the expression of a urea transporter (UT),
PMID 23512140

Does the magnocellular octaval nucleus process auditory information in the toadfish, Opsanus tau?

Edds-Walton PL, Matos SR, Fay RR.Author information Marine Biological Laboratory, Whitman Center, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA. seewalton@gmail.comAbstractPrevious work on auditory processing in Opsanus tau has focused on the descending octaval nucleus; however, the magnocellular octaval nucleus receives similar inputs from the otolithic endorgans. The purpose of this study was to assess whether cells in any of the three subdivisions of the magnocellular nucleus respond to auditory frequencies and encode sound source direction. Extracellular recording sites were chosen based on anatomical landmarks, and neurobiotin injections confirmed the location of auditory sites in subdivisions of the magnocellular nucleus. In general, the auditory cells in M2 and M3 responded best to frequencies at or below 100 Hz. Most auditory cells responded well to directional stimuli presented along axes in the horizontal plane. Cells in M3 (not M2) also responded to lateral line stimulation, consistent with otolithic endorgan and lateral line inputs to M3. The convergence of auditory and lateral line inputs in M3, the lack of Mauthner cells in this species, and previous evidence that the magnocellular nucleus does not contribute to ascending auditory pathways suggest to us that the large cells of M3 may play a role in rapid behavioral responses to particle motion stimuli in oyster toadfish.
Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology.J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol.2013 May;199(5):353-63. doi: 10.1007/s00359-013-0799-5. Epub 2013 Feb 15.
Previous work on auditory processing in Opsanus tau has focused on the descending octaval nucleus; however, the magnocellular octaval nucleus receives similar inputs from the otolithic endorgans. The purpose of this study was to assess whether cells in any of the three subdivisions of the magnocellu
PMID 23411503

Sensory plasticity: seasonal regulation of hearing by a potassium channel.

Zakon H.Author information Sections of Neurobiology and Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. h.zakon@austin.utexas.eduAbstractAnimals may vary in their responsiveness to sensory cues seasonally. The transcriptional regulation of a potassium channel in the hearing organ of a fish explains its seasonally varying sensitivity to acoustic frequencies in its courtship vocalization.
Current biology : CB.Curr Biol.2013 Apr 22;23(8):R321-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.053.
Animals may vary in their responsiveness to sensory cues seasonally. The transcriptional regulation of a potassium channel in the hearing organ of a fish explains its seasonally varying sensitivity to acoustic frequencies in its courtship vocalization.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reser
PMID 23618668

Japanese Journal

The phylogenetic position of toadfishes (order Batrachoidiformes) in the higher ray-finned fish as inferred from partitioned Bayesian analysis of 102 whole mitochondrial genome sequences

Biol J Linn Soc 85, 289-306, 2005
NAID 30018312145

Cytogenetic characterization of Porichthys porosissimus(Valenciennes, 1857)(Batrachoididae, Batrachoidiformes) from the Rio de Janeiro Coast, Brazil

Chromosome science 5(1), 15-18, 2001
NAID 110003723510

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「toadfish」「ガマアンコウ目」

「toadfish」

Batrachoididae; Temporal range: Middle Miocene–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Batrachoidiformes
Family:	Batrachoididae
Subfamilies
	Batrachoidinae; Porichthyinae; Thalassophryninae